APUSH – UNIT 2APUSH – UNIT 2CHAPTERS 6-9CHAPTERS 6-9

APUSH – UNIT 2APUSH – UNIT 2CHAPTERS 6-9CHAPTERS 6-9

Duel for North AmericaDuel for North AmericaWar for American IndependenceWar for American Independence

Building a New NationBuilding a New Nation

France and the Clash of Empires

Pages 105-111

• French colonial goals and issues– Comparisons to England and Spain

• Impacts of the Peace of Utrecht• World Wars and the Americas

Beaver Felt Hats

French and Indian WarPages 111-119

• Causes• Key Events• Key Individuals• Outcomes• Impact on the Colonists

Albany Plan• It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of

Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act, as hereafter follows.

• 1. That the said general government be administered by a President-General, to be appointed and supported by the crown; and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several Colonies met in their respective assemblies.

• 5. That after the first three years, when the proportion of money arising out of each Colony to the general treasury can be known, the number of members to be chosen for each Colony shall, from time to time, in all ensuing elections, be regulated by that proportion, yet so as that the number to be chosen by any one Province be not more than seven, nor less than two.

Albany Plan (Con’t)• 9. That the assent of the President-General be

requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.

• 14. That they make laws for regulating and governing such new settlements, till the crown shall think fit to form them into particular governments.

• 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers; but they shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature.

Albany Plan (Con’t)• 16. That for these purposes they have power

to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes, as to them shall appear most equal and just (considering the ability and other circumstances of the inhabitants in the several Colonies), and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people; rather discouraging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens.

• 22. That, in case of the death of the President-General, the Speaker of the Grand Council for the time being shall succeed, and be vested with the same powers and authorities, to continue till the King's pleasure be known.

MercantilismPages 121-125

• Theory– Adam Smith’s opinion?

• Role of the Navigation Laws• “Prosperity trickles down?”• Economic bondage?

Adam Smith• Big Daddy of Economics“To prohibit a great people, however, from

making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.”

Which one is the colonist?

Opening Paragraphs• Write an opening paragraph < 7

minutes• Remember:

– What is the question asking?B.T.O.

– Background– Thesis – central theme– Organization – How will the essay go?

Essay Question• To what extent was British

mercantilist policy responsible for the economic success of the colonies?– What does the question ask for?– How would you start your response?

Acts and more Acts….Pages 125-135

• Sugar Act– Significance and components

• Quartering Act• Stamp Act

– Issues, actions, and outcomes

• Townshend Acts• Intolerable Acts

– Significance and components

Colonial ResponsesPages 125-135

• Boston Massacre– Significance

• Committees of correspondence– Goals

• Tea Party– Outcomes and reactions

• First Continental Congress– Key Actions

• Lexington and Concord

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

Crispus Attucks• "And honor to Crispus

Attucks,who was leader and voice that day;The first to defy,and the first to die,with Maverick, Carr and Gray.It riot or revolution,or mob or crowd as you may,such deaths have been seeds of nations,such lives shall be honored for ay".

- John Boyle O'Reilly

Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence

PurposePurpose warn neighboring warn neighboring coloniescolonies about incidents with about incidents with

British. British.

broaden the resistance broaden the resistance movement. movement.

Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773)8 British East India Co.:British East India Co.:

Monopoly on Br. tea Monopoly on Br. tea imports.imports.

Many members of Many members of Parl. held shares.Parl. held shares.

Permitted the Co. to Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to cols. without col. cols. without col. middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea!)(cheaper tea!)

8 North expected the North expected the cols. to eagerly choose cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (1773)(1773)

The Coercive or IntolerableThe Coercive or IntolerableActs Acts (1774)(1774)

Lord NorthLord North

1.1. Port Bill Port Bill

2.2. Government Government ActAct

4.4. Administration Administration ofof Justice Act Justice Act

3.3. New Quartering New Quartering Act Act

TheTheQuebeQuebec Act c Act (1774)(1774)

First Continental Congress First Continental Congress (1774)(1774)

55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12 coloniescolonies

AgendaAgenda How How to respond to to respond to the Coercive the Coercive Acts & the Acts & the Quebec Act?Quebec Act?

1 vote per colony 1 vote per colony represented.represented.

The British Are The British Are Coming Coming . . .. . .

Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make make their midnight ride to warn the their midnight ride to warn the

MinutemenMinutemen of approaching British of approaching British soldiers.soldiers.

The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’’Round Round the Worldthe World!!

LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 18,177518,1775

Does this sound familiar?

1. The world’s most powerful nation is caught up in a war against a small guerrilla army.

2. The superpower must resupply its troops from thousands of miles away (very expensive).

3. Support for the war at home is divided.

Does this sound familiar? (Part 2)

4. The rebels are receiving financial and military support from the superpower’s chief rival.

5. As the war drags on and casualties increase, generals are disgraced and the rebels gain momentum.

Who is the superpower? Who are the rebels?

History Repeats Itself

• The American Revolution

• Vietnam

• Iraq?

Britain Americans

Advantages ? ?

Disadvantages ? ?

Comparing the Combatants

Pages 135-138

Military Strengths and Weaknesses

• Continental Army– Strengths

• Home field• Motivating cause• Inspirational

leadership• European officers

– Weaknesses• Untrained soldiers• Shortages of food

and equipment• Limited navy• No central

government

• Britain– Strengths

• Best trained soldiers and sailors in the World

• Strong government with available funds

• Support of loyalists and Native Americans

– Weaknesses• Weak military leaders• Distance from home• Lack of personal

involvement• Unfamiliar territory

Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches

Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

Early StagesPages 142-147

• Second Continental Congress– Goals– Actions

• Bunker Hill– Significance

• Olive Branch Petition– Outcomes– Role of the Hessians

Thomas PainePages 142-147

• Slow road to Independence?• Common Sense• Republicanism

– What?– Why?– Flavors?

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

The Second Continental The Second Continental CongressCongress

(1775)(1775)

Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition

Thomas PaineThomas Paine: : Common Common SenseSense

Selections• The cause of America is, in a great measure, the

cause of all mankind. Many circumstances have, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all lovers of mankind are affected, and in the event of which, their affections are interested. The laying a country desolate with fire and sword, declaring war against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders thereof from the face of the earth, is the concern of every man to whom nature hath given the power of feeling; of which class, regardless of party censure, is COMMON SENSE

Selections…• SOME writers have so confounded society with

government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Declaration of IndependencePages 147-155

• Reason for?• Jefferson’s dilemma • Key points• Audience• Role of the signers?

Patriots and LoyalistsPages 147-155

• Loyalists– Who? Why? Where?– Impacts on the Patriots

• Patriots– Who?– Tactics

Declaration of Independence

• When in the course of human events?

• We hold these truths to be?• All men are equal?• Unalienable rights?• Protection of Divine Providence

– Lives, Fortunes, and Honor

Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence (1776)(1776)

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Independence HallIndependence Hall

New New National National SymbolsSymbols

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

French Aid /Turning Points

Pages 155-162• Motives• Assistance / Alliance • Global impact• Turning Points

– Key contributions– Key events

Peace at ParisPages 155-162

• Climate for Peace• French Goals• Treaty Conditions

– British strategy– American gains

Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

Revolutionary IdeologyPages 166-173

• Evolution of egalitarianism• Civic Virtue• Birth of ‘Republican Motherhood’• Major issues in the new Republic

– Role of popular sovereignty– Economic atmosphere– Social atmosphere

Articles of ConfederationPages 166-173

• Issues• Compromises • Major weaknesses

Civic Virtue• What do I owe to my times, to my

country, to my neighbors, to my friends? Such are the questions which a virtuous man ought often to ask himself.”  — Johann Kaspar Lavater, German poet and physiognomist (1741-1801)

Civic Virtue• “A nation, as a society, forms a

moral person, and every member of it is personally responsible for his society."  — Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and third U.S. president (1743-1826), in a letter to  George Hammond, 1792

It takes a Village to raise a child?

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Views regarding the Articles

• "The issue today is the same as it has been throughout all history, whether man shall be allowed to govern himself or be ruled by a small elite."-- Thomas Jefferson

End of the Articles?Pages 173-181

• Land Ordinance of 1785– Significance

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787– Significance

• Issues for the Articles– Foreign policy– Interstate commerce– Mobocracy

Constitutional Convention

Pages 173-181• Demigods?

– Characters– Characteristics

• Plans and more plans…..– Virginia, NJ, Great Compromise, & 3/5

Compromise– Slavery issue

• Safeguards

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17851785

The United States in The United States in 17871787

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington

Federalists vs. AntifederalistsPages 181-187

• Federalists– Opinions– Leaders– Methods

• Antifederalists– Opinions– Leaders– Methods

Ratification in the States Pages 181-187

• State issues and actions• Consensus or extortion?• Revolution or evolution?

Which side?• "the true theory of our Constitution

is surely the wisest and best . . . (for) when all government . . . shall be drawn to Washington as the centre of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another, and will become as . . . oppressive as the government from which we separated."--Thomas Jefferson

Which side?• "The powers delegated by the

proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite."-- James Madison, Federal No. 45, January 26, 1788

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar