Industrial Revolution & Social Reform

APUSH – Chapters 12/13

Transportation RevolutionPages 385-390

• Significance and Impacts of:– Roads– Canals and Steamboats– Railroads

• Overall Impact of Transportation Revolution

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Roads

• Positives– Linked communities– Increased trade and

market opportunities

– Supported expansion

– Supported a national identity

• Negatives– Slow & expensive to

build and maintain– Slow & dangerous

for travel and trade– At the mercy of the

weather!!

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

Water Transportation

• Positives– Faster, less

expensive than roads

– Increased movement and settlement of Americans

– Growth of new cities

– Employment

• Negatives– Dangerous work– Spread of disease– Potentially

dangerous travel – explosions, sinking, etc.

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs.RRs.

Railroads

• Positives– Ultimately cheaper

and faster– Huge investment

opportunity– Creation of

dependent industries

• Iron & steel manufacturing

• Coal production

• Negatives– Inconsistent

development• Gauge issues• Regional issues

– Lack of government regulation or control

– Labor shortages

COMMUNICATIONIMPROVEMENTS

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Impacts of Transportation Revolution

1. Expansion of markets2. Huge increase in foreign investment3. Stimulated invention and innovation4. Increased population movement5. Reduced cost of goods6. Increased availability of goods7. Expansion of national identity8. Spread of disease

Market RevolutionPages 390-396

• Causes• Putting-Out System

– Changes– Impacts

• Commercial Agriculture– Changes– Impacts

• Role of Samuel Slater

Putting-Out System

• The putting-out system was the production of goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who "put out" the raw materials, paid a certain sum per finished piece, and sold the completed item to a distant market.

Impacts of the ‘New’ Putting-Out System

• How does this system change?– DIVISION OF LABOR

• How does this impact both the worker and the employer? – Worker has to work by the ‘clock’ with

performance expectations– Employer has to plan at a larger scale to

maximize efficiencies

Market Revolution

• Why is this called a revolution?Most fundamental change in American communities

• What three things caused it?– Transportation revolution– Commercialization – Cash Market– Industrialization

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization

1.1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or 1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.replace muscle power.

2.2. The Railroad fueled the growing US The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:economy:

First big business in the US.First big business in the US. The key to opening the West.The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other Aided the development of other

industries.industries.

1.1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or 1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.replace muscle power.

2.2. The Railroad fueled the growing US The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:economy:

First big business in the US.First big business in the US. The key to opening the West.The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other Aided the development of other

industries.industries.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

American System

• Interchangeable Parts– Allows for mass production by unskilled

labor– Allows for replacement of broken or

malfunctioning parts vs. entire unit– Reduces cost of goods– Increase quantity and variety of goods

available

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Entrance Card

1. Describe the impact of technology on agriculture (one positive, one negative)

2. In three words (or so) describe the new changes to the “putting-out system”

3. In two words (or so) describe the “American system”

4. What was the most important result of the “American system”?

Mills and Early Union Movements Pages 396-

403• Lowell Mill

– Significance– Role of women

• American System– Significance

• Social impact of factory work• Early Labor Unions

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Mill Workers vs. Other Jobs

• 12 hour work day (Monday – Friday)– ½ hour for breakfast– ¾ hour for lunch

• 10 – 12 work day (Saturday)

• Wages per week– Children (4-10) $1– Young women $3– Men $6

• Wages for Other Jobs per week– Skilled Labor $9– Male Teacher $4– Female Teacher $2– Farm Labor North -

$3– Farm Labor South -

$2

A Lowell Girl Tells Her Story

• Partner Up!• Annotate the document using the

guide on the next slide• One partner answers question 1• One partner answers question 2• Turn in one sheet per pair

Annotation• Underline the text’s main idea (there may

be one main idea in the entire text, or a main idea in each paragraph/section break)

• Place an next to each sub-topic in the text

• Place a next to all of the supporting details for each main idea or sub-topic

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party (1829)Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842)(1842)

• The Court established that trade unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations if they did not advocate violence or illegal activities in their attempts to gain recognition through striking.

• This legalized the existence of trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti-trust suits and injunctions.

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issueFebruary 20, 1845 issue

Partner UP!

• Make a quick list explaining the:

1. Impact of Industrial Revolution on:– Class

2. New middle class – What is it?1. How does the IR impact middle class

families?

3. “American Dream” – What is it?

Social Class / Transcendentalism

Pages 404-411• Impact of Industrial Revolution on:

– Class– Religion– Families– Children

• Transcendentalism– What? Why? Who?

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth was in the 45% of all wealth was in the top 10% of the population.top 10% of the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Wealth and Class • The market revolution created a

social order with class mobility.– Development of a ‘middle class’

• The middle class changed their old attitudes by:– emphasizing sobriety and steadiness

(Puritan work ethic)– removing themselves from the rowdy

working class (Puritan values)

z Regarding material advance as the Regarding material advance as the natural fruit of American natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.country’s virtue and promise.

z Summary – work hard and good Summary – work hard and good things will happen!things will happen!

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Sentimentalism• Definition: The excessive expression of

feelings of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia in behavior, writing, or speech – Sentimentalism became more concerned

with maintaining social codes and traditions (the good old days….)

Transcendentalism and Self-Reliance

• The intellectual reassurance for middle-class morality came from writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson.

• Transcendentalist writers Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller emphasized individualism and communion with nature.

Coming to Terms with the New Age

Chapter 13

ImmigrationPages 418-429

• Patterns– Reasons for immigration

• Irish Immigration vs. German Immigration– Similarities– Differences

• Urbanization– Issues

US Population

• 18107.2 mil• 18209.6 mil• 183012.9 mil• 184017 mil• 185023.2 mil• 186031.4 mil

– IN 50 YEARS THE POPULATION QUADRUPLED**

Population Issues

• Current developed nations grow at less than 1% annually– US average >3% annually from 1810-

1860– Causes?

• Immigration / Longer Life Span

• Issues from rapid growth?• PUSH Immigration?• PULL Immigration?

Types of Immigration

• PUSH– Factors that caused people to leave

• War, famine, poverty, religious or political persecution

• PULL– Factors that attract people to a new

country• Job opportunities, religious or political

freedoms, family

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

Immigration Issues

• Assimilation - to absorb into the culture or mores (morally binding customs) of a population or group

• Jobs & Communities & Politics– Menial, manual labor– Ethnic neighborhoods– Food for the political machine

Nativists• Nativist Parties and Social Groups developed in

the late 1830s to preserve America for Americans!– WHY?

• Anti-Catholic• Economic competition

Current Status• An immigration reductionism movement formed

in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels.

• American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at illegal aliens.

Native Views on Immigration

Native Views on Immigration

Native Views on Immigration

Political Machines / Revivalism

Pages 433-438• Growth of Machine Politics

– What– Who– Where & Why– Impacts

• Characteristics of the Reform Movements

• Education Reform– Who, What, Why, Impact

Political Machines

• A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (money, political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.

• GOAL = Obtain and maintain power through elections ***WHY?

• $$$$$$$$ and BENEFITS

• FUEL = Immigrants

Tammany Hall

• Beginning in late 1845, millions of Irish immigrants began arriving in New York. Equipped with a knowledge of English, very tight loyalties, a taste for politics, and what critics said was a propensity to use violence to control the polls, the Irish quickly dominated Tammany.

WILLIAM ‘BOSS’ TWEED

Political Machine Cartoon• Political cartoons express

the cartoonist’s opinion on a current issue through images and words

• Cartoons contain some or all of the following artistic devices:– Important people– Symbols– Exaggerated details– Labels that identify parts

of the cartoon– Voice or thought bubbles– A caption

**In 1844, 135% of the eligible voters turned out to vote. **

16H

Comparison to Chicago

• Chicago's large immigrant population made it easier for political machines to grow in power.

• The city's last Republican mayor left office in 1931. Today, not even the Democratic primaries are competitive—for the most part, once you're in office, you stay there.

• Between 1995 and 2004, 469 politicians from the federal district of Northern Illinois were found guilty of corruption. The only districts with higher tallies were central California (which includes L.A.), and southern Florida (which includes Miami).

Political Reform

• Although the public gradually became aware of rampant political corruption in the mid 1800s – no serious reform occurred until the 1870s

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.

* Approximately 50% attended school * US had one of the highest literacy rates

(whites – 80%)

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

BELIEFS• children were clay in the

hands of teachers and school officials

• children should be “molded” into a state of perfection

• discouraged corporal punishment

• established state teacher-training programs

• GOAL = Create informed citizens

Education

• What should a public education provide?

Mann & Webster

“The scientific or literary well-being of a community,” wrote Mann, “is to be estimated not so much by possessing a few men of great knowledge, as its having many men of competent knowledge.”

Noah Webster’s work An American Dictionary of the English Language was the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of its day. It was also the firstdictionary to represent distinctly American usage of English.

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

R3-8

Review Card – Don’t Use Notes (7 words)

1. What’s the purpose of a political machine?

2. How do immigrants benefit from the machine?

3. What were the goals of the Reform movement?

4. What was the goal of public education?

Lots of Movements and IdeasPages 438-442

• Temperance– Issues

• Social Reforms– Prostitution– Prison Reform

• Issues / Advocates

• Utopian Communities– Why, Who

• Mormons– Who, Why, Where & Impacts

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

Frances WillardThe Beecher Family

1826 - American Temperance Society

“Demon Rum”!

R1-6

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Who wasThe Pres?

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”

Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham

(1802-1887)

1835 Advocate of Moral Reform

Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the customers and the employers, not the girls.

R2-1

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of

Domesticity”A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.

An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform

Dorothea Dix

ISSUES:1. No separation of mental illness vs. criminal2. Cruel, inhumane, and unsanitary conditions

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities

Secular Utopian Communities

Secular Utopian Communities

IndividualFreedom

Demands ofCommunity Life

spontaneity

self-fulfillment

discipline

organizationalhierarchy

Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting

The Oneida Community

New York, 1848

The Oneida Community

New York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred.

Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents married to each other.

• carefully regulated “free love.”

Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA

George Ripley (1802-1880)

George Ripley (1802-1880)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Utopian Socialist

“Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

New Harmony in 1832

New Harmony, IN

New Harmony, IN

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

1823 Golden Tablets

1830 Book of Mormon

1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL

Structure of Mormon Community

• theocracy a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

• polygamy having more than one spouse at a time

• Priority is the community not the individual (un-American?)

Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons

The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Deseret community.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham Young(1801-1877)

Women’s RightsPages 446-448

• Women’s Rights– Issues– Actions

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired

women to improve society.

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

Southern Abolitionists

Lucy Stone

American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.

edited Woman’s Journal

R2-9

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over

herproperty or her children.

5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.

London World Anti-Slavery Convention

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls Convention

• Declaration of Sentiments"We are assembled to protest against a form of

government existing without the consent of the governed - to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife, to take wages which she earns, the property which she inherits, and, in case of separation, the children of her love; laws which make her the mere dependent of his bounty."

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

R2-8

Women’s Rights

• Why did it take so long?

• Activists delayed issue during mid 1800s to focus on abolition– Similarities?