Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments!

Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments!

1750-1914

Enlightenment RevolutionsEnlightenment RevolutionsCommonalities? Contrasts?

The Enlightenment IdealsThe Enlightenment Ideals

• The two-prong rallying cry?

• Origins?

• Spread?

• Ramifications?

The American Revolution (1776)The American Revolution (1776)

• Spurred by Locke’s ideas of “life, liberty, and private property.”

• Changed it to be “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

• Instituted by the emergent middle class

The French Revolution (1789)The French Revolution (1789)

• Corruption of absolute monarchs• The Old Regime (ancien regime) social classes

into 3 estates:– 1st: clergy, 1% of population, controlled 10%of land,

paid no taxes– 2nd: landed nobility, 2% of population, controlled 20%

of land, minimal taxes– 3rd: remainder of French citizenry: 97% of population;

merchants, laborers, peasants; heavily taxed: leaders=artisans & merchants (bourgeoisie)

Recipe for disasterRecipe for disaster

• Extravagance of Louis XVI nearly bankrupted France

• May 1789, forced meeting of the Estates-General (French assembly)—1st time in 175 years– Traditionally, each estate = 1 vote– The bourgeoisie called for a change: 1 vote per

delegate– denied

The National Assembly is formedThe National Assembly is formed

• The 3rd Estate formed the National Assembly due to denial

• Met in a tennis court where pledged to write a new constitution (Tennis Court Oath)

• New gov’t: constitutional monarchy– 1791—constitution completed, Legislative

Assembly formedformed 3 factions w/in

Revolution Begins!Revolution Begins!

• Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789

• The “Great Fear” begins, with the burning of feudal manors

• October 1789, Parisian women riot over price of bread; demand Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette leave Versailles and go to Paris

Declaration of Rights of ManDeclaration of Rights of Man

• Issued by National Assembly, 1789• All men are born equal• All enjoy the natural rights of “liberty, property,

security, and resistance to oppression”• No reference to rights of women; Olympe de

Gouges (1791) wrote Declaration of Rights of Women; not accepted; guillotined later

Fall of MonarchyFall of Monarchy

• 1792, Legislative Assembly dissolved, establishing a National Convention– Abolished the limited monarchy– Established a republic, September 1792– Male citizens given right to vote– Controlled by the Jacobins, inc. Marat and

Danton– January 1793, executed Louis XVI

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

• Maximilien Robespierre, head of Committee of Public Safety

• Executed alleged enemies of the republic– Marie Antoinette– Marat and Danton, former leaders of the Jacobins

• Ended in 1794 w/ guillotining of Robespierre• 1795-1799: The Directory

Napoleon’s Rise to PowerNapoleon’s Rise to Power• Chosen to lead the army, November 1799• The next day, staged a coup d’etat & became

dictator– Established peace treaties w/ the 2nd Coalition (GB,

Austria, Russia)– National bank; equalized taxes; public school system– Napoleonic Code:

• equality of all adult men • patriarchal family • no property rights of women • restricted freedoms of press & speech • reinstated slavery in the Caribbean

Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon• 1812, his empire controlled most of Europe• 3 fatal errors:

– Blockade against Great Britain (1806)– Peninsular War against Spain(1808-1813)– Invasion of Russia in winter of 1812

• 1814, forced to abdicate throne – to Elba– March 1815, returned and reestablished

power• Battle of Waterloo, June 1815, banished to St.

Helena

Congress of Vienna, 1815Congress of Vienna, 1815

• Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, & France met in Vienna to “create stability” in Europe

• To guard against future revolutions, set up a series of alliances requiring nations to come to aid each other lest war erupt

Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna:

Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna:

• Goals– Establish lasting peace &

stability– Prevent future French

aggression– Restore balance of

power– Restore royal families to

their thrones

• Actions– Formed the Kingdom of

the Netherlands– German Confederation– Independence of

Switzerland recognized– Required France to

return Napoleon’s conquered areas, but kept France a power

Results of the Congress of ViennaResults of the Congress of Vienna

• Conservatives regain governmental control

• Colonial Latin American governments declared their independence

• Power of France diminished; power of Great Britain and Prussia increased

• Encouraged growth of nationalism

The Haitian Revolution, 1791The Haitian Revolution, 1791

• 1st Latin American territory to assert independence= Fr. Colony, Saint Dominique

• Population composed primarily of African slaves, controlled tightly by minority slaveholders90% of population was slaves

Vive la revolucion!Vive la revolucion!• August 1791, African priest called for revolution• 100,000 slaves revolted• Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as a leader• Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to squelch the

revolt• 1802, lured onto French ship to sign an

agreement for independence, and taken to France against his will

• Died in France, 1803

Haiti is bornHaiti is born

• Dessalines continued the struggle

• Haiti declared its independence, January 1,1804

• Dessalines declared self dictator for life

• 1st colony in which slaves gained freedom from Europeans

Latin American RevolutionsLatin American RevolutionsAre they based on Enlightenment

ideals?

Social Classes in Latin AmericaSocial Classes in Latin America

• Rigidly stratified– Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Africans &

mulattos, Indians

• 1808, Napoleon replaced Spanish king w/ his bro—no Creole or Peninsular loyalty to the crown

• 1810 rebellion emerged

Independence for Spanish coloniesIndependence for Spanish colonies

• Leaders of S.A. independence:– Simon Bolivar, creole from Venezuela– Jose de San Martin, from Argentina

• Simon Bolivar, the Liberator

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar• Studied Enlightenment philosophies• Educated, visited Europe & the United States of America• Dreamed of creating a strong nation, called Gran

Colombia• 1821, led Venezuela to independence• Went to Ecuador, met w/ San Martin

– 1816, achieved Argentine independence– Freed Chile in 1818

• 1822, in command of revolutionary forces• Battle of Ayacucho, December 1824, remaining Spanish

colonies to independence

Simon Bolivar’s hopesSimon Bolivar’s hopes

• Wanted greater prosperity for Latin America after independence

• Reality:– Destruction of cities, fields– Economic devastation due to trade disruption– Gran Colombia & United Provinces of Central

America divided into smaller national states w/in a few years

– Continual Creole rule (Evo Morales, Bolivia)

Independence for MexicoIndependence for Mexico

• Initiated by mestizos, rather than the creole• September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo:

encouraged rebellion against Spain– March of mestizos & Indians on Mexico City; creole

class (& Spanish) defeated Hidalgo in 1811– Father Jose Maria Morelos took over revolution until

defeated in 1815

• 1821 Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Treaty of Cordoba

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna served as president 4 times– Lost Texas & a border dispute with the US– Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ended Mexican

War

• Benito Juarez (Indian) came to power in mid-19th C (deposed by Santa Anna in 1853)

Benito JuarezBenito Juarez• First term:

– Redistributed land– Increased educational opportunities– Maintained sep of church & state

• Returned to power in 1861– French takeover of Mexico in 1862: Austrian

archduke Maximilian ruled as puppet emperor• 1867, resumed presidency:

– Encouraged foreign trade– Construction of railroads

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz

• 1876, rose to power• Authoritarian ruler of Indian descent• Built banks & railroads; encouraged

foreign investment• Land distributed unevenly; industrial

workers had low wages & poor working conditions

• Formation of new political parties

Beginnings and End of RevolutionBeginnings and End of Revolution

• Francisco Madero (elite class), educated in US & France; believed in democracy

• Exiled to US by Diaz, called for revolution

• Leaders: Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa

More Mex. RevolutionMore Mex. Revolution

• Marked by years of frequent assassinations and leadership changes

• Ended with murder of Zapata in 1919, by the hands of Carranza, one of the leaders of the revolution

Effects of the Mexican RevolutionEffects of the Mexican Revolution

• Revised Mexican constitution– Promoted:

• Land reforms• Workers’ rights• Education

– Legal rights granted to women (such as initiating lawsuits)

• New political party, Institutional Revolutionary Party, came to power in 1929, dominated 20th Century

Colonial Latin America, 1500-1750Colonial Latin America, 1500-1750

The World in 1914The World in 1914