Industrial Revolution & Responses (1750-1900)

I. IntroII. Early Industry

A. WomenB. Guilds

III. PopulationA. ExplosionB. Why?

IV. Factory SystemA. British FirstB. Positives &

NegativesV. Responses

Key Terms• Cottage Industry• Agricultural Revolution• Columbian Exchange• Jethro Tull• Charles Townsend• British Advantages• Chartists• William Lovett• Socialism• Marx & Engels

Cottage Industry

• Spinning Wheel• Women set their own pace

& made extra money

Guilds

• Working Conditions:– Set own pace– Small, family

businesses– Pride in work

Hatters Making Felt Hats

Europe’s Population Explosion

• 1730: 120 million• 1800: 190 million • 1850: 265 million• 1900: 400 million

Why?• Decline in death rates• More food!!!

Columbian Exchange: Crops

Native American Plants Taken to Europe

Old World Plants Brought to America

Beans Apple

Bell & hot pepper Beet

Maize (corn) Cabbage

Papaya & pineapple Olive

Pumpkin & squash Sugarcane

Tomato Lemon

Wild rice Grapefruit

Sweet potato & white potato Plum

Tobacco

Agricultural Revolution

• New crops became available.

• New farming techniques were developed. Two leaders were…

Jethro Tull(1674-1741)

• An English farmer who experimented with farming techniques.

• He invented/popularized use of a seed drill & iron plow

Charles “Turnip” Townsend(1674-1738)

• Pioneered practice of crop rotation & use of manure.

• Popularized use of alfalfa & turnips (as fodder).

Impact Of New Crops & Techniques

• 1700: 80% of pop. farmed• 1800: 40% of pop. farmed AND produced a lot

more food!

British Advantages

1. Abundance of natural resources

a) Farmland; coal & iron

b) Proximity to sea

2. Stable political system—an isolated island

3. Colonial Empire-raw materials

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain:

Positives Of Industrialization

• Clothing• Railroads

Eiffel Tower (1889)

• Soap & Underwear…

Puffing Billy- Pulled Coal Trains (First Rail Locomotive in 1804; 1832 picture)

“The Rocket” (1829)Average Speed: 14 mph

Working Conditions

Descending a mine shaftCoal is loaded onto cars

Women & Child Laborers

Women workers making brushes in a factory (c. 1884)

Girls hauling coal up ladders (1843)

Negatives Of Industrialization

• Poor working conditions:– “Clock & Whistle”– 12-16 hour days (up to

1847)– Huge factories– Dangerous– Alcoholism grew

• Poor living conditionsCartoon shows exploitation

of workers

Chartists = Union(1830s)

1. Universal manhood suffrage

2. Secret ballot

3. Eliminate property qualifications to serve in Parliament & provide salary for members

Tactic: Expand democracy so workers can be elected to public office.

William Lovett

(1800-1877)

Socialism

• Public (or government) ownership of all business.– Redistribute property equally

Socialism

• German• Activist on behalf of

Industrial workers• Co-author of

Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx

(1818-1883)

Socialism

• German• His family owned factories

in London-he became an activist for workers

• Co-author of Communist Manifesto

Fredrick Engels

(1820-1895)

Communist Manifesto(1848)

1. Throughout history, all societies have had class conflict.

2. Those with power (owners) exploit workers.

3. Once a country becomes industrialized, workers will overthrow owners in a bloody & violent revolution.

Result: Establishment of society based on equality.

Industrial Revolution & Responses (1750-1900)

I. IntroII. Early Industry

A. WomenB. Guilds

III. PopulationA. ExplosionB. Why?

IV. Factory SystemA. British FirstB. Positives &

NegativesV. Responses

Key Terms• Cottage Industry• Agricultural Revolution• Columbian Exchange• Jethro Tull• Charles Townsend• British Advantages• Chartists• William Lovett• Socialism• Marx & Engels