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Industrial Hygiene Cell, DAOH & FWC, RIL, Jamnagar
Indoor Air Quality
AMIT RAIYANISr. Industrial Hygienist
Email: [email protected] Industries Ltd.
Contents
Introduction - IAQ
Chemical & Biological Agents – IAQ
Indoor Air Quality Investigation
Causes of Indoor Air Quality
Health Effect of Poor IAQ
Standards & Guidelines
Control Measures - HVAC
Objective
To provide an overview of Indoor Air Quality,including the various factors that can impact anoffice-type building and environmentalmeasurements collection and remedial actions.
o The concept of IAQ first introduced amongscientific community in 1980 due to someoccurrences of „episodes indoors‟.
o At central headquarters of EPA building at Washington,D.C.- more than 100 people fell sick within 15 minutesof entering the office.
o In Los Angeles, CO level in most of the well insulatedbuildings was three times greater than the outside level.
o Such episodes indoors in developed nations endedup with formulation of IAQ Standards &Identification of “Sick Buildings”
Historical Prospective
o Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers tothe air quality within and around buildings andstructures, especially as it relates to the healthand comfort of building occupants.
o The quality of air inside the building includinggaseous composition, humidity, temperature andair contaminants.
What is IAQ
WHO
o Estimates that more than 30% of all commercialbuilding have significant IAQ problems.
EPA
o People spend over 90% of their time indoors.
o Indoor Air Pollutants 2-5 times higher than foundoutside.
Why Study IAQ
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Parameters - IAQ
Physical
Parameters
Chemical
Parameters
Biological
Parameters
Physical Parameters
o Indoor Temperature
Thermal Comfort is important part in IAQ
Great source for IAQ complaints
o Indoor Relative Humidity
Associated with poor HVAC System
Low RH leads to many symptoms of SBS
Irritation to eye and throat
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Chemical Parameters
o VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds (Benzene, Xylene, Toluene etc.)
Typically found in building materials, Cleaners, Solvents, Paintsetc.
Eye, noise & throat irritation, headache and effects on targetorgans
o Formaldehyde Very low Volatile Organic Compounds
Used in pressed wood products, adhesives etc.
Recognized as a major contribution in IAQ problems.
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Chemical Parameters
o CO2 Measured to access the adequacy of ventilation
Indicator of inadequate ventilation
Exposure to high level of Co2 can cause CNS effect.
o CO Inappropriately placed air intake or ventilated hole
Smoking, vehicular exhaust
Headache & nausea
High concentration
Unconscious
Die
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Chemical Parameters
o Tobacco Smoke Frequent causes of complains for building occupants
Burning of tobacco releases mixture of chemical including CO,NO2, formaldehyde, VOCs, and other gases
Serious respiratory illnesses
o Ozone Ozone is produced by UV light
Laser Printers & Xerox machine
Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Chemical Parameters
o Radon Radon is a radioactive gas (Alfa) that is formed in the soil
It can enter indoors through cracks and openings in floors andwalls that contact with the ground
Second leading cause of Lung cancer in US
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Chemical Parameters
o Airborne Particles Particle Size typically defined as an aerodynamic diameter
PM10 - < 10 u
PM2.5 - < 2.5 u
Photometer & Optical particle counters
ASHRAE: PM 10 Limit – 0.15 mg/m3 for 24 hours average
o Ultrafine Particles Particles less than 0.1 micron (Hair Size: 100 u)
Produce through combustion & some chemical reaction.
Condensation particle counter (CPC)
Biological Parameters
o Bioaerosols Airborne Particles - ACGIH
Released from living organism
Most concern - Bacterial, Viruses, Allergan's, Mold, Fungus,
Size: 0.1 – 100 microns
Bioaerosols – Dangerous Toxins (Mycotoxins)
o Microorganism –Mold/Fungus Molds is significant role in IAQ
Mold can grow on virtually any substances
To prevent mold growth is to control moisture
Parameters Affecting IAQ
Biological Parameters
o Bioparticulates Animal dander –Allergic to humans.
Pollen grains – Discharged from weeds, grasses & trees.
Dust mite – Common cause of asthma & allergy. Survives well
in mattresses, carpets, furniture & beddings.
Parameters Affecting IAQ
IAQ Investigation
Qualitative Exposure Assessment
Quantitative Exposure Assessment
IdentificationMeasurement of
Parameters
IAQ Investigation Methods
IAQ Investigation
Qualitative Investigation
Source Identification HVAC Evaluation Look for Pollutant
o Visual Inspection & Source Identification
Walkthrough visual inspection
Emissions from nearby sources
Locating areas of moisture
Unsanitary conditions and water damage
Housekeeping & Maintenance Activities
Building components and furnishings
Chemicals released by building components
Other Sources
Qualitative Investigation
o Review HVAC system design
Design & Layout
Maintenance records
Filter cleaning activity records
Diffusers/Grills cleaning mechanism
Visual inspection – AHUs
Thermal comfort mechanism
Location of fresh air supply line
Locating areas of moisture
Qualitative Investigation
o Look for pollutants
Interview Occupants
Document employee health complaints.
Monitoring of indoor pollutants and other environmental parameters.
Develop a plan for reducing and eliminating the IAQ problem
Qualitative Investigation
IAQ Investigation
Quantitative Investigation
IAQ Parameters
(CO2, RH, Temp)
Ventilation Rate
(Air Changes)Microbial
(Fungal & Microbes)
Indoor Air Quality Measurement
IAQ meter – TSI Make 7525
o Measured Parameters
Temperature
Humidity
CO2
Carbon Monoxide
VOCs
Quantitative Investigation
Quantitative Investigation
Continuous Monitoring System Portable IAQ Meter
Quantitative Investigation
Continuous IAQ Monitoring System
Indoor Air Quality Meter
Ventilation Rate – Air Changes
Indoor Air Quality Meter
Microbial Air Sampler
SAS: Surface Air Sampler
180 L/Min, 1000 L : < 6 Mins
Agar Incubated @ 25*CSurface Swab Sample
Indoor Air Quality Meter
IR Meter – Hidden Mold
contamination Survey
Thermal Imagine IR Meter –
Mold Investigation
Hidden Mold in the Building
What you see What we see
Three Main Causes of IAQ
Poorly Design HVAC System
Air tightness of building
Indoor & Outdoor Pollution
C
A
U
S
E
S
Poorly Design HVAC
HVAC – Air Handling Unit
Grills & Diffusers Filters AHUs
Poorly designing of Air Conditioning & Ventilation System, which causes
Poorly Design HVAC
o Production of ;
o Fungi
o Molds
o Other sickness causing microbes
Air Tightness of Building
Air Tightening of Building
Negative Pressure
Positive Pressure
Causes inadequate supply of fresh air, as a result, negative pressure develops, which causes
Air Tightness of Building
o Ground level pollutants, e.g. CO, Radon etc.to be drawn inside the buildings.
o Pull outside polluted air from vents, cracks and openings and increase dust, pollen etc.
o Release of odor (Bioaerosols) and other pollutants.
o Causes “Sick Building Syndrome”.
Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor & Outdoor Air Pollution
Health Effect
Health Effect due to Poor IAQ
Sick Building Syndrome
(SBS)
Building Related Illnesses
(BRI)
SBS
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a phenomenonaffecting building occupants who claim toexperience acute health and comfort effects thatappear to be linked to time spent in a building, butwhere no specific illness or cause can be identified.
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
Acute Health Effect + Comfort Effect + Time = SBS
Symptoms
o Headache, Fatigue, Sneezing
o Shortness of breath
o Eye, nose, and throat irritation, skin irritation
o Dizziness, nausea
Causes
o Inadequate ventilation
o Chemical contaminants
o Biological contaminants
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
BRI
A clinically diagnosable disease or condition (asLegionnaires' disease or an allergic reaction) causedby a microorganism or substance demonstrablypresent in a building called as BRI
Building Related Illnesses (BRI)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Humidifier Fever
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
o Inflammation in the lungs
o Exposure to an allergen (i.e., a foreign substance that is usually an organic dust)
o Sources- Animal dander, molds, or plants.
Humidity Fever
o Respiratory illness
o Exposure to toxins from microorganisms
o Source - wet or moist areas in humidifiers and ACs
o Also called air conditioner or ventilation fever)
Building Related Illnesses (BRI)
Building Related Illnesses (BRI)
Microorganism (viruses, mold, bacteria):
o Air Handling System, Cooling tower, High humidity areas, Water cooler areas etc.
Infection such as legionellosis (Symptoms : fever, headache, cough etc.)
An infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pnemophilia.
General Health Effect
General Health Effect
o Eye – Redness, Itching, Dryness
o URT (Noise & Throat) – Nasal Drip, Sneezing
o Lungs – Chest Tightness, Cough
o Skin – Redness, Dryness
o General – Headache, weakness, difficulty concentration, nausea, dizziness
Standards & Guidelines
Location Total CFM Standards
Temperature (*C) 22.7 0 C to 26.1 0 C (w) &
20.5 0 C to 23.8 0 C (s)
ASHRAE
Humidity (%) 20-60 % ASHRAE
CO2 (ppm) < 1000 ppm ASHRAE
CO (ppm) 25 ppm ASHRAE
VOC (ppm) < o.5 ppm EPA
RSPM 3 mg/m3 ACGIH
Illumination (Lux) 300 - Office, INDIAN STANDARDS
Formaldehyde (ppm) 0.3 ppm ASHRAE
Ventilation (CFM/PERSON) 20 ASHRAE
Air Changes (ACH) 4-12 OSHA
ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Refrigerating & Air conditioning EngineersACGIH – American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist
Standards & Guidelines
Outdoor Air Per Person Calculation
Air Changes Per Hour Calculation
1
2
3
HVAC management is an important role in improving the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Air Duct Cleaning Methodology
HVAC Management
HVAC Management
Robotic Air Duct Cleaning Method
o To cleaning of ventilation ducts by removing thefungus, dirt, debris and other contaminants throughair washing and fumigation.
o The robotic system consists of three devices. The monitor and control device, The remote robot and The dust collection device
HVAC Management
Robotic System
HVAC Management
Robotic System
Dirty Duct Clean Duct
HVAC Management
UV System
o A stick type device is installed in AHUs to preventbacteria and fugal growth inside ducts.
o UV – C is the germicidal wave length band is used toeliminate bacteria.
o UV-C works by destroying the DNA of Microbes andthereby killing them or preventing them frommultiplying.
HVAC Management
UV System
o By applying proper IAQ survey system, we can make sure that the breathing air taken by occupants in the room is healthy.
o By IAQ methodology we can not only improve health of the employee but can also improve efficiency of employee and there by increase the production.
Message on IAQ
DHIRUBHAI AMBANI
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE CENTRE
Thank You