1750 – 1914 Overview

Periodization Question: Why 1750

–1914?

The Most Important The Most Important ThemesThemesIndustrializationGrowing Globalization of Capital

and LaborImperialismSpread of New Ideologies and

Reform MovementsDominance of the West, on sea &

land

Changes in Global Changes in Global Commerce, Communication Commerce, Communication and Technologyand TechnologyModes of Transportation/

communication◦Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph◦Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Suez CanalSuez Canal

Suez canal opened in 1869

Changes in Global Changes in Global Commerce, Communication Commerce, Communication and Technologyand TechnologyIndustrial Revolution

◦ Origins of I.R. – where, whatand when◦ Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith◦ Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor◦ Relationship of nations during I.R. ◦ Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism,

socialism

Fatcat

Miner

Power loom

MilltownStreetchildren

GlobalizationGlobalizationFull emergence after 1850sHow did it differ from earlier proto-

globalization?◦Volume of goods exchanged◦ Impact of exports and imports on local

economies ◦Transnational political agreements◦New levels of cultural globalization◦Caused significant regional environmental

impacts Ex. Rubber industry in Brazil led to deforestation

Demographic and Demographic and Environmental ChangesEnvironmental ChangesMigration – Immigration

◦ Why?◦ Where?

Demographic and Demographic and Environmental ChangesEnvironmental ChangesEnd of Atlantic Slave TradeNew Birthrate PatternsDisease prevention and eradicationFood Supply

Changes in Social and Changes in Social and Gender StructureGender StructureIndustrial RevolutionCommercial developmentsTension between work patterns

and ideas about genderEmancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changes in Social and Changes in Social and Gender StructureGender StructureWomen’s emancipation

movements

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsLatin American Independence

MovementsWhy?

Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsRevolutions

◦Why Revolution now? ◦Where?

United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsHaitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsMexican Revolution

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsChinese Revolution

Dr. Sun Yat Sen

Manchus

New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasRise of NationalismGrowth of Nation-states/ empires

New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasMovements of Political Reform

◦Jacobins in France◦Taiping Rebellion in China

New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasRise of Democracy and its

limitations ◦Reform◦Women◦Racism◦Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominancePatterns of ExpansionImperialism and Colonialism

◦African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceScramble for Africa

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceEconomic, Political, Social, Cultural, &

Artistic

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceCultural and Political Reactions to

western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism)◦ Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji

Restoration◦ Russia– Reforms and Rebellions◦ Siam and Ethiopia--defensive

modernization◦ China--Boxer Rebellion

Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominance

◦Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration

Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominance

◦China—Boxer Rebellion

ComparisonsComparisonsIndustrial revolution in western Europe

and Japan (causes and early phases)Revolutions (American, French,

Haitian, Latin American and Chinese)Reaction to foreign domination in

Ottoman empire, China, India and Japan.

Ottomans- 19Ottomans- 19thth century century

Young Turk Revolutionaries

The Last Sultans

ComparisonsComparisonsNationalism

Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa

Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

European women 19European women 19thth centurycentury

British family in India

Queen Victoria’s family

Russian peasant family

ContinuitiesContinuitiesTraditional commerce, markets

cont’d, new commercial innovations like department stores only controlled 5% of retail commerce

Reactions to Western economic and military pressure were heavily influenced by local traditions

Societies compensated for disruptions by appealing to traditional themes as a source of stability◦Ex. Thanksgiving in the US or the

importance of the Emperor in Japan