indian power sector-initiatives to smart grid

I n d i a n Powe r S e c to r – I n i t i a t ive s to S m a r t G r i d

Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Dr. N M PindoriyaAssistant Professor | Electrical EngineeringIIT Gandhinagar, Gujarat, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Electric Power Supply System

Dis

trib

uti

on

su

bsta

tio

n

Residential users

Bulk

Generation

HV Transmission Lines

(765 kV, 400 kV, 220

kV, 132kV )

Generating

Substation

Transmission

Substation

Commercial &

industrial users

(33 & 11 kV)

Where does our electricity

come from ?

Generation Transmission Distribution Consumption

http://www.canstockphoto.com/industrial-high-voltage-converter-1782421.html


Energy Resources for Electricity Generation

Nonrenewable Energy

Resources

Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas

Nuclear Fuels: Elements with unstable nuclei, such as uranium

Renewable Energy

Resources

Hydropower: The force of moving water from streams, rivers or storage reservoirs

Wind: The force of moving air

Solar: The radiant energy from the sun

Biomass: Plant material (including wood) or organic waste

Ocean: The mechanical energy of ocean tides, currents, and waves, and the sun’s heat energy stored in the ocean

Geothermal: The natural heat in the earth

Nonrenewable Energy

Resources

Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas

Nuclear Fuels: Elements with unstable nuclei, such as uranium

Renewable Energy

Resources

Hydropower: The force of moving water from streams, rivers or storage reservoirs

Wind: The force of moving air

Solar: The radiant energy from the sun

Biomass: Plant material (including wood) or organic waste

Ocean: The mechanical energy of ocean tides, currents, and waves, and the sun’s heat energy stored in the ocean

Geothermal: The natural heat in the earth


Electricity Generation Mix: Present Status

Fuel GW (as on 31/5/2013)

Thermal 153.19

Hydro 39.62

Nuclear 4.78

RES(MNRE) 27.54

Total 225

Growth of RE:

major share by

the private

sector

Total Thermal

68%

Hydro 18%

Nuclear2%

RES(MNRE)

12%

Source: http://www.cea.nic.in

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES

31/3/1997

31/3/2002

31/3/2007

31/3/2012

31/3/2013

Ins

tall

ed

ca

pa

cit

y (

GW

)

86

105

132

200

224

Total


40.77

29.73

29.49

Private sectorState sector

Central sector

Top Players in the Power Sector

State level corporationsPSU (Central

and State)

Private

Sector

0

10

20

30

40

50

State sector Central sector Private sector

% a

ge

sh

are

Electricity Market Players


Resources Potential (MW)

Wind Power 49,130

Small Hydro Power 15,000

Biomass and Waste 30,000

Solar power 20-30 MW/ sq. km (50000 Approx.)

Source wise breakup

Small Hydro Power

17%

Biomass Power

19%

Cogeneration bagasse

6%

Waste to Energy

3%

Wind Power55%

8%

14%

7%

12%

11%4%7%

9%

4%

24%

AP

Gujarat

J&K

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

UP

Others

State wise breakup

Potential of Renewable Power in India

Source : MNRE, India


Projection: 49,130 MW at 2% land availabilityGoal of 20 GW by 2022

Potential of Wind and Solar Power in India

Source: www.cwet.tn.nic.in/


For example: in Gujarat (MGVCL, PGVCL, DGVCL, UGVCL four

DISCOMS and one controlling body GUVNL, and one generation

company GSEC) and private DISCOMS : Torrent power

Distribution Companies (DISCOMS)

State Level

Regional Level (5)

National Level (1) NLDC

NRLDC

SLDC SLDC

ERLDC NERLDC WRLDC SRLDC

SLDC SLDC

3 levels of grid management systems (national, regional

and state), using SCADA

Grid Management is being looked after by POSOCO

Power Grid Operation in India


Indian Wholesale Market (Bilateral contracts)

STOA

Indian PXs (Day-ahead

market)

Real-time balancing

market

UI mechanism

DISCOMS

Open access

consumers

CPPs

NTPCNHPC

NPCIL

IPPs

Reliance

Adani

TATA

DISCOMS

Open access

consumers

DISCOMsRetails/large

consumers

State Gens.

Traders

CPPs

DISCO

MS

System operation

Injections/drawals

adjustment

One day in advance Day of operation

Indian Wholesale Market (Bilateral contracts)

LTOA

Year aheadYears ahead

Electricity Market Operation: Segments


Independent System Operator (ISO)

Generator Companies (GenCos)

Transmission Companies (TransCos)

Distribution Companies

(DisCos)Retailer Customer

Electricity Regulatory

Different Entities in Electricity Market


5.264.79

4.18

4.96

3.47 3.57

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Price of electricity transacted through traders

Price of electricity transacted through PXs

Rs

./k

Wh

26.72 27.7

35.84

610

15

7

16 16

25.8 28.1 27.8

65.91

81.56

94.51

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Volume of electricity transacted through traders

Voume of electrcity transaction between DISCOMS

Volume of electricity transacted through PXs

Volume of electricity transacted through UI

Total short term transactions

BU

s

Short Term Transactions

Source: http://www.cercind.gov.in/


Falling electricity prices at the exchange

IEX Transactions

Source: www.iexindia.com


Under NAPCC, one of the missions is targeted at increasing the

contribution of RE to the grid to 15% by 2020.

Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): EA 2003 empowers the

SERCs to set targets for DISCOMs to purchase certain % age

(between 1% and 15%) of their total power requirement from RES

RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

NR

WR

SR

ER NER

MW


• Renewable Energy Certificate (REC): Market based instrument

– Provides evidence that a generator has produced a certain quantum of power from a RE resource which has been consumed

– Effects the environmental attributes of the source of generation

• REC mechanism is expected to overcome geographical constraints and provide flexibility to achieve RPO compliance.

• Create competition among different RE technologies

RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

Au

g,

20

11

Se

p,

20

11

Oc

t, 2

01

1

No

v,

20

11

De

c,

20

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Ja

n,

20

12

Fe

b,

20

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r, 2

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Ap

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01

2

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y,

20

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, 2

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2

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l, 2

01

2

Au

g,

20

12

Se

p,

20

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Oc

t, 2

01

2

No

v,

20

12

De

c,

20

12

Ja

n,

20

13

Fe

b,

20

13

Ma

r, 2

01

3

Ap

r, 2

01

3

Ma

y,

20

13

Ju

ne

, 2

01

3

REC Issued REC Redeemed

Opening Balance Closing Balance


Cost of electricity

through RE

generation

Cost equivalent

to conventional

resources

Cost for

“GREEN”

Attributes

Feed-in-Tariff (FiT)

Sale of electricity to

obligated entities(DISCOMs, CPPs,

OA consumers) at

preferential tariff

REC Option

Unbundling of REC from

electrical energy

Sale of electricity to

obligated entities at

price ≤ average price

Electricity

Electricity

sale at

market price

REC (Solar and

non-solar)

Green attributes

Sale of REC at PXs

Solar PV

• 12-15 Rs/kWh

for first 12 years

• 3-5 Rs/kWh for

next 13 years

Solar

Thermal

• 9-11 Rs/kWh for

first 12 years

• 3 -4 Rs/kWh for

next 13 years

Wind 3-5 Rs/kWh

Renewable Energy Trading


REC Trading: Experience so far

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

RE

C (

No

n-S

ola

r)

IEX Non-Solar

PXIL Non-Solar

IEX Solar

PXIL Solar

RE

C (

So

lar)


REC Trading: Experience so far

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

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r

No

n-S

ola

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Sola

r

No

n-S

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r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

Sola

r

No

n-S

ola

r

May '11June '11July '11Aug '11Sep '11Oct '11Nov '11Dec '11Jan '12Feb '12Mar '12Apr '12May '12June '12July '12Aug'12Sep '12Oct '12Nov '12Dec '12Jan '13Feb '13March '13Apr '13May '13June '13

IEX

PXIL

Rs

/RE

C


Smart grid is the integration of Information & Communication

Technology (ICT), through which dynamic two-way digital

communication is possible, into at all levels of power grid.

It encompasses a broad set of applications, including

software, hardware and technologies that enable utilities to

integrate, interface with, and intelligently control innovations.

Source of this image: Smart Grid Communication: Its

Challenges and Opportunities, IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013

two-way information and

communication network between

the energy suppliers and their

customers


Co

mm

un

ica

tio

n L

ay

er

Po

we

r L

ay

er

LANUtilities

network

Ap

pli

ca

tio

n L

ay

er

AMI

DR

Grid optimization

Distributed generation

and storage

Smart charging & V2G

Future applications & services

WANBackhaul network between

FAN and utilities

Ce

llu

lar

(2G

/3G

)

Pri

va

te

wir

ele

ss

Sa

tell

ite

BP

L

WiM

ax

FAN/AMIMissing link in end-end n/w; now

being deployed at scale

RF

Me

sh

RF

po

int-

mu

ltip

oin

t

WiM

ax

Fib

er

BP

L/P

LC

HANNetwork linking loads &

appliances for utility & cons.

WiF

i

Zig

Be

e

Ho

me

Plu

g

Glo

wP

AN

Z-W

av

e

N/W Gateway Smart Meter

Generation Transmission Substation Distribution Residential/com

mercial/industrial

consumers

Distributed

resources

& storage

SCADA

/DMS

Utility T&D Infrastructure Customer

Smart Grid Framework


Smart Grid Framework

Building additional layers of automation, communication and IT systemsto transform it to a smarter grid

Applications or building blocks of a smart grid

SCADA with Energy Management Systems (EMS) and Distribution ManagementSystems (DMS)

Enterprise IT network covering all substations and field offices with reliablecommunication systems

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) – mapping of electrical network assets andconsumers on geospatial maps,

modernization of the substations with modern switchgear and numerical relays,

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) with two way communication and MDMS

Electronic billing systems and customer care systems,

Distribution Automation and Substation Automation Systems

Outage Management Systems (OMS),

Wide Area Measurement and Control Systems,

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)/Asset Management Systems,


• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) & Smart Meters

AMI/AMR Technology

integration of many technologies that provides an intelligent

connection between the grid, consumers and their loads, and

generation and storage resources

Smart metering

HAN /LAN

Integrated (wide-area)

communication network

Operational gateways

MDMS

Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies


Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies

• Smart Meters

enable consumers to monitor and

manage their power use practically

in real time and thus conserve

energy.

utilities benefit from better grid

load planning and lower cost and

gain detailed insight into network

dynamics.

Photo: Siemens

Ref: white paper on smart Metering


Smart Grid: Indian Context

Smart grid is defined by the complexities of managing synchronized national grid

power exchanges

open access transactions

diverse generation resources

AT&C loss reduction

demand-side management

System operators: seeking to minimize human interface to

limit the margin for error

National objective: to progressively increase renewable

energy share in the grid, which necessitates real-time

monitoring, forecasting and efficient grid dispatch


• India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)

– A non-profit voluntary consortium of

public and private partnership body

constituted in Sept. 2010

– Objective: to accelerate the

development and implementation of

Smart Grid technologies in the

Indian Power Sector

India Smart Grid Task Force

◦ An inter ministerial group was constituted to help frame Govt. policies

for creating conductive policy framework for accelerated

implementation of Smart Grid

◦ Designed to work with various Govt. agencies to convert the recommendations

made by the ISGF in to policies.

Smart Grid: Institutional framework


Drivers for smart grids in India

Utilities:• Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities to 15% or below

• Peak load management – multiple options

• Reduction in power purchase cost

• Better asset management

• Increased grid visibility

• Self-healing grid

• Renewable integration

Customers:• Improve reliability of supply to all customers – no power cuts, no more

DG sets and inverters

• Improve quality of supply – no more voltage stabilizers

• User friendly and transparent interface with utilities

• Increased choices for consumers, including green power

Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF


Government & Regulators:

• Satisfied customers

• Financially sound utilities

• Tariff neutral system upgrade and modernization

• Reduction in carbon and other pollutant emissions and emission intensity

Drivers for smart grids in India



”Transform the Indian power sector into a

secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled

ecosystem by 2027 that provides reliable and quality

energy for all with active participation of stakeholders “

Smart Grid Vision for India

• Integrated technology trials through a set of smart grid pilot projects (14 across

India) by 2015

• Integration of R-APDRP building blocks into future smart grid development

• Availability of an indigenous smart meter by 2014

• National Optical Fibre Networking for better communication for most of S/S 33/11 kV

• Enabling programs and projects in distribution utilities to reduce AT&C losses to

below 15% by 2017, below 12% by 2022, and below 10% by 2027

• Conversion of existing distribution sub-stations to GIS based substations

• Formulation of effective customer outreach and communication programs for active

involvement of consumers (Knowledge portal)

• development of Microgrids, storage options, virtual power plants (VPP), vehicle to

grid (V2G), solar to grid (PV2G), and building to grid (B2G) technologies in order to

manage peak demand, optimal use of installed capacity and reduce load shedding

and black-outs.



Utility Level Functionalities

Load Forecast

Disaster Outage

Management

Power Purchase optimize

Consumer Awareness

Pilot Area Level Functionalities

Naroda

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I

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&C

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&C

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en

t

SG Pilot Project - UGVCL


Illustrative smart home energy management system

Intelligent Energy Management System


VGEC-IIT GN Power Distribution Network


Solar PV Systems – Schematic Arrangement


10 kWp Solar PV (Thin-film, CIS) System

Pyranometer

Inverter & Data logger

Thermometer

PV moduleManufacturer : Solar Frontier, JapanType : CIS (SF150-L)Nominal value : 150 Wp

Installation conditionsInclined angle : 25°Orientation : South

Installed by

NTT Facilities, Inc., JapanTotal 64 PV modules (Thin-film, CIS)

(http://www.solar-frontier.com)

PV Inverter (REFUsol 010K)

Data logger (Solar-Log 200)

Pyranometer and Irradiance sensors with module temperature sensor

Ambient temperature sensor


Load Profile & PV Generation

0

50

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150

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12:30 AM

2:00 AM

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Feb 2012

SPV o/p W/o SPV Actual-Avg kW



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March 2012



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April 2012


Thanks for your kind attention !!!

… Any questions ???

indian power sector-initiatives to smart grid

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