indexofreconstructions...

INDEX OF RECONSTRUCTIONSWITH GLOSSES

Asterisks are not marked since all the items listed below occur with asterisks in the book. Theyare all reconstructed forms and must be deemed to carry an asterisk each, if cited anywhere else.All reconstructions, unless otherwise stated, are to be taken as representing Proto-Dravidian (PD);reconstructions done at the level of subgroups are indicated by subgroup name: SD I, SD II, CDor ND, as the case may be. The order of entries follows Indic Roman, adapted to Dravidian, i.e.<a a i ı u u e e o o, k, c n, .t .n, t, t n, p m, y r l w, .l .z H>. Lexical items (roots, stems, words,compounds) and grammatical morphs (suffixes which are bound) are listed separately. Thenumbers in square brackets refer to entry numbers in DEDR, followed by the page number(s) ofthis book. New abbreviations V = a vowel; Vb = main verb in complex stems, indicated by V inthe book.

A. Lexical itemsakam ‘inside’, aka-ppa.tu ‘to be included’

[7], 279.aka.z-tt-ay ‘moat’ [11], 8akka- ‘elder sister’ [23], 10anc- ‘to fear’, anc-al, anc-c(-am), n. ‘fear’SD I, Te. [55], 199

a.t-a-nk- ‘be compressed, hidden’, a.t-a-nkk- v.t.‘to control, hide’ PSD [63], 107, 279, 289

a.t-a-ppay ‘betel pouch’ [64], 16a.t-ay-kkay ‘areca nut’ SD I [88], 9a.t-V ‘foot, bottom, base’ SD I, a.t-Vk- SD II,CD [72], 484

a.t.tu ‘pancake’ [76], 10a .n-.t.t- ‘to adhere, stick’ [96], 172a .n .na- ‘elder brother’ [131], 10at-V- ‘to know’ [314], 14att-/att- ‘that place, manner’ [1], 407a-tu 3neu sg SD I [1], 308atta- ‘maternal/paternal aunt’ [142], 10a-n(V)k- ∼ a-n(V)k/-t- ∼ -tt- ‘that

place/time/much/many/ manner’ [1], 407a-nV ‘there, then’ [1], 407a-ntu ‘that day, then’ SD I [1], 407appa- ‘father’ [156a], 10app-am ‘rice cake’ [155], 10

ap-po.z ‘that time, then’, 407amp-ali ‘porridge’ SD II [174], 10ampu ‘arrow’ [17a], 9amp-i ‘boat’ [177], 13a-mpV ‘there’ PSD [1], 407amm-a ‘mother’ [183], 10ayy-a ‘father’ [196], 10ar-ac/-a.l ‘pipal tree’ [202], 12ar-i ‘a kind of tax’ [216], 8ar-V .n.t.ti ‘banana, plantain’ SD II [205], 12al- ‘to be not’ SD I, 354–5al-a-nk- ‘to shake’, 277a-l(l)V ‘that place’, 407aw-antu ‘he, that man’ 3m sg (nom), awan-

obl [1], 20, 211, 217, 495, 498aw-a.l 3f sg SD I [1], 495, 498aww-a ‘mother, grand mother’ [73], 10a.l-amp- ‘mushroom’ [300], 16a.l-V-kk- ‘to sacrifice’ [297], 11a.z-i- ‘to perish’, a.z-i-ntt- past transitive,a.z-i-mpp non-past transitive, 194

aH-/a ‘that’ (distal); a-tu ‘she/it’ (hum f andnon-hum), aw-antu ‘he’ (hum m), aw-ay‘they’(non-men/non-hum), aw-ar‘men/persons’ (hum), aw-a.l ‘she’(hum f ),[1], 45, 199, 207–11, 217–18, 269, 390

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524 Index of reconstructions with glosses

aHn- (>a(y)n- > e(y)n- > i(y)n-, an-) ‘to say’[868/9], 15, 95, 143; quotative marker,451–2

a- ‘to be, become’; a-k- ‘to be’, a-kk- ‘tomake’; an-/an- ‘to be’; a-p- ‘to become’,a-pp- ‘to make’ [333], 184–6, 262, 277–9,289, 459–63

a.t-u ‘to play, dance’, n. a.t.t-u (< a.t + t-) [347],10, 199

at- ‘to become cool, to dry up’ [404], 117, 146at(t)- 1pl incl nom, 310ant-ay ‘owl’ SD I [359], 13a(m/n)- ‘cow’ [334], 12, 92, 278ay ‘mother’ [364], 10ar-ay ‘to investigate’, ar-ay-cci ‘research’ PSD

I [368 + 363], 201ar/ar-ak- ‘millet’ [5265], 9al ‘banyan tree’ [382], 11a.l ‘man/woman’ [399, 400], 11

i.t-u- (i.t-.t-) ‘to put, place’ [442], 112, 293it-ay-cci ‘meat’ [529], 9, 10, 102in- adj/n ‘sweet’ [530a,b], 394i-ntu ‘today, now’, 407ir- ‘to be’ (copular verb) SD I, ir-u-wu ‘a placeto be’ SD II [480], 8, 109, 191, 295, 496,498–9

ir-u-ppay ‘mahua tree’, Bassia longifolia[485], 9

ir-Vl/w ‘liver’ SD I [546], 484il ‘house’ [494], 8, 180i.zi- ‘to descend’; i.zi-nt- past intransitive,i.zi-ntt- past transitive; i.zi-(m)p- non-pastintransitive, i.zi-(m)pp- non-past transitive[502], 188–9, 279

iH-/ı ‘this’ (proximal); i-tu ‘thisthing/woman’, iw-antu ‘this man’, iw-ay‘these things/women’, iw-ar ‘thesemen/persons’, iw-a.l ‘this woman’ [410],20, 45, 199, 207 (fn 2), 390, 407, 495, 498

ı ‘fly’ [533], 278ır/ir-V ‘two’, ir-a .n-.tu ‘two’(3n-m pl), iru-war‘two persons’ [474], 46, 97, 141, 159, 197,395

ı.zam ‘toddy’, ı.za-want- ‘toddy-tapper’ SD I[549], 9, 11

ukir ‘finger nail, toe-nail’ SD I, gor/kor SD II,CD, Br.; or-kk- Ku.r–Malt [561], 484

uc-V- ‘to breathe’, uc-Vr [645], 149

u.t-ump- ‘iguana’ [592], 11u .n- ‘to drink’ [600], 110uram-kkal ‘grinding stone, pestle’ [651], 8ur-ay ‘to rub’, 118ula-kk-V ‘pestle’ [572]u.l- ‘to be, to have’, u .n.t-u (< u.l-nt-) ‘is, are’

[697], 180, 187u.l.l-am ‘mind, the inside one’, 13; see u.l-u.l.li ‘onion’ [705], 12u.z-untu ‘black gram’ [690], 12, 16u.z-u-pp- ‘stag, deer’ [694], 12u.z-uw- ‘tiger’ SD II [692], 12u.z-V- ‘to plough’, u.z-a-tti ‘farming’ [688], 8,11, 152

uH.n-/u .n- (past u .n-.t-, u .n-.t.t-) ‘to eat, drink’, u.t.t-(<uH.n-tt-) ‘to give to eat or drink’ [600],280, 291–2

uH/u ‘yonder’ [557], 45, 253–6, 390, 407u/uy ‘meat’ [728], 10ur ‘habitation, village, town’ [752], 6, 205

e .n ‘to count’ [793], 13e .n adj ‘eight’, e .n-.t.tu ‘eight’ (3n-m pl) [783/4],92, 111, 112, 264, 278, 395

et-ay-antu ‘chief, king’ [527], 7et-V- ‘red’ PSD II [865], 14, 391et-V-y ‘prawn’ [533], 13enk- ‘to remain, be left over’, enk-al ‘left over

food’ (palatalization in SD I + Ko.n .da asenc-) [780], 199

en-t- ‘sun’ [869], 278er-utu ‘ox’ [815], 12er-umV- ‘buffalo’ [816], 12el-ay ‘leaf’ PSD [497], 103el-i ‘rat’ [833], 12el, en-tu ‘sunshine, sun’ [829, 861], 95el-V-mp/-nk ‘bone’ [839], 14, 483elli ‘tomorrow’ (Tu. Te.? Br.), 407ell-V ‘all’ [844], 266e.l-V- ‘young, tender’ [513], 107, 393e.l-V-nc- ‘black bear’ [857], 12e.z-V adj ‘seven’, e.z ‘seven’ (3n-m pl) [910],112, 263–4

ek-/eHk- ‘to gin cotton’ [765], 8etu ‘ox, bull’ [917], 12el ‘mind, reason, knowledge’ [912], 14el-V- ‘cardamom’ [907], 9, 37e.z/ e.z-V- ‘to spin’ [506], 8

o- ‘to be suitable’; (with incorporatedtense-transitivity suffixes) o-kk-, o-pp-,






Index of reconstructions with glosses 525

o-mp-, o-ww-; okku- ‘to be together’; okk-al‘relatives’ [924], 184, 278

ok-Vr, ko-r, ‘finger/toe nail’ [561], 46okk- ‘one’ CD, Tel. [990b], 261, 495, 500o.t-ay ‘to break’ PSD [946], 110, 282o.t-al ‘body’ PSD [585], 483o.t-unku ‘to be restrained’[954], 110o.t-Vkk- ‘chameleon’ [2977], 12ot-a-nku ‘to sleep’ PSD [707], 116on-tu ‘one’ [990c], 101, 110, 169, 260–1on-patV ‘ten minus one’ [1025] SD I, 265oy- ‘to carry’ [984], 277o.l-an ‘house’ Pre-Gondi [697], 220; see u.l-

‘to be’o.z-ukk- ‘to spin’ [1012], 8o.tu v.i. ‘to flee’, o.t.t-am ‘defeat’ [1041, 2861], 8otu ‘to recite, read’ [1052], 14ontti ‘bloodsucker lizard’ [1053], 12or-/or-V- adj ‘one’ [990a], 261, 395

kac (>kay) ‘to be bitter’, n. ‘bitterness’[1249], 119, 154

kanci ‘gruel’ [1104], 10, 16ka.t-/ka.t.t- ‘to tie, bind’, n. ka.t.t-ay ‘a dam’[1147], 92, 97, 199

ka.t-ac- ‘male of cattle, heifer’ [1123], 12, 16,123–4 (fn 5), 160

ka.t-ampu Anthocephalus cadamba [1116], 16ka.t-ay ‘end, place’, 407ka.t-al ‘sea, ocean’ [1118], 13ka.t-V- ‘be bitter, pungent’ [1135], 98ka.t-V- ‘wild buffalo’ [114], 12ka.t-V-ncc/-ntt ‘stag’ [1114], 12ka .n ‘eye’ [1159a], 46, 100, 108, 196; ka .n- .nır

‘tear’ [1159a + 3690a], 46, 201, 205, 483ka .n.t-antu ‘husband, warrior’ SD I [1173], 11,

169katti ‘knife’ [1204], 9kan-acV ‘dream, to dream’ [1407], 123 (fn 5)kap- ∼ kapp -/kaw-V ‘to cover’ [1221, 1225],98, 144

kapp-a ‘frog’ [1224], 13kapp-am ‘a kind of tax, tribute’ [1218], 8kapp-al ‘ship, boat’ [119], 13kap-V.l ‘cheek’ [1357], 16kam-ku.zi ‘armpit’[1134 + 1818], 203kay ‘hand, arm’ [2023], 90, 118–19, 145,

196, 484kay-tay ‘fragrant screw-pine’ [2026], 16;kay-tVkk- id., 37

kay-m- (> key-m-) ‘field’ [1958], 128

kay-V-l/-kk-/-mpp- ‘fish of different kinds’[1252], 13, 16

kar-umpu ‘sugar-cane’ SD I [1288], 12kar-V.l ‘bowels’ [1274], 14kar-Vnk Pongamia glabra [1507], 16kar-V-nt- ‘to consider, intend’, kar-V-ntt n.

‘will, mind’ SD I + Te. [1283], 14kar-Vnti ‘red gram’ [1213], 12kal ‘stone’ [1298], 92, 118, 179, 196kal-/kat- ‘to learn’ [1297], 14kala-kala onom. of ‘rustle, tinkle, rattle’[1302], 486

kal-a-nku ‘to be stirred’, kal-a-nkku ‘to stir’PSD [1303], 172–3, 240, 289

kal-Vnk- ‘covered drain, sluice’ SD [1309], 13kal-ac- ‘to quarrel’ [1303], 123 (fn 5)kal-am ‘boat, ship’ [1305], 13kaw-V.li ‘a house lizard’ [1338, 1399], 12, 16ka.l-am/-an ‘an open place (threshing floor,battle ground)’ [1376], 8, 9, 153

ka.z-ut-ay ‘donkey’ [1364], 12ka.z-u-tt- ‘neck/throat’, SD I, ka.z-nt(t)- Tu.,

CD, SD II [1366], 484ka.l ‘toddy’ [1374], 9, 1ka.l-/ka .n- ‘to steal’ [1372], 11, 95ka.zi (-nt-) v.i. ‘time to pass, be spent’, (-nt-t-)

v.t. ‘to spend, waste, reject’ PSD [1356], 294ka.z-V-ku/-tu ‘eagle’[1362], 13ka.z-Vt ‘paddy field’ [1355], 8, 16ka-kk-ay ‘crow’ [1425], 13, 91 (fn 2)ka .n- (<kaH.n-) ‘to see’ [1443], 95, 196ka .n-ikk-ay ‘gift’ [1443], 6kat- ‘plough-share’ [1505], 9ka(-tt-) ‘to protect, guard’ [1416], 293ka(-n), ka-.tu ‘forest’ [1418, 1438], 12, 16ka, ka-n-, ka-.tV n. ‘forest’ [1418, 1438], 277ka-nk- ‘big clay pot’ [458], 8kay ‘fruit, pod’ [1459], 12kay, ka-nku v.i.: ka-nkku v.t., ka-ntu v.i.:ka-nttu v.t., ka-mpu v.i.: ka-mppu v.t. ‘to behot, dry up, burn’ [1458], ka-.l ‘to burn,flame’ [1500], ka-r/kar-V- ‘be scorched’, 9,130, 181, 296

kar/kar-V ‘dark, black, dark clouds’ [1278],13–14, 391

kal ‘canal’ [1480], 13kal ‘leg, foot’ [1479], 179, 196, 205, 277, 484ka-wa.ti ‘shoulder pole’ [1417], 9kic-ampu > kiy-ampu > kı-mpu/ke-mpu

‘yam’, Arum colacasia [2004], 6, 12, 96,144, 197; see ke-mpu







kic-Vkic-V onom. ‘chirping, squeaking’, 128ki .n.t-V- ‘metal pot’ [1540], 8kit-u-tt-/-mp- ‘cheetah, panther’ [1599, 2589],12

kitt-eli ‘mouse’ [1594], 205kin- ‘to be angry’ PSD I [1600], 129kir-V- ‘ear’ (some languages of SD I and II)

[1977b], 483kil- ‘sound, noise’ PSD [1574], 109, 129kil- ‘to be able’ SD I [1570], 94kil-/kit- ‘small’[1571, 1577, 1594], 129kil-a ‘some’ [1571], 266ki.li ‘parrot’ [1584], 13, 111, 128ki.z-ank- ‘tuber, root’ SD I [1347], 12; seekı.z/ki.z-V-

kı-t ‘scratch’ [1623], 14kıt- /kit-V ‘small’ [1594], 394kıw/kiw-V- ‘snow, ice’ [1618], 13kı.z/ki.z-V-kk ‘below’ [1619], 111, 112; ‘low

area, east’ SD I, 14kucc-/kuc-V- ‘greens’ [1760], 12ku.t-al ‘intestines’ SD I [1652], 484ku.t-V/ku .n.t-V ‘eyeball’ [1680], 16ku .n.tV ‘heart, kidney’ [1693], 14, 46, 484kut-ay- (kut-ay-nt-, kut-ay-ntt-) ‘to be reducedin size’ [1851], 192

kut-V ‘short’ PSD [1851], 394kut-V-nk-/ -w ‘thigh’ SD I [1840], 146, 484kut-i ‘to jump’, kut-ir-ay ‘horse’ SD I

[1711a,b], 12, 132kut-V- ‘club’ [1850b], 9kunt-am/-u ‘hill’ [864], 12, 138kunt-i ‘crab’s eye, a plant’ [1865], 16kun-tal/-ta.l ‘pick-axe’ [1722], 9ku-nt-/ntt- ∼ ko-nt-/ntt- ‘throat, voice, tone’SD I, SD II [1718], 484

kupp-V ‘heap’ [1731a], 164kur-u.tu ‘blindness’ [1787], 10kur-V-c- ‘deer’1785], 12kur-Vwi ‘small pot’ [1797], 8kur-V-wi ‘sparrow’ [1793], 13ku.l-am/-Vnc- ‘lake’ [1828], 13, 150ku.z-V ‘pit, hollow’ [1818], 105–6ku.t-u v.i. ‘to be joined, meet’, ku.t.t- (<ku.t-tt)v.t. ‘to unite, put together’, ku.t.t-am n.‘union’, ku.t-al ‘joining’, ku.t.t-al ‘uniting’PSD [1882], 199, 280

ku.t-u ‘nest’, 148kunt(t)- ‘mushroom’ [1893], 12kun-ttu/-ccu/-kku ‘daughter’ [1873], 10

kum-/kum-V- ‘pigeon, dove’ [1930], 13ku-r- ‘to sleep’ [1902], 130kul-i ‘paddy’ [1906], 9ku.z ‘porridge’ [1911], 10kec-at- ‘mud, slush’ [2020], 129ke.t-u ‘to perish, decay’, ke.tu n. ‘damage’

(<keH.tu); ke.t-al ‘evil’, ke.tu-ti n. ‘ruin’,ke.t-.ta ‘evil’ [1942], 92, 128, 198–9

ket-ay/-uwu ‘tank’ [1980], 13ket-V- ‘wing, feather’ PSD; split of [2591] into

two entries suggested, 126kep- ‘to tell, scold’: kew-i ‘ear’ [1955,

1977a, c], 13, 144–5;kew-i.tu ‘deafness’[1977c], 10

kem ‘red’ [931], 14, 391.kem-pu ‘copper vessel’, see kem [2775], 8key- ‘to do’ [1957], 128, 145, 181, 196,

277, 279key-(a)m‘wet field’ [1958], 8key-pi- ‘to cause one to do’, 279; see key-ker-uppu ‘sandal’ [1963], 8, 198kew-i ‘ear’ [1977a], 100, 483; see kep-ke.l-ay ‘to dig up’ [1588], 112ket- ‘to winnow’, ket-tV n. ‘winnowing basket’

[2019], 8, 175ke-mpu (<key-ampu < kic-ampu) PSD ‘yam’

[2004], 103, 144; see kic-ampuke.l-/ke .n- ‘to hear, ask’ [2017a], 15, 95koc-V- ‘pot-making’ [1762], 11ko.t-ay ‘umbrella’ [1663], 8, 110, 112ko.t-Vkku ‘west’ [1649], 14ko.t.t- ∼ ko.t- ‘to beat’ [2063], 165ko.t.tay ‘stone of fruit’ [2069], 114kot-a ‘to become short’ [1851], 110kot-a .n.t-/-anc- ‘henna’, Barleria sp. [1849], 16kot-ay ‘to pierce’ PSD [2168, 1859], 110kot-i ‘sheep’ [2165], 12kot-u ‘chicken’ SD II [2160], 13kot-V ‘a kind of millet’ [2165], 9koy- ‘to cut, harvest crop’ [2119], 9, 90kor-Vnk-/-nkk- ‘a stork, crane’ [2125], 13, 16kor-V-nkk-/-ntt- ‘monkey’ [1769], 12kol ‘smithy’ [2133], 11kol- ‘to kill’ [2132], 118ko.l-/ko .n- ‘to receive, buy’ [2151/2125], 9, 95;reflexive marker, 13, 16

ko.z-utt-V ‘new’ [2149], 198ko/ko-n-tu ‘king, mountain’ [2177, 2178], 7, 11ko.t-u ‘horn’; kot- SD II [2200], 110, 147–8ko.t.t-ay ‘fort’ [2207a]







ko.t-ay ‘west wind, monsoon’ PSD I [2203], 13,110

kon-yatu ‘temple tank, open well’ [2177 +5159], 202; see ko-

koy-il ‘palace, temple’ (King’s/God’s abode)PSD [2177 + 494], 8, 202

kol ‘stick, plough-shaft’ [2237], 9, 101ko.z/ko.z-V ‘new, young, tender’ 158–9, 393;ko.z-/ko.z-V ‘son, young one’ [2149], 10

ko.zi ‘chicken’ [2248], 13

ca.ta-ppı ‘cowdung’ (lit. bullock’s excrement)[2402a + 4210], 201

ca.tVca.tV ‘cracking sound’ [1659], 136ca.t.ti ‘small pot’ [2306], 8cat-V adj ‘six’, cat-u ‘six’ (3n-m pl) [2485],

263cat-V- ‘to read’ Pre-Te. [2327], 14cam-V- ‘to be made, to form’ [2342], 150cay-m- adj ‘five’, cay-m-tu ‘five’ (3n-m pl)[2826], 263, 395

car-ac- ‘snake’ PSD [2359], 12, 122–3 (fn 5)cal-/can- (can-t- <cal-nt- PSD I, can-tt-

PSD II) ‘to go, pass, occur’ [2781], 90, 118,150–1, 181, 279, 295

ca.l-/ca .n- ‘cool, cold’ [3045], 13ca.l-V- ‘buttermilk’ [2411], 8caH-∼ ceH- (past ca-tt-/ce-tt-) ‘to die’; PSDcaH-/ca-, PCD cay-/cay-, PND keH-/key-[2426], 45–6,118, 126–7, 156, 293

car-/cer- ‘to go reach’ [2484]cal ‘ploughed furrow’ [2471], 9cal-iy-antu ‘nephew/son-in-law’ [2410], 11cal-Vy-antu ‘weaver’ [2410], 11cinki, cinki-wer ‘ginger’ [429, 5535], 5, 12, 16cin-tta ‘tamarind’ [2529], 12ciy-/cı- ‘to give’ [2598], 123, 279cir- ‘black’ [2552], 10; cir-a-, cir-V-.l/-nk-‘darkness’ [2552], 13; cir-umpu ‘blackmetal/iron’ [2552], 10

cir ‘day’ CD [2553], 13cir-V-tt- ‘the low area, east’ SD I [2584], 14cil- ‘to be not’ [2559], 109, 354–7, 459–63,

496–7cık-kay ‘soapnut’ [2607a + 1459], 12, 202cın-kk- ‘darkness’ [2604],13cın-t(t)-V- ‘date palm’ [2617], 12, 126, 168cı-p/cay-pp- ‘sweeping broom’ [2599], 8cır-ppı ‘nits’ (lit. lice eggs) PSD [2625 +

4210], 201

cukk-V ‘star’ [2646], 13cup/cow-ar ‘salt’ SD II, up/ow-ar SD I, Te.[2674a, b], 97, 98, 105, 123, 144

cum-V- ‘to carry on head’, n. ‘head-pad’[2677], 9, 126

cuw- ‘pipal tree’ [2697], 12cu.t-/cu.t-V- ‘be hot, burn’; SD II cut- [2654],

148cur/cur-V- ‘to curl up’ [ 2684], 126cu-.z ‘to see, deliberate’ [2735], 13cet-ank-/-ankk- ‘wing’ [2591], 126cet-Vkk- ‘sugar-cane’ SD II [2795], 12cey-t-/coy-t- ‘porcupine’ [2776, 2852], 12cer- ‘to insert’, 126 [2599], 126cer ‘plough yoked to oxen’ [2815], 6cel-a.l ‘younger sister’ SD II [2783], 10co.t- ‘to drip’ [2835], 118co.t.t-V ‘lame’ [2838], 10cot-ac- ‘shark’ [710], 13col- ‘to speak, relate’ [2855], 15col-(ay) ‘fireplace’ [ 2857], 9, 102, 123co.t- ‘to run’, co.t-am ‘boat’ [2861; alsosee1039, 1041], 200

na .n.t- ‘crab’ [290], 13nam-V-l ‘peacock/peahen’ [2902], 13nam-kol ‘plough, our stick’ [297], 9 (fn 10),nar-ampu ‘tendon, nerve, sinew, vein, pulse’

[2903], 14, 484nac-Vtu ‘son’ SD I [2910], 13na .n/ne .n ‘string, cord’ [2908], 140natu ‘seedlings for transplantation’ [2919], 9natu ‘to emit smell’ [2918], 140nant-V- Eugenia jambolana [2917], 12nan-tu/nen-tu ‘day, time, today’ PSD [2920],

13, 140, 407, 496, 499, 500na-n/nan- ‘I’ (1sg nom/obl innovated in PSD),

20, 245 (fn 21), 245–8, 269, 495, 497nam/nam- ‘we’ (1pl incl) [cf. 3647], 14, 20,

247–8, 269

takar ‘ram’ [3000], 12ta.t.t-/ta.t-V- ‘measles’ [3028], 10ta .n adj ‘cool, cold’ [3045], 394ta .n.t-al ‘boatman’ [3049], 3tan-tay/tan-ti ‘father’ [3067], 10tapa-tapa/daba-daba onom. ‘walking fast’

[3069], 486tam-kay ‘younger sister’ [3015], 10tamp-V- ‘younger brother’ [3485], 10







tar-/ta- (< taH-r -/taH-, neg and pos) ‘to giveto 1st or 2nd person’, 198, 384–5, 496–7

tar-V- ‘to churn buttermilk’ [3095], 8tal-ay ‘head, hair, top’ [3103], 121, 484ta.l.l-ay/-i ‘mother’ [3136], 10ta.z-Vnk-/-nkk ‘liver’ [3120], 14, 484ta- .n.tu ‘to dance, jump’ [3158], 91 (fn 2)tatt-a ‘grand father’ [3160], 10tan/tan- (<taHn-) ‘self’ (3refl sg), emphaticparticle SD I, 496, 498 [3196], tam/tam-‘selves’ (3refl pl) [3162], 20, 198, 252–3

tanti Belleric myrobalan [3198], 12tali ‘wedding string with a gold piece’ SD I,

Te. [3175], 11ta.z ‘palmyra tree’ [380], 12ta.z-wa.tam ‘a string of beads/pearls’ [3178 +

5220], 202tit-V- ‘to open’ [3259], 159tink-a.l ‘moon’ SD I [3213], 13tiy-am ‘honey’ [3268b], 96tirV- ‘be changed’ [3251], 194; tir-ay ‘to roll’[3244], 181; tir-a-nku ‘be curled up’:tir-a-nkku ‘to shrivel up’, tir-i v.i. (-v-, -nt-)‘to turn’: (-pp-, -ntt-) v.t. ‘to turn’, tir-u-ku,tir-u-mpu v.i. ‘to twist’: tir-u-kku,tir-u-mppu v.t. ‘to twist’ [3246], 161;tir-u-ntu v.i. ‘to be corrected’ [3251]:tir-u-nttu v.t. ‘to correct’, 92, 180, 286–7,290; tir-u.l ‘to turn’, 118

tirV-kal ‘a hand-mill’ [2882 + 1298], 203tiHn- (past tin-t-/tin-tt-) ‘to eat’: tı-ntt- ‘to

feed’ [3263], 109, 281, 292tunc- ‘to sleep’ [3291], 170tul-acV ‘sacred basil’ [3357], 123 (fn 5)tuw-Vt- ‘to drizzle’ [3398], 13tuw-Vr ‘coral’ [3284], 15tu-nk- v.i. : tu-nkk- v.t. : ‘to swing’ [3376], 198,289–90

ter ‘chariot’ SD [3459], 9ter/ter-V- ‘to become clear, to know’ [3419],

14ten, tet-kku ‘south’ [3449], ten-kay ‘coconut’

(southern fruit) PSD [3449 + 1459], 12, 14,20(fn 23), 201, 391

tepp-V- ‘float’ [3414], 13te.l-V- ‘white, clear’, v. ‘to become clear, to

know’ [3433], 14tett- ‘to recover’ [3471], 112te- (< tew-i-) ‘be full, satiated’ [3451, 3453],

103

te- (<tiy-a) ‘sweet’ PSD [3268a], 103ten-ı ‘honey-bee’(lit. honey-fly) SD I [3268a +533], 201

ten-kk- ‘teak’ [3452], 12te.l ‘scorpion’ [3470], 12, 101tokk-/tok-al/to-l ‘skin’ PSD [3559], 96,

103, 484to.t-V- ‘to hold’ [3480], 118to .n.t-V- ‘chameleon’ [3501], 12tot-V ‘cattle, cow’ [3534], 8tor-Vmp- ‘lungs’ [3515], 14to.l-/to .n- ‘nine, 9/10’ [3532], 14, 264, 395to.z-V- ‘slavery’ [3523], 11to.z-V ‘cattle stall’ [3526], 8toc-ay ‘a cereal pancake’ SD [3542], 10to .n-.t.t-am (<to .n.tu) ‘garden’ [3549], 171ton-tu ‘to appear, strike to mind’ [3566], 13to-l(<tok-al) PSD [3559], 8, 144; see tokk-to.z-/to.z-nt- ‘wolf’ [3548], 12

nakk- ‘to lick’ [4353], 108na.t-a ‘to walk’ [3582], 277nan-key ‘good (wet) land’ [3610], 8na-mpu (<nay-mp-) ‘to long for’ [3602], 168nari-(kkV) ‘jackal’ [306], 12nal ‘good, beautiful’ PSD [3610], 395naH-ay/-att/-ku.zi ‘dog’ [3650], 12na.tu ‘country, place’; natu SD II [3638],

8, 147na (obl of 1sg) SD II, 248, 269, 495, 499nam-/nam-V- ‘be emaciated’ [3648], 150na-l, na-l-nk(k) [3633], 46, 484nal/nal-V- adj ‘four’, nal-nk(k)V ‘four’ (3n-mpl) [3655], 261, 395

na.l ‘day’, na .n-.t- (< na.l-nt-) SD II [3656], 14na.l/na.l-V- ‘night’ [3621], 13nit(V)-nay/-nal/-na.l ‘yesterday, completed

day’ [3758], 202, 407nit-, nin-t- v.i. ‘to be full’ [3682], 95nil-/nit-/nitt- ‘to stand’ [3675], 94nı- (< niw-V-) ‘be elongated’ [3692], 104nı (obl of 2sg) SD II, 250, 269, 495, 499nı- ‘to abandon’ [3685], 278nı-n/nin- ‘thou’ (2sg) [3684], nım/nim- ‘you’(2pl) [3688], 46, 249–51

nı-r ‘you’ (2pl) PSD, 250, 270, 310, 495, 497nır ‘water’ [3690], 46, 138nu.z-V.l/-nk- ‘mosquito’ [3715], 12nut- (obl nut-tV) ‘hundred’ [3729], 266nuy ‘well’ [3706], 13







nul ‘thread’ [3728], 8nu(w) ‘sesame’ [3720], 12, 278nu.z/nu.z-V- ‘to squeeze through’ [3714], 102nek-V.l ‘alligator’ [3732], 13nec-/ney- ‘to weave’ [3745], 8nen-cV ‘mind, heart, pith’ SD I; see nen-ay

[3736], 13, 14nen-ay ‘to think’, see nen-cu SD I [3683], 14ney ‘oil, ghee’ [3746], 119nel ‘a paddy variety’ [3743], 9nel-a-nc/-ncc ‘moon, moonlight’ [3754], 13;nel-V- ‘month’, 14, 123 (fn 5), 160

nell-/nel-V- ‘myrobalan tree’, Phyllanthusemblica [3755], 12, 166

neram ‘time, sun’ SD I, Br.[3774], 14, 407no.t-‘to wash’; not- SD II [3783], 147no.t-V- ‘to say’ [3784], 15non-pu ‘a religious vow’ [3800], 168noy- (noy-nt-) ‘to pain’ [3793], 191, 278

pak-al ‘daylight’ [3805], 13pac-V- ‘calf’ [3939], 7pacc- ∼ pac- ‘yellow/green’ [3812], 10, 149;pac-V .n.t- ‘yellow metal/gold’ [3812], 10;pac-Vt-/-Vl ‘green gram’ [3821, 3941], 12,391

pa.t-Vku ‘small boat, ferry’ [3838], 13pa.d.d-V ‘a female buffalo’ SD II [3881], 16pa .n-V- ‘work’ [3884], 11pan ‘agriculture land’ [3891], 8pan-i-(kil ) ‘dew, cold, chill’ [4035], 13pan-ti ‘pig’ [4039], 12, 117pan-nır ‘cool water, rose water’ [4035 +

3690a], 202pan-V- ‘palm tree’ [4037], 12pay- ‘to break, separate’ [3808], 149par-a‘to spread’ [3949], 277, 279par-utti ‘cotton’ [3976], 8par-V .n.tu ‘bullfrog’ [3955], 13par-Vntu ‘vulture’ [3977], 13pal ‘tooth’ [3986a], 46, 108, 196, 484pal-acV/pan-acV ‘jack fruit tree’ [3988], 12,

123 (fn 5)pall-i ‘a lizard’ [3994], 12, 37pal-V ‘many’ [3987], 266paw-a.z ‘coral’ [3998], 15pa.l.li ‘hamlet’ [4018], 8pa.z-a ‘old, used’(mainly referring to objects)

[3999], 392pa.z-V- (pa.z-nt-) ‘to ripen’ [4004], 192

paH- adj ‘ten’, paH-tu ‘ten’ (3n-m pl) [3918],265, 395

pa.t.t-an ‘grand father’ [4066], 10pa.t-V ‘to sing’; pat- SD II [4065], 10, 14, 147pa .n-/pa .n-V- ‘ask, commission’ [3887], 15pat-/pat-V- ‘to run, flee’ [4020], 97, 108pankk- ‘betel nut’ SD I [4048], 9pampu ‘snake’ [4085], 12, 168pay (pay-nt-) ‘to leap’ [4087], 191par ‘to see, perceive, know’ [4091], 13par-ay, ‘crowbar’ [4093], 9pal ‘milk, breast’ [4096], 8, 9, 100, 196, 483pic-V- ∼ pi.z-V- ‘to squeeze’ [4135, 4183], 149picc-/pic-V- ‘insanity’ [4142], 10pi.t-i v.t. ‘to grasp’, n. ‘handle’ [4148], 115pi .n.t- (<pi.z-nt-) ‘to squeeze’ [4183], 169–70pit-u ‘rain’ SD II, ND [4199], 13pin/pit- ‘back, end in place or time,

afterwards’ [4205], 391–2pin-cc-Vr ‘name’, pec-ar PSD [4410],

46, 104piy/pı ‘excrement’ [4210], 15, 100, 278pill-V ‘cat’ [4180], 12pi.zi- (pi.zi-nt-) ‘to squeeze’ [4183], 191pi.z-ul ‘intestines’ CD [4193], 484pi.z-Vcc- ‘sparrow’ [4190], 13pı-t-/pi-tt- ‘to fart’ [4167], 15, 164pı r ‘thatched grass’ [4225], 8puc/puy Schleichera trijuga [4348], 12puc-V/ put-V- ‘new’ [4275], 392pu.t.ti ‘a measure of c. 500 lbs.’ [4262], 9put-ac- ‘dove, pigeon’ [4334], 13 13put-V ‘gourd shell, skull’ [4332], 484pun-key ‘bad (dry) land’ [4337], 8punttV ‘white-anthill’ [4335], 37, 100pun-nay ‘mastwood’ [4243], 12puy/pu n. ‘flower’, v.i. ‘to blossom’ [4345], 92pur-u.tu ‘birth pollution’ SD [4290], 11pul ‘grass’ [4300], 8pul-i ‘tiger’ [4307], 12, 115pul-V- ‘pollution’ [4547], 11pu.l- adj ‘sour’ [4322], 394pu.z-u ‘insect’ [4312], 12, 110,pu n. ‘flower’, v.i. ‘to blossom’ [4348], 277,278

pu .n ‘to put on, wear, be yoked’: pu .n-.t.t-(< *pu .n-tt-) ‘to cause to put on, yoke’[4361], 282

pe.t-a ‘nape of neck’ [4146], 112pe.t.t-i ‘box’ PSD, 112







pe .n ‘woman’ [4395], 11; pe .n-.t.t-i ‘female of ananimal/bird’ [4395a, b], 13; pe .n-( .d )li‘marriage’ SD II [4395a], 11

pe .n-kk- ‘tile’ [4385], 9per-V- ‘to grow big’ [4411], 118; seeper/per-V-

pe.z-an ‘bone, stone of fruit’ [4418], 483pec-/pe.z- ‘to talk, prattle’ [4430], 15pe .n/pey ‘devil, god’ [4438], 7, 11pe .n.t-V (< pee.l-nt-) ‘cattle dung’ [4441a,b]pet-: pet-V ‘to curdle’, pet-uku ‘curd’ [4421],

8, 9pen ‘louse’ [4449], 46per/per-V ‘big’ [4411], 97, 277–8, 393–4po- ‘to perforate’ [4452], po-k-/po-t- ‘to makea hole’ [4348], 277

pok-ay ‘smoke’ PSD [4240], 149pok-ku.z-V- ‘navel’ SD I, SD II, CD [4460a] ,

200, 484pok-V.l- ‘imperial pigeon’ [4454], 13, 150pok-V.z ‘to praise’ [4235], 15poc-/poy- ‘to lie’, poy-nkk- ‘to lie’, poy-nkk-am

n. ‘falsehood’ (Pre-Telugu) [4531, 4559],11, 198

po.t.t-/po.t-V- ‘belly, stomach, pregnancy,intestines’ [4494], 484

pot-Vl ‘lungs’ [4569], 14po-nku ‘to boil’ [4469], 170por-a-/pro- ‘to sell’ PSD II [4536], 107por-ay ‘cataract of eye’ [4295], 10pol-am ‘field’ [4303], 8pon ‘gold’ PSD [4570], 1o, 110po- ‘to go’, po-k- ‘to go’: po-kk- ‘to send’,

PSD [4572], 103, 110, 184, 278po-ntt- ‘male of an animal/bird’ [4586], 13por ‘fight, battle’, por/por-V-‘to fight’ v.t.

[4540], 8, 9po.z/po.z-u-tu ‘sun’ [4559], 13, 14, 200

mak-antu ‘son, male’, mak-a.l ‘daughter’[4616], 10, 163, 218

mac-V-∼ ma.z-V- ‘to delay, be dull’ [4627,4750], 149

mat-i(ntu) ‘male child, the young of ananimal’ [4764], 7, 10

ma.ti-wel- ‘washerman’ (ma.ti ‘ceremonialpurity’ + wel-ay ‘work’) SD I, Te. [4654 +5540], 203

mat-V- ‘be hidden, to forget’ [4760], 14mat-Vku ‘covered drain’ SD [4688], 13

mat-kay ‘mango’ SD II [4772], 12mat-al/mat-uw-ay ‘marriage’ SD I [4694], 11man- (man-t-/-tt-) ‘to be, to live, stay’; alsocopular verb [4778], 90, 117–18, 279, 496,498–9

man-ay ‘house, place to live in’ [4776], 8; seeman-

maya-nk- ‘to be confused’, maya-nkk- v.t. ‘toconfuse’, may-nkk-am n. ‘confusion’[4706], 199

may-nt(t)- ‘fog, mist, dew’ [4641], 13may-(mt)- ‘body’, me-nd- [5099], 483may-Vr ‘peacock’ [4642], 37mar-am/-an ‘tree’ [4711a], 10, 107, 118, 150,198

mar-untu ‘medicine’ [4719], 10, 168–9mar-Vt- Terminalia tomentosa [4718], 18ma.z-ay ‘rain’ SD I [4753], 13ma.z-V-/mat-V ‘axe’ [4749], 9ma.zc-a- ‘husband [4756], 11ma (obl of 1pl) SD II, 248, 269, 495, 499ma ‘animal, beast, deer’ [4780], 11, 278ma.t-V, me.t-ay ‘terraced house’ [4796a,b], 8mat- v.i. ‘to be changed, altered’, matt-(< mat-tt-) v.t. ‘to change, alter’ [4834], 281

ma-m ‘mango tree’ [4782], 12mama ‘paternal (father’s sister’shusband)/maternal uncle’ [4813], 10

may-tt-/ma-cc- ‘man, husband’ [4791], 11mic-al/miy-al >me-l ‘above, high’ [4841,5086], 96

mit-V.z ‘brain, thephysicalpart’ [5032], 14,145mi.l-Vku ‘black pepper’ [4867], 9miHn ‘star’, min- ‘to shine, twinkle’ [4876], 13mı (obl of 2pl), SD II, 250, 269, 495, 499mın ‘fish’ [4885], 13muc-Vl ‘hare’ [4968], 12mucc-∼ muc-V- ‘to cover’ [4915], 165muttV ‘pearl’ [4959], 15mutt-/mut-V ‘old, ancient’, 393;mut-tata ‘great

grand father’ [4954], 11mun adj ‘prior, before, front’ [5020 a, b], 392mun-ay ‘war-front’ [5021], 8mun-nay/-na.l ‘day before yesterday’ [5020b,4615], 203

muy-il ‘cloud’ [4892],13muy-cc- ‘baboon’ [4910], 12mul-ay ‘breast, teat’ SD I [4985], 483mu.z-u-nk v.i. ‘to sink’, mu.z-u-nkk v.t. ‘to

drown’ [4993], 97, 198







muH-/mu- adj ‘three’, mu-ntu ‘three’(3n-m pl)[5052], 262–3, 395

mu.t.t-ay ‘bundle’ [5037], 9mu-nk(k)u/-nc- ‘nose, beak’ [5024], 484munk-uc ‘mongoose’ [4900], 12mu.l-V- ‘bone marrow’ [5051], 14, 114mentt-i ‘fenugreek’ [5072], 12mel-k- ‘to become soft’ [5078], 118me.z-V- ‘to plaster’ [5082], 118me-/me-l ‘above, high’ [5086], 137; see mic-alme-nkkV ‘goat’ [5087], 12mey ‘to graze’ [5093], 137–8, 194mel, met-kk- ‘the high place, west’ [5086], 14me.zi ‘plough handle’ [5097], 9moc-Vr ‘buttermilk’ SD I [4902], 8moy-al ‘hare’ PSD [4968], 110mo.z-V- ‘joint’, mo.z-am kal/-kay ‘knee/elbow

joint’ [4990 + 1479/2023], 484mo.z-V- ‘to speak’ [4989], 15moc-/moc-V-.l ‘crocodile’ [4952], 13

yAH, yAH/yA ‘which’ (interrogative root)[5151], 256–8, 390, 407

yA.tu ‘goat, sheep’ [5152], 12, 143yA .n.t-u ‘year’ [5153], 14yAtu ‘river, stream’ [5159], 13yAn/yAn- (< yAH-n-) ‘I’ (1sg) [5160],yam/yam- (<yaH-m-) ‘we’ (1pl excl) [5154,5160], 20, 46, 98, 246–8, 269, 308

yAn-ay ‘elephant’ [516], 12yAm-ay, ? cam-p- ‘tortoise’ [5155], 13, seecamp-

yAmp ( ?<hamp-<camp-) ‘tortoise’ [5155],143

yA-w-ant-/-at ‘who, what’ [5151], 46; seeya(a)H

yA.l ‘to rule’ [5157], 8, 143

wak-ay ‘to deliberate’ SD I, Te. [5205], 14wac-Vt ‘stomach, foetus’ SD I, wac-V-(kk) SD

II except Te., was-Vr-/-nc- Tu.[5259], 14,484

wa.t-a-kku ‘north’ PSD [5218], 14, 391wat-∼watt-/wat-V- ‘to dry up’ [5320], 98, 164wat-V- ‘cook, fry’ [5325], 9way- ‘to throw’ aux SD II, 380ff.war-inci ‘rice’ [5265], 5, 9war-V- ‘scratch, draw lines’ [5263], 14wal ‘strong’, wal-a kay ‘right hand’ [5276],

394

wa.li ‘wind’ [5312], 13, 202wa.z-V-t ‘brinjal’ [5301], 12waH-/waH-r (past wa-nt- <war-nt- SD I, CD,

ND; wa-cc-/wa-tt- SD II) ‘to come’ [5270],142,198, 278, 295–6

wan-am ‘sky’ [5381], 13wan-ay ‘a large earthen pot to store grain’

[4124, 5327], 9; cf. wan/wan-V- ‘to fashion,form (as a pot)’

way ‘mouth (edge, beak, mouth of vessel,aperture, blade of sword)’ [5352], 484

way-/way-V- ‘open space, paddy field’ [5258],8–9, 154

way-cc-i ‘sword’ [5399], 9wa.l ‘sword’ [5376], 9wa.z ‘to flourish’ [5372], 194, 279wa.z-ay ‘banana’ SD I [5373], 12wi.t-u ‘to leave’ PSD [5340], 112, 113witt-V ‘seed’, ‘to sow’ [5401], 115wir-al ‘finger’ SD I, wir-and/-anj SD II, CD

[5409], 483wiri-nk- ‘to open, crack’, wiri-nkk- v.t. ‘toopen, split’ [5411], 190–1

wirinc- ‘finger’ [5409], 6wil ‘bow’ [5422], 9, 100wil- ‘to sell’, wil-ay ‘price’ [5421], 9, 181,

199, 205wı.tu ‘abode’ [5393], 6, 8wı.z-/wi.z-V- ‘to fall’ [5430], 112, 113wekk- ∼ wek-V- ‘to hiccup, a hiccup’ [5383],165

wec-/wey- ‘roast, fry, heat’ [5517], 9, 13we .n- .ney (< we.l + ney ‘white oil’) ‘butter’

[5496b], 8, 9, 200wet-V- v.t. ‘to search’, ‘to marry’ ND [5483],11

weruku ‘cat’ [5490], 12we.l/we .n ‘white’, we.l.l-ay, we.l-u-ppu‘whiteness’, cf. Te. we .n.di ‘silver’(< we.l-nt-) [5496a, b], 10, 14, 205, 391

we.l-V- ‘wood-apple’ [5509], 12we .n.t-V (<we.l-nt-) ‘to want, desire’ PSD[5528], 112–13, 278

went-antu ‘king, god’ [5529, 5530, 5504], 7,also fn 7

we-mpu ‘neem tree’ [5531], 12we .n-.tta ‘hunting’ [5527], 9wey ‘to thatch’ [5532], 8wey-i ‘1000’, cf. wey-am ‘extensiveness’

[5404], 14







wer ‘root’ [5535], 117–18we.l (<

∗weH-.l ) ‘to desire’ [5528], 11, 95; seewe .n.t-V

Vbi + taH- complex verb stem SD I, SD II,373

Vbinf + ku.tu ‘Vb + suit’(permissive/prohibitive) SD I, SD II, 374ff.

Vbinf + ciy- ‘Vb + give’ (permissive) SD II,380–3

Vbinf + pa.tu- ‘Vb + suffer’ (passive) SD I,374ff.

Vbinf + we .n.tu ‘Vb + must’ (obligative) SD I,374ff.

Vbppl + iru- ‘Vb + to be’ (perfective) SD I,374ff.

Vbppl + a ‘Vb + to be’ (completive) SD I,376ff

Vbppl + ko.tu ‘Vb + give’ (benefactive) SD I,374ff.

Vbppl + ko.l-/ko .n- ‘Vb + take’ (reflexive)374ff.

Vbppl + po- ‘Vb + go’ (exhaustive) SD I, SDII, 374ff.

Vbppl + wi.tu ‘Vb + leave’ (completive) SD I,374ff.

(-w)-in∼ -im/-ir imperative sg/pl SD I, 357–8

B. Bound forms (grammaticalmarkers)

-a/-i oblique markers, 225–6-att 1pl incl marker in verbs SD II, some CD

and ND, 309–10-att obl marker SD I, SD II, aw-att-, 222–3-at n-m sg, 212–17-ad/-aw 3n-m sg/pl SD II, 311-an accusative case marker, 228–30-an obl marker in n-h dem pronouns SD I, SD

II; at-an-, it-an-, et-an-, aw-an-, iw-an-,ew-an-, Pre-Tel. obls of demonstrative andinterrogative stems, 222–3

-an-Ø (<an-t-) 3m sg SD I, 308-an/-in oblique markers, 221–24, 226-ant-/-want 3hum m suffix, -an/-wan SD I,

212–17, 308-an-tt-/-in-tt complex oblique makers, 224–5-am-t-am (deverbal noun formative),opp-antam ‘agreement’ SD I, Te. [924], 200

-ay accusative case marker, 227–8

-ay∼i/-ir 2sg/pl ND, 312-ar/-ar 3h pl SD I, 308-ar/-war m pl/hum pl, 212–17-al infinitive-nominal marker, 346–7-(w)-in∼ -im/-ir imperative sg/pl SD I, 357–8-a(w) 3neu pl SD I, 308-aw non-m pl/non-h pl, 212–17-a.l/-a.l 3f sg SD I, 211–17, 308-aH-aH/-aH negation marker in verbs, 46,

348–51-a clitic (interrogative), 388, 416–18-an/-an/-a infinitive markers, 346–7-al/-an instrumental case markers, 237-a/-i past-participle marker, 335-i- ∼ -in- past-tense marker, 291, 296–8, 300–1-i f sg suffix in derivation, 212–17-(i)kk-ay (noun formative), koru ‘to desire’,kor-i-kk-ay n. ‘wish, desire’ PSD, 200

-i-tt/-a-tt-/-tt-i /-tt-a- complex oblique markers,226

-il/-in locative case markers, 239-in/-il conditional non-finite verb marker, 338-˘ı, - ˘ay 2sg suffix in finite verbs SD I, 308–9-˘ı r (replacing older -ım) 2pl suffix in finiteverbs SD I, 308

-um ‘also, totality, any/one (added tointerrogative forms), and, even’(coordinating suffix), 413–15, 498

-um aorist future marker, 305–7, 500-u.l/-u.l-a- locative postposition, 241; see u.l--e clitic (emphatic), 388, 415–16, 496, 498-e clitic (interrogative), 500-en/-em conditional non-finite verb marker,338

-o clitic (dubitative-alternative), 388, 41-o.tu/-o.tu sociative case marker SD I, 237-k-a/-kk-a (non-past + infinitive) optativemarker SD I, SD II, 362

-k/-nk non-past intransitive, -kk/ -nkk non-pasttransitive markers, 290, 301–4

-kk- past-tense marker, 291, 299–300-c/-cc past-tense marker, 193, 195, 291,298–300

-cc tansitive–causative suffix, 285–6, 290, 300-cc-i(n) perfective participle/gerund marker, asequence of two past allomorphs -cc- and-i(n)- PSD, PCD, 105, 193, 291, 331–3,496, 499

-t-al-ay (complex noun formative), oppu-talay‘agreement’ SD I, Te. [924], 200







-tu/-ttu ppl marker SD I, 331-tV- non-past marker, 304–5-t /-nt past intransitive, -tt/-ntt past transitive,

290, 291-tt oblique marker, 218–21, 226 ; -tt-i-n/-tt-a-ncomplex oblique markers, 226

-tt- past marker SD II, 471, 499-tt- transitive–causative suffix, 193–4, 279–83,

290-t-/-tt- past-tense markers, 291–4 300–1-t-en-g infinitive marker SD II, 346-nk(k)-V.l (non-human plural suffixes) SD I,

206–7, 213–17-nkk dative case marker, 230–33-ntu aorist marker, 187-n-tt-a/-ntt-i complex oblique markers, 226-n- non-past/future marker, 307-nV oblique marker in nominals, 224, 226-p[-w-]/-mp intransitive non-past marker, -pp/

-mpp transitive non-past markers, 290,301–4, 341–8

-pp- transitive–causative marker, 193–4, 279,282–83, 286, 290

-pi (∼ -wi- ∼ -ppi-) causative suffix, 20, 283–6-pi-ntt/-mpp∼ -ppi-ntt/-ppi-mpp- causativesuffixes followed by past and non-pastmorphemes (> palatalized variants:-wi-ncc-/-pi-ncc- of PSD), 284–6, 290,496–7

-may (abstract noun formative), per-u-may‘abundance’ SD, 200; see per/per-V- ‘togrow’

-wa negation marker in verbs SD II, 353–4-(w)-in∼ -im/-ir imperative sg/pl SD I,

357–8-Vtt 1pl incl ND, 312-Vd 3n-h sg ND, 312-Vnt/-Vr 3m sg/h pl ND, 312-Vn accusative marker, 495, 498-Vn infinitive marker, 348- ˘Vn 1sg suffix in finite verbs, 308–12-Vm/-dV imperative sg/pl SD II, 358–60

- ˘Vm 1pl suffix in finite verbs, 308–12-Vr (hum pl suffix), 206–7, 213–17-V.l (non-hum pl suffix) CD, Tel., 206–7,

213–17






GENERAL INDEX

[Note: Only the unabbreviated names of languages occurring in the running text are listed below.]

Abbi, Anvita, 485, 488adjectives, 395ff.; basic and derived, 395–406;

basic: limiting and descriptive, descriptive,demonstrative and interrogative, 388–90;simple, complex, or compound, 390

adverbs, of time, place and manner, 407Afro-Asiatic, 46Agesthialingom, S. and Srinivasa Varma,

G. (eds.), 375Aikhenvald, A. Y., 206Aikhenvald, A. Y., Dixon, R. M. W. and

Onishi, Masayoshi (eds.), 425Albanian, 15Altaic, 43, 45, 46alternation(s), 95ff; between long and short

vowels, 96–8; i/e and u/o in Proto-SouthDravidian, 101–4; in root-final consonants,94–5; in syllable length or weight, 95–6;languages showing c-/t-, 125; languagesshowing c-/t-/Ø-, 125; of a-/e- and a-/e-after ∗y-, 143; ; lexical items showing c-/Ø-,124

Alto, Pentti, 43Alu Kurumba, 121, 398, 487anaphora, 466–8Andhram (= Telugu), 23Andronov, M. S., 39, 59, 266–8, 306, 350,

364, 389, 412, 490–1Annamalai, E., 128Anriquez, Anrique, 17Arabic, 22, 27, 69Aravam (= Tamil), 22arguments, 424; core and peripheral,

424–5Aryan(s), 3; Rgvedic, 3

Asher, R. E., 219, 222, 271, 375, 396, 408,413, 415, 418

Asher, R. E. and Kumari, T. C., 23, 35, 49, 53,59, 63, 219, 222, 271, 420, 426, 430, 446–7,449, 458, 467

Asokan Brahmı, 78Austerlitz, R., 43auxiliary verbs, 374ff., functional

classification of , 374–87Avestan, 36aytam, 53, 154–5

Ba .daga, 25, 35, 51, 67, 105, 115, 121, 141,182, 224, 228, 231, 234–5, 237, 494

Badagu/Vadagu (= Ba .daga), 25Balakrishnan, R., 24, 51, 54, 64, 378, 397,

413, 417Balochi, 27, 39, 58, 405–6, 412, 491Basque, 43Bengali, 40, 235, 487Bharata, 501Bhaskararao, P., 26, 74, 211, 232, 243, 328,

333, 386, 403, 411, 416, 419–20Bhat, D. N. S., 24–5, 27, 52, 54, 61, 67–8, 219,

235, 273, 300, 318, 379–80, 389, 417Bhattacharya, S., 26, 32, 57, 71, 73, 229, 243,

275, 304, 327–8, 386, 402–3, 405, 411Bloch, Jules, 31, 37–9, 144, 205, 210, 217,

251, 267–9, 353–4, 364, 389Bomhard, Allan R. and Kerns, John C., 46Bouda, K., 43Braʔuı, Brahuı (= Brahui), 27Brahui, 3, 5, 11, 14, 17, 19–20, 27, 31–33, 52,

58, 77, 99, 118, 123, 126, 129–30, 133,136–8, 141–2, 146, 152–3, 156, 166, 172,






536 General index

175–6, 186–7, 193, 207, 209, 212–13, 215,217, 221, 226–8, 230, 232, 235, 237–9, 243,251, 255, 258, 260–1, 276, 279, 282–3, 297,299–300, 302, 304, 307, 312, 330, 333, 335,341, 345, 347–8, 353, 361, 386–7, 405, 407,412, 414, 422, 484, 490–3, 502; vowelchanges in, 118; nasal split in, 137–9

Bray, Denys De S., 27, 58, 77, 221, 276,405–6, 412, 414

Breton, R. J-L., 27Brigel, J., 19, 24Britto, F., 480Brown, C. P., 18Burnell, A. C., 79Burrow, T., 25–6, 31–2, 37, 43, 45, 56–7, 71,

73, 99, 101, 106, 122–5, 128, 130, 139–40,143, 152, 288, 304, 324, 326–7, 332, 372,384–5, 386, 389, 402–3, 410–11, 489

Burrow, T. and Bhattacharya, S., 25–6, 32,56–7, 71, 73, 129, 146–7, 203–10, 221, 229,237, 239, 242, 288, 304, 326–7, 332, 372,385–6, 402–3, 410–11, 489

Caldwell, R., 1, 2, 5, 17, 30, 37, 41, 43, 179,180, 195–8, 218, 267, 278, 305, 389, 406

Campbell, A. D., 3Campbell, L., 16, 46Canarese/Kanarese (= Kanna .da), 17, 23Carnataca/Cannadi (= Kanna .da), 16case markers, 227ff; accusative ∗-ay, ∗-Vn,

227–30; dative ∗-nkk, 230–33; genitive, ∗-a/∗-i, 233–5; instrumental–sociative, *an/al;locative,∗-il/-in, 238–9; sociative -o.tu, -to,235–7

causative stems, 283; by the addition of ∗-pi,283–5

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 2, 3Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P. and Piazza,

A., 501Central Dravidian, 7, 10, 31, 33–5, 68, 93–6,

98–9, 102, 104–6, 117–18, 122, 126, 131–3,135, 139–41, 143, 146–51, 153, 157, 162–4,166, 168–9, 172–7, 183, 186–8, 190, 193,206–9, 211–17, 221, 224, 226, 229, 232,234, 236–7, 239, 243, 246, 248–51, 255–6,258, 260–3, 269–70, 275, 393, 395, 402,407, 410, 414, 416, 418–19, 480, 490,492–4, 498–500, 502

Chatterji, S. K., 31, 38, 41, 144Classical Tamil, 185, 213, 222, 233, 331,

395–6

Classical Telugu, 188–9classifiers, 405; in numeral phrases Malto

extensively uses, 405clauses(s), 440; action, 448–50; adverbial,

452–4; correlative relative, 447–8; factive,447; finite predicate, 450ff.; infinitive,442–3, noun, 444; non-finite verb, 440–2;pronominalized relative, 446; relative,444–6

clefting, 425; shift of focus by, 425–8clitics, 412–19; ∗-um coordinating, 413–15;

∗-e emphatic, 415–16; ∗-a interrogative,416–18; ∗-o dubitative-alternative, 419

Codagu (= Ko .dagu), 16Cole, R. A., 19, 24compounds, 200–4; reconstructible, 200–4Comrie, B., 252coordination, 454; ‘and’, 454–5; ‘or’, 455–6;‘but’, 456–7

Coorgi (= Ko .dagu), 24Corbett, G., 210

Dakkhini Urdu, 478Daniels, P. and Bright, W. O., 78Das, S. K., 387David, Anne, 341–6derivational suffixes, 199–200Deshpande, M. M., 36–7Diffloth, G., 24, 50Dixon, R. M. W., 252, 388–9, 420, 424–5Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, A. Y.,

424–5Dolgopolsky, A. E., 45–6Dravi .dı (= Tamil), 2, 22Dravi .da-bha.sa-, 1Drami .da, 2Dramila, 2Dravi .da, 1–2Dravidian, 1; a shared feature of Indo-Aryan

and, 40; adverbs are not an independent partof speech in, 407; and Elamite, 44; andHarappan, 47; and Indo-Aryan, 35; andJapanese, 45; and Nostratic, 45; andUral-Altaic, 42; as a generic name of themajor language family, 1; convergence andcultural fusion between Indo-Aryan and, 37;convergence between Indo-Aryan and,414–5; loanwords from, 37; major literarylanguages (of), 20; markers of tense andvoice in Early, 278; minor literary andnon-literary languages (of ), 24;






General index 537

phonotactics of, 277–8; prehistory andculture, 1; studies, past and present (of ), 30;substratum in Aryan, 40–1; the name,1

Dravidian languages, 3; are agglutinating instructure, 28; are of the OV type, 29; arerich in kinship organization, 10; as a family,16ff.; disproving the Sanskrit origin of, 17;earlier attempts at subgrouping, 420;expansion of the speakers of, 3; family treeof, 21; geographical distribution anddemographic details (of), 19; names of, 19;new symbols in the inscriptions peculiar to,79; substratum, 15; centre of origin of, 3;subgrouping of, 492; typological featuresof, 27; unmarked order of constituents in asentence is SOV in, 420

Driberg, J. G., 19, 25Driberg J. G. and Harrison, H. J., 25Droese, E., 19, 27, 30, 298, 329, 412

Erla (= Iru.la), 24Early Dravidian, 131Early Tamil, 224, 471, 502Early Telugu, 223Ebert, K., 24, 250, 272, 316, 378, 397, 406,

413, 439echo word(s), 299nElamite, 3, 44, 45Elfenbein, J., 27, 52, 58, 76–7, 141–2, 387,

405, 422, 491Ellis, F. W., 16, 17Emeneau, M. B., 6, 24–7, 31–2, 34, 37–9,

41–2, 45, 50–4, 57, 59, 65–6, 72, 76, 101,108–9, 112–15, 118–19, 121–31, 137, 139,145, 148, 152, 157, 166, 168, 182, 191–2,195, 200, 204, 210, 219, 221, 228, 234, 260,262, 266, 298–300, 316, 330, 338, 350, 379,385, 389, 397, 402, 405, 407, 410, 414, 417,471, 474, 485–7, 490

Emeneau, M. B. and Burrow, T., 471Emeneau, M. B. and Hart, K., 407, 486English, 7, 15–16, 18–19, 24, 40–1, 44, 49,

51–2, 59–60, 69, 235, 252, 277, 331, 415,424, 430–1, 436, 447–8, 478–9, 481–2

Erukala, 209, 212Eskimo, 45–6Eskimo–Aleut, 46Eurasiatic (family), 45–6

Fenno-Ugric, 43Ferguson, C. A., 22, 480

finite verbs, 212, 312–65; durative orprogressive, 362–5; gender-number markingin, 212; imperative singular and plural,357–61; in the past and non-past, 312–30;the optative mood, 361–2

Firth, J. R., 112Fitzgerald, A. G., 25formative suffixes, 181; as earlier inflectional

suffixes, 182–4; variability of, 181ff.Friend-Pereira, J. E., 260, 263

Gadaba, 19–20, 26, 57, 74, 117, 122, 133, 135,164, 169, 175, 189, 209, 211, 216, 221, 224,232, 235, 238, 243, 255, 258, 260, 263, 285,295, 297, 304–5, 311, 328, 333, 335, 337–8,345, 347, 386, 403, 407, 411, 416, 418–19,489, 492

Gai, G. S., 106, 121, 141, 214, 285gender (and number), 205; identification and

definition (of), 205–17; subsystems,207–10; reconstruction of Proto-Dravidian,210–12

Gentoo (= Telugu), 16, 23George, K. M., 245Glazov, Y., 187, 302, 304, 306glide fortition, 141–2Gondi dialects, 127; ∗c->s->h->Ø- in,

127–8Gondi, 3, 5, 10, 17, 19, 25, 31–3, 35, 52, 55–6,

69, 87, 106, 108, 118–19, 122–3, 125, 127,133–4, 145–8, 153, 155, 158, 160, 164, 166,169, 172–3, 177, 183, 198, 209, 212, 214,220, 223–6, 229, 231, 234–9, 242–3, 249,251–2, 255, 257, 260, 262, 264–5, 268, 270,280, 282, 285–6, 288–9, 293, 295, 297, 303,308–11, 321–2, 332, 334–6, 338–40, 343,346, 351–3, 356, 359–60, 364, 366, 369,373, 390, 400, 407, 416–17, 419, 474489–90, 492, 502

Gondi–Ko .n .da–Kui–Kuvi, 489Gondi–Kui–Kuvi–Pengo–Man .da, 148, 151Gondi–Telugu, 492Gopalakrishnan, N., 473, 476, 480Gowda (a dialect of Kanna .da), 208, 214, 217Graul, K., 17Greek, 5, 15, 22Greenberg, J. E., 45, 217Grierson, G. A., 30Grignard, A., 26, 58, 74–5, 260, 280, 386,

404Gujarati, 40, 175






538 General index

Gundert, H., 18, 37, 180Gurov, N., 6, 38

Hahn, F., 26, 269, 276, 281, 300, 345, 360–1,372–3, 387, 404

Halakki (a Kanna .da dialect), 208–9, 217Halbi (a dialect of Hindi), 403, 411Harappa civilization, 15Haridas Bhat, K. S. and Upadhyaya, U. P., 24Hebrew, 5Hindi, 235, 277, 333, 343, 345, 386, 400, 404,

416, 427, 448Hislop, S., 19, 25Hock, H. H., 42, 486, 488Hockings, P. and Pilot-Raichoor, C., 6, 25, 51,

67, 121

Illic–Svityc, 45, 46Indo-Aryan, 1, 11, 15–16, 26–8, 31–3, 35–42,

47, 49, 52, 56, 58, 69, 78, 85, 93, 116–18,131, 134–6, 141–2, 154, 175, 177, 207,229–30, 233, 235, 240, 259, 279, 329,343–4, 372, 386, 390, 403, 405, 411–12,414, 416–18, 422, 435, 447–8, 459, 470–5,485–6, 488, 491, 493–4; contact betweenthe speakers of Dravidian and, 35; theimpact of non-Aryan on, 38–9

Indo-European, 1, 5–6, 15, 17, 37–8, 45, 47,414, 488

Indus civilization, 3; the language of, 3interrogative, 256, 416, 423; clitics, 416–19;

pronouns 256–8; sentences, 423–4Iru.la, 4, 24–5, 27, 34–5, 48–50, 54–5, 65, 99,

105, 109, 112–13, 115, 146, 177, 207,218–19, 222, 227, 230–31, 233, 248, 280,290, 302, 308, 315, 346, 378, 398, 495, 498,502; aphaeresis in, 115–16

Irula (= Iru.la), 4, 24, 50, 490, 502Israel, M., 25, 56, 71, 185, 205–6, 220, 237,

242, 267–8, 296, 303, 344, 385, 401, 410,416

Jenu Kurumba (a dialect of Kurumba), 121Jhungare, I. Y., 40Joseph, P. M., 2Joy Reddy, 344

Kameswari, T. M., 491Kanarese/Canarese (= Kanna .da), 23Kanna .da, 7, 17, 19–23, 35, 48, 61, 78–81,

83–5, 87, 89, 101, 105–6, 109, 115–16,119–22, 129–30, 133–4, 139, 141, 149–50,152, 154–5, 159, 164, 166, 169, 171–4, 177,183, 187–90, 195, 198, 207–9, 211, 214,217–18, 222, 224–5, 228, 231, 234–7, 240,243, 247–8, 254, 257, 261, 266, 268–9, 272,280–2, 290–1, 293–4, 297–8, 302, 306, 348,350–1, 355, 361–3, 370–1, 379, 389, 393,396–7, 407–9, 413–16, 418, 432, 434–6,440, 443, 455–6, 459, 461, 463, 470–1,473, 477–82, 487–8, 490, 493, 494–5, 498,502

Kapp, D. B., 24, 50–1, 54, 64, 105, 111, 472,478, 487

Kashmiri, 175Kekunnaya, P., 100, 105, 115–17, 127, 153,

318, 334, 375Khond/Ku (= Kui/Kuvi), 17Kittel, F., 19, 37Klaiman, M. H., 40Ko .dagu, 6, 11, 19, 24, 27, 31–2, 51, 54–5, 64,87, 99, 104–5, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 133,139, 141, 159, 164, 166–7,169, 170–2, 174,182, 184, 189–90, 192–3, 207–9, 214,218–19, 224, 226–7, 230–1, 238, 240,248–50, 254, 257, 269–70, 272, 280,289–90, 294, 297, 302, 315–16, 331, 336–7,339, 346, 350, 355, 358, 378, 397, 407, 409,413, 415, 417–18, 493, 495, 498, 502

Kolami, 4, 19, 20, 24, 26, 31, 32, 48, 56, 57,72, 122, 133, 139, 145, 162, 164, 166, 169,175, 209, 215, 221, 224, 229, 232, 234,236–9, 243, 247–50, 255, 258, 260, 262–4,270, 283, 285, 297–8, 301, 304–5, 307, 311,325, 332–5, 337, 340–1, 344, 347, 360, 364,366, 402, 407, 410, 412, 417, 489–90, 492,495, 498, 501

Kolami–Gadaba, 489Kolami–Naiki, 4, 56, 139, 175, 250, 297, 333,

498, 501Kolami–Naiki–Parji–Gadaba, 492Kolami–Naiki–Parji–Ollari–Gadaba, 492Kolami–Parji, 490Ko .n .da, 3, 26, 34, 52, 55–6, 59, 87, 106, 133,146–7, 150, 158, 160–3, 165–7, 175, 177,189, 190, 195, 198, 209, 212, 214, 220–3,225–6, 228–9, 231, 234–7, 239, 242–3, 249,251, 255, 257, 260, 268, 274, 279, 281–2,285, 289, 297, 303, 307–8, 310, 322, 331,334–6, 338–9, 365–9, 372–3, 383–4, 400,






General index 539

402, 410–11, 417–18, 489, 492, 497, 499,502

Ko .n .da–Kui–Kuvi–Pengo–Man .da, 151, 497Konda (= Ko .n .da), 3Koraga, 19, 25, 27, 35, 68, 95, 100, 104, 149,

159, 219, 222, 224, 300, 308–9, 318–19,374, 398, 490, 502

Korean–Japanese–Ainu, 46Koskinen, K., 20Kota, 4, 9, 17, 19, 25, 31, 32, 34–5, 50–1,

53–4, 65, 100, 105, 111–12, 114–16, 119,121–2, 146, 148, 153, 164, 167, 169–72,174, 182, 192, 207–8, 212–14, 218–19, 222,224, 228, 230–1, 233, 235, 237–8, 241, 249,254, 257, 262, 269, 270, 285–6, 288–9,291, 294, 297–8, 300, 302, 309, 315–16,319, 331, 334, 336, 338, 342, 346, 348, 350,353, 355, 358, 374, 379, 407, 411–12, 414,471, 485, 490, 492, 495, 502; vowel shift,114–15

Koya (a dialect of Gondi), 3, 25, 122, 127,173, 285, 334, 343, 356, 359, 360, 369

Krishnamurti, Bh., 5, 11, 17, 23, 26, 30, 32–5,39–41, 43, 45, 49, 52–3, 55–6, 59–61, 68–9,90–3, 95–9, 101, 103–8, 115, 117–19,122–6, 127–32, 137–9, 142–4, 151–2, 154,156–8, 160–2, 167, 173, 176–7, 180–2, 189,193, 195–9, 207–12, 214, 216, 220, 226,234, 237, 242, 245, 249, 267–8, 274, 280,285, 288, 292–3, 303, 326, 343–4, 347–8,362, 366, 372, 381, 383, 384, 398, 399–400,410, 415, 419–20, 425, 427, 435, 441–2,444, 446–7, 452, 457–8, 479–81, 490–2,495

Krishnamurti, Bh. and Gwynn, J. P. L., 23, 35,52, 274, 343, 347, 398, 399, 410, 415,419–20, 425, 427, 441–2, 444, 446–7, 452,457–8

Krishnamurti, Bh. and Mukherji, A., 481K.r.s .nadevaraya, 479Kubi (= Ko .n .da), 26, 34Kudagu or Coorg (= Ko .dagu), 17Kui, 10, 14, 17, 19, 25–6, 31–3, 35, 52, 55, 56,

57, 70, 87, 91, 94–5, 97, 99–108, 119,121–3, 125–30, 132–3, 135–8, 140, 142–3,146–53, 156, 158–60, 162–70, 173–5, 177,185–7, 189, 191, 195–6, 198, 201–3, 208–9,215, 220–1, 223–8, 230, 232, 234, 236, 237,239, 242–7, 249–53, 255, 257, 260–4,267–8, 275, 280, 281–3, 287, 289, 292–7,

299, 303–4, 307, 309–10, 322–3, 331–2,334, 336, 338, 340, 343–4, 346–7, 351–4,356, 359–60, 364, 366, 369, 372–3, 384–5,391–3, 401, 416–17, 419, 474, 483–4, 489,492, 494, 497, 502

Kui–Kuvi, 87, 99, 105–6, 108, 135, 146, 148,152, 158, 163, 167, 169, 173–4, 177, 195,202, 260, 281, 364, 366, 489

Kui–Kuvi–Pengo–Man .da, 105, 173, 177, 289,384, 492

Kuinga/Kandh/Khond/Kodu (= Kui/Kuvi), 25Kuiper, F. B. J., 35–7, 39, 42Kumarilabha.t.ta, 1–2Kumaraswami Raja, N., 34, 50, 167, 171–2,

195Kurumba, 4, 19, 24, 25, 35, 48, 49, 51, 54, 64,

99, 105, 111–12, 121, 141, 146, 174, 177,207–8, 212, 227–8, 230–1, 248, 270, 490,493, 495, 502

Ku.rux, 26, 31, 47–8, 87, 129, 133, 141–2, 145,155, 159, 164, 16, 169, 172, 176, 182, 193,210–11, 212–13, 215–16, 224, 226, 229,233, 237–9, 243, 248, 255–6, 258–60, 269,276, 279–80, 289–92, 299–300, 305, 307–8,310, 328–9, 333, 335, 341, 347, 353, 360,369–70, 372, 386–7, 404, 407, 411, 414,490–1, 500

Kurukh (= Ku.rux), 26Kurumba (= Kurumba), 4Kushalappa Gowda, K., 214Kuvi, 10, 19, 25–6, 31–3, 35, 52, 55–57, 71,

91, 95, 97, 100–1, 103, 105–7, 119, 121–3,125–8, 130–3, 135–8, 140, 142–4, 146–51,153–6, 159–60, 163–6, 168, 170, 172, 175,184–5, 192, 195, 198, 201–4, 208–9, 215,220, 223–4, 226–8, 230, 232, 234, 236–7,239, 242–3, 245, 247, 249, 251–3, 255–7,260–2, 266, 391–4, 401, 410, 416–17, 419,474, 483–4, 486, 489, 492, 494, 497, 502

Lahanda, 142, 175Lambada, 4laryngeal ∗H , 292, 350; OTa. pa.htu preservedthe Proto-Dravidian, 265

Latin, 5, 17, 45Leech, R., 19Lehmann, T., 35, 53, 61, 62, 270, 375–7, 408,

413, 418, 420, 425, 430, 432, 435, 441, 442,446, 448, 449, 467–8

Letchmajee, L., 19, 25, 260, 263






540 General index

lexical compounds, 370–3; combinations of anuninflected main verb and an auxiliary aretreated as, 373

lexicostatistics, studies in, 490Lind, A. A., 25linguistic area, 38; India as a, 38Literary Telugu, 188, 320Lithuanian, 15loanwords, 470; Indo-Aryan, 470–8; from

Perso-Arabic sources, 478; from westernlanguages: Portuguese and English,478–9

Magadhan languages, 142Mahadeva Sastri, K., 242, 409Mahadevan, I., 22, 47, 85, 283, 472Mahapatra, B. P., 27, 58, 76, 129, 145, 182,

210–11, 232, 239, 260, 281, 292, 298,329–30, 361, 373, 387, 404–5, 412

Malabari (=Tamil), 22Malabarian language (=Tamil), 17Malaya.lam, 7, 19–23, 31, 48, 49, 53–5, 59, 63,

84–9, 92–3, 101–2, 106, 113, 119, 128, 130,133–4, 136, 138–41, 149, 152, 159, 163,166–71, 173–4, 176–7, 182, 189, 197,206–7, 212–13, 218–19, 222, 224–7, 230–1,233, 237–8, 240, 245, 248–9, 253–4, 257,261, 269–71, 279–80, 287–90, 294, 296–8,301–2, 306–7, 315, 331, 334–8, 342, 346,348, 353, 357–8, 361–3, 377–8, 389, 396,407–9, 413, 415, 418, 434, 436, 438–40,443, 446, 449, 455, 458, 40, 464, 469–71,473, 475–6, 480, 487–8, 490–2, 495,498

Malayalma (Malaya.lam), 16Malerı (= Malto), 27Mallory, J. P., 6, 15Malto, 13, 16–17, 19–20, 27, 58, 76, 87,

129–30, 133, 136, 141–2, 145–6, 153, 155,166, 169, 176, 182, 192, 193, 195, 210–13,215–16, 230, 232, 235, 237–9, 243–4,246–9, 255, 258–60, 266, 279, 281, 292,298–9, 307, 312, 329, 333, 335, 341, 345,348, 353, 360–1, 373, 386–7, 394, 404–5,407, 412, 416, 424, 490–2, 493, 502

Man .da, 26, 32, 35, 58, 76, 105–6, 108, 124,133, 134–5, 146–8, 150, 152–3, 158, 160,163, 167, 169, 173–5, 177, 195, 209, 215,220–1, 226, 229, 255, 261–2, 280, 289, 296,304, 308, 310, 324, 334–5, 344, 389, 489,492, 497, 499, 502

manner adverbials, 406; onomatopoetic wordswithout any suffixation as, 406

Manner, A., 19, 24, 30Marathi, 38, 40, 57, 127, 175, 177, 400, 421Masica, C. P., 39–40, 122, 141, 230, 478Master, A., 144, 353, 389Matthews, P. H., 424McAlpin, D. W., 44–5Medieval Telugu, 480Meenakshisundaran, T. P., 283, 299, 331, 472,

478, 480Meile, P., 122Menges, K. H., 43Middle and Modern Indic, 488Middle Indic, 471–3, 475Middle Indo-Aryan, 16Middle Tamil, 473Middle Telugu, 337Mitchell, A. N., 25Modern Indo-Aryan, 488modern languages, 395, 407; adverbs (of time,

place, quantity and manner) in, 407–12;basic and derived adjectives in, 395–406

Modern Standard Telugu, 23Modern Tamil, 35, 40, 45, 49, 55, 86, 112,

271, 342, 357, 362, 389, 396, 407, 408, 413,415, 423, 431, 436, 447

Modern Telugu, 35, 52, 55, 145, 158–9, 167,220, 229, 231, 236, 239, 241–2, 261, 305–6,320, 336–7, 343, 347, 351, 356, 359, 371–2,409, 419, 437, 443, 447

Mohanan, K. P. and Mohanan, T., 427, 428Montgomery, Stephen E., 409Moss, C. F., 25Mudu (a dialect of Koraga), 300, 318Munda, 3, 26, 36, 38–9, 41, 134, 136, 137,

259, 279, 501, 503

Nahali, 132Naik.ri, 26, 57, 72, 131–2, 177, 229, 233, 234,

243, 326, 337, 345, 410, 416–18Naiki (=Naik.ri), 19–20, 48, 56, 131, 133, 135,139, 166, 169, 175, 209, 221, 224, 229,232–4, 236–8, 243, 247, 249–50, 255, 258,263, 270, 285, 298, 301, 304–5, 325–6, 332,334–5, 337, 340, 345, 347, 360, 364, 402,407, 411

Naiki (Chanda), 19, 26, 57, 131, 221, 224,229, 232, 234, 236, 238, 243, 326, 332, 340,347, 402

Namboodiri, E. V. N., 377, 491






General index 541

Nannaya, 473Natarajan, G. V., 25, 55, 400, 416negation, 348; in finite and non-finite verbs,

348–54; by verbs ∗al- and ∗cil-, 354–7neologisms, 479–83New Indo-Aryan, 40–1, 230Nilgiri languages (Toda, Iru.la, Ko .dagu,

Kurumba),111; centralized vowels in,108–13

nominal derivation, 213; gender-numbermarking in, 213–15

non-finite verbs, 330; non-past-stem based,338–41, the infinitive, 341–8; past-stembased: conditional and concessive, 335–8;past/perfective participle, 330–3; relativeparticiple, 333–5

non-past-tense markers, 301, ∗-(m)p-[-w-]∼-(m)pp-, ∗-(n)k-∼ -(n)kk-, 301–4;∗-tV-, 304–5; ∗-um, 305–7

North Dravidian, 4, 7, 20, 25–6, 52, 58, 74, 93,96, 98–9, 102, 104, 118, 125–6, 129, 131,133, 136, 139, 141–3, 148–51, 155, 159,163, 168, 172–7, 187, 191, 193, 195, 206,209–13, 215–16, 221, 224–5, 228–9, 232,235, 243, 246, 248, 255–6, 258, 263, 269,276, 280, 282–3, 285, 289, 291–4, 296–300,304–5, 307, 309–10, 312, 319, 328, 333,335, 337, 341, 345, 347–8, 353–4, 356, 360,369–70, 372, 386, 393, 395, 404, 407, 411,414, 416, 419, 490, 492–3, 497, 499, 501,502; spirantization of the velar in,129–30

Nostratic, 3, 45, 46

oblique stem, 318; (structure and function of),318–27; may function as an adjective, 233

Ohno, S., 45Old and Middle Telugu, 158Old Indic, 414Old Indo-Aryan, 37; loanwords from

Dravidian into, 37Old Persian, 5Old Tamil, 92–3, 99, 104, 130, 139, 155,

187–8, 192–3, 219, 227, 240, 254, 257, 260,268, 270, 284, 291, 295, 297, 300–2, 306–7,309, 313, 315, 320, 331, 334–5, 337, 342,346, 349, 354–5, 357–8, 361, 367, 369–70,375, 385, 389, 396, 407, 431

Old Telugu, 79, 198, 222, 229, 234–5, 241–2,285, 305–6, 320, 337, 339, 343, 356, 358,362, 398, 408, 436–7, 443, 449, 488

Ollari, 19–20, 26, 32, 57, 73, 117, 133, 135,151, 164, 175, 189, 209, 215, 221, 224, 229,232, 235, 237, 238, 243, 255, 258, 260, 263,275, 285, 294–5, 297, 301, 304–5, 310–11,327, 333, 335, 337–8, 340, 345, 347, 352,360, 386, 403, 407, 411, 416, 489, 492,498–9, 501

Ollari–Gadaba, 263, 295, 301, 333Onti (a dialect of Koraga), 300, 318Oraon (= Ku.rux), 26Oriya, 40, 56, 87, 402Ormuri, 39

Paisacı, 2Pali, 470, 472, 474, 475Pali and Prakrits, 472Palu Kurumba, 105Pampa, 473Panikkar, G. K., 259Panjabi, 175Parachi, 39Para-Munda, 38Parji, 4, 19–20, 24, 26, 32–3, 57, 73, 99, 117,

133, 142, 149, 156, 162, 164, 166, 168–9,175–6, 189, 193, 198, 209, 215–16, 221,224, 229–30, 232, 235–6, 238–9, 243, 248,255, 258, 260, 263, 280–1, 283, 285, 288,294–7, 301, 304–6, 311, 326–8, 333, 335,337–8, 340, 345, 347, 352–3, 360, 364,369–70, 386, 403, 407, 411, 416, 489–90,492, 498–9, 501

Parji–Ollari–Gadaba, 117, 295, 498, 501Parpola, Asko, 47Pashto, 39, 412past-tense markers, 291; ∗-t-/-tt-, ∗-nt- (v.i.) ∼

-ntt- (v.t.), ∗-i-∼-in-, -cc-, -kk-, 291–301Pedersen, H., 45Pengo, 19, 26, 32–3, 52, 55–6, 71, 95, 105–6,

108, 123, 127, 133, 135, 146, 148, 151, 153,155, 158, 160, 163, 167, 169, 173–5, 177,185, 187, 195, 208–12, 215, 220–1, 223,226, 229, 232, 234–7, 239, 242, 249–51,255, 257, 260–2, 281, 283, 289, 293, 296,297, 304, 307, 309–11, 323–4, 332, 336–8,340, 344, 346–7, 352, 359–60, 364, 366–9,372–3, 384–5, 391, 394, 402, 410, 416–7,419, 489, 492, 497, 502

Perialwar, R., 24, 50, 111, 116, 219, 227, 231,233, 309, 378

Perso-Arabic, 478Pfeiffer, M., 130






542 General index

Pilot-Raichoor, C., 121Pliny, 6Portuguese, 472, 478–9Possehl, G., 47postpositions, 240–3postpostional phrase (PP), 432; in accusative,

432–3; in instrumental, 433–4; in dative,434–6; in ablative, 436–7; in locative,437–8

Prakrit(s), 2, 23, 37, 78, 82, 122, 173, 470–2,475–6, 501

Pre-Dravidian, 261, 288, 353Pre-Gondi, 251Pre-Kota, 114Pre-Parji, 33, 117, 296; low vowel fronting and

raising in, 117Pre-Pengo, 368Pre-Tamil (= Proto-Tamil–Malaya.lam–

Ko .dagu–Iru.la–Toda–Kota), 290Pre-Tamil, 105, 112–13, 128, 139–40, 172,

194, 230, 290, 294, 297, 299, 302, 338, 350,358, 378, 495, 501, 502

Pre-Telugu, 175, 285, 311, 495, 501Pre-Toda, 99, 108–9, 111, 151Proto-Dravidian culture, 6–16, 470, 489;

abstract concepts, 13–14, climate and watersources, 13; flora and fauna, 12–13; materialculture and economy, 8–10; miscellaneous,14–15; political organization, 7–8; religion,11; social organization, 10–11

Proto-Dravidian, 5, 7, 20, 27–8, 31, 33–5, 38,41, 45–6, 48–9, 53, 57, 90–104, 106,117–20, 122–3, 125–6, 128, 130–5, 137–45,148–57, 163–8, 171, 173, 176, 179–97, 200,206–8, 210–16, 218, 225–7, 230, 233, 235,237–40, 243–6, 248, 252–4, 256, 258–9,261–2, 265, 269, 277–84, 288, 290–6,304–6, 309, 310, 312, 320–1, 323, 326–7,330–1, 333, 335, 337–8, 340–1, 344–5, 348,353–4, 357–8, 361, 365, 369–70, 373, 380,384, 386, 389–90, 395–8, 401, 403, 407,412–13, 416, 418, 420, 422, 441, 447, 451,459, 466, 469–70, 483–6, 488–9, 492–3,499, 501–2; a tentative date of, 501;adjectives reconstructible for, 389; alveolarand retroflex consonants do not begin aword in, 151; an alternation between ∗-c and∗-.z in, 148; basic adjectives in, 390;canonical shapes of root morphs in, 180;causative suffix is ∗-pi-, 283; certain

masculine nouns end in ∗-n-tu in nominativesingular in, 219; correlative relative clauseis reconstructible for, 447; expressives in,486; expressives with initial voiced stops in,131; feature matrix to define theconsonantal phonemes of, 91; four cliticscan be reconstructed for, 413–19; had ∗-t asaorist (present–future/non-past), 305, 326;had a laryngeal ∗H which patterned withsemivowels, 154; had lenis obstruents inintervocalic position, 144; had onlyvoiceless stops to start with, 133; hasneutralization of ∗˘a and ∗˘e after ∗y-, 143; hasthree main branches, 492; laryngeal ∗H ,154–7, 292; laryngeal is responsible forlengthening the vowel in ∗mu- ‘three’, 262;late stages of, 290; many of the native wordsused as postpositions can be reconstructedfor, 243; morphophonemics, 93–5, syllablecontraction in, 96; NP/NPP in, 171–3;probable date of, 489; quantitative variationin, 97–8; reconstruction of gender–numbersuffixes in, 215–17; reconstruction ofcausative stems in, 284; reconstruction ofthe category of gender for, 205; root ismonosyllabic, 90; roots and stems, 92;roots: phonological changes in, 197–9;structured semantic fields in, 483; study of‘voicing index’ in, 132–7; suprasegmentalfeatures in, 58–60; syllable contraction in,96; syllables are heavy (H) and light (L), 95;the antiquity of, 499; the contraction ruleoriginated in, 96; the phonemes of, 90–1;the probability of Indus civilization being,501; the quotative complementizer isreconstructible for, 451; the total number ofreconstructible roots for, 180; voicing wasnot phonemic in, 93; with main branches(alternative 1), 493; with main branches(alternative 2), 493

Proto-Elamo-Dravidian, 44Proto-Indo-Iranian, 470Proto-North Dravidian, 420Proto-South Dravidian, 20, 99, 101, 103–4,

107, 110, 115, 122, 139, 141, 144, 146–9,157, 159, 173, 175, 182, 194, 245, 248, 260,265, 269, 295, 309, 338, 349, 351, 354, 356,358, 362, 373, 379–80, 385, 401, 415–16,459, 466, 469–70, 487, 492, 499; ∗i ∗umerged with ∗e ∗o in, 157; inflected ∗cil as






General index 543

an auxiliary is an innovation in, 356; thenegative morpheme is ∗aH for, 349

Proto-South Dravidian I, 374, 470Proto-South-Central Dravidian, 193Proto-Tamil, 101Proto-Toda–Kota, 490Proto-Uralian, 43Proto-Uralic, 46Ptolemy, 6

Rajam, V. S., 93, 213, 254, 260, 308, 313, 370,375, 389, 395, 408

Rajmahalı (= Malto), 27Rama Rao, C., 452Ramachandra Rao, B., 141, 187, 190, 214,

228, 231, 244, 268, 284–5, 306, 370, 379,397, 408, 413, 418

Ramachandra, T., 79Ramaiah, L. S., 502Ramaswami Aiyar, L. V., 31,115, 300, 302,

309, 331, 489Ranganathacharyulu, K. K., 409Rao, G. U., 16, 33, 35, 54–7, 61, 69, 220, 223,

270, 282, 285, 308, 321–2Rask, Rasmus, 5reflexivity and reciprocality, 463–6roots and stems, structure of, 378

˚Rgvedic Sanskrit, 486, 488Russian, 6, 15, 38, 47

Sabir, A. R., 260Sambasiva Rao, G., 97Sanglechi–Ishkashmi, 39Sanscrit (= Sanskrit), 17Sanskrit, 1, 6, 15, 17, 22–3, 30–2, 37, 41–2,

48, 53–5, 82, 87, 122–3, 157, 173, 235, 242,266–7, 389, 414–15, 439, 455, 458, 464,470–3, 475–6, 480, 482, 491, 501

Sapir, E., 117Schiffman, H. F., 35, 49, 219, 240, 314, 375Schultze, F. V. P., 25Scythian, 5, 17, 43Sekhar, A. C., 245semantic fields, structured, 483Semito-Hamitic/Afro-Asiatic, 45sentence(s), 420; clitics can be attached to

autonomous constituents of a, 412;complex, 440–55; compound, 455–9; minor,457–9; simple, 388–440; unmarked order ofconstituents in a, 420

serial verbs, 365–9, reconstructible forProto-Dravidian as structural templates, 365

Sethumadhava Rao, 26Shalev, M., Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P.,

50, 53, 66Shanmugam, S. V., 34, 138, 140, 142–3, 210,

213, 215, 219, 225, 227, 229–30, 233–5,237–8, 240, 270

shared innovation(s), 93, 99, 105–6, 117, 143,145, 148, 155, 163, 170, 174–7, 179, 202,211, 216–18, 220, 230, 249, 289, 291, 310,471, 494, 497, 499, 501–2; in CentralDravidian, 174–5; in North Dravidian,175–6; in South Dravidian, 174

Shevoroshkin, V. V. and Makey, T. L., 45Sholega (= a dialect of Kurumba), 34, 54,121

Sindhi, 141, 142, 175Sinhalese, 4Sjoberg, A. F., 4, 39, 40South Dravidian, 470; Indo-Aryan loanwords

in, 470–8South Dravidian I, 7, 19–20, 34, 49, 62, 93–4,

96, 98–9, 101–2, 105, 108, 113, 117–19,122–3, 125–6, 129, 134–6, 139–42, 144,146–53, 156–7, 159, 163–4, 166–8, 173,174–7, 181, 193, 206–7, 209, 211–12, 214,216–18, 221, 224–5, 227–8, 230, 232–3,235, 239–40, 245, 248–50, 253–4, 256–7,259–60, 264–6, 269–70, 279–86, 288–96,298–304, 306–9, 311–13, 318–19, 321, 331,334–6, 338, 342, 344, 346–8, 351, 354–5,357–8, 361–2, 367, 370, 374, 379, 380, 382,385–6, 395, 404, 407–8, 414–16, 418, 420,442, 450, 459, 463, 468, 470, 472, 489–95,497–9, 501, 502

South Dravidian II, 7, 19–20, 34, 49, 55, 68,93–6, 98–9, 101–2, 105–7, 117, 118, 122–3,125–6, 131, 135, 140–1, 143–4, 146–8,150–3, 155, 157, 159, 163, 166–8, 172–5,177, 181, 206–12, 216–17, 220–2, 224–6,228–9, 231–7, 241, 243, 246, 248, 250–1,254, 256–62, 265–6, 268–9, 274, 393, 395,398, 400–1, 407, 409, 414, 416, 418–19,427, 459, 465, 468, 471, 492–5, 497, 499,501–2

South-Central Dravidian (= SouthDravidian II), 19, 33–4, 52, 68, 95, 99, 105,106–8, 157–8 ,173, 177, 186–7, 190, 207,211–12, 285, 352–4






544 General index

Southern Havyaka (a dialect of Kanna .da), 208,217

Southern Oriya, 38Southworth, F. C., 15, 20, 37, 40, 470, 492Spoken Telugu, 222Sreekanthaiya, T. N., 106Sri Lanka Tamil (dialects), 149Sridhar, S. N., 228, 272, 317, 379, 397, 409,

414–15, 418, 420, 426, 430, 432, 446–7,456, 467

Srinivasan, R., 375Steever, S. B., 34–5, 49, 53–4, 59, 61, 62, 94,

272, 312, 350, 355, 365–70, 385, 390, 396,420, 430, 447–8

stem formatives, 188; incorporation oftense–voice suffixes as, 188–91; in nouns,196–7

stem(s), 191; incorporating past ∗-nt- in the,191–2; intransitive, transitive and causative,279–91

Subbaiya, K. V., 31, 245Subbarao, K. V. and Lalitha Murthy, B., 468Subbiah, G., 379subgrouping, 489ff.; adopted in this book,

492–501; earlier attempts at, 489–90;supported by morphological features ofnominals, 495; supported by morphologicalfeatures of verbs, 496; supported bymorpho-syntactic features of adjectives,adverbs, clitics and syntax, 496–7;supported by phonological features, 494;

Subrahmanya Sastri, P. S., 144, 154Subrahmanyam, P. S., 25, 34, 56–7, 91, 97,

101, 103–4, 108–11, 120, 122, 127, 130,138–9, 146, 148, 150, 152, 157, 164, 166–8,183, 191–2, 198, 210, 213, 270, 285, 300,306–7, 329, 333, 336, 339, 342, 346, 351,353, 419, 421

Subramanian, P. R., 35Subramoniam, V. I., 167, 185Sukumara Pillai, K., 473, 480Sumerian, 43surds and sonants, 144; law of convertibility

of, 144Suvarchala, B., 35, 139, 175, 238, 239, 305,

308, 326

Tamil, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 16–20, 22–3, 31, 33–5, 40,45, 48–55, 59, 62, 82, 85–7, 92–4, 97, 99,101–2, 104–6, 109, 112–16, 122–3, 128–30,

133–6, 138–40, 142–4, 146–7, 149–50, 152,154–6, 159, 163–4, 166–9, 171–7, 180,182–5, 187–90, 192–4, 197–8, 205, 207–9,211–15, 218–19, 221–2, 224–7, 230, 233,235–8, 240, 242, 246, 248–9, 251–4,257–61, 264, 266, 268–71, 280, 283–4, 286,288–90, 292, 294–9, 301–2, 304, 306–9,313–15, 330–1, 333, 335, 338–9, 342, 346,348–50, 355, 357–8, 361–2, 364, 367,370–1, 375, 377, 379, 388–9, 396, 406–8,413–16, 418, 426–7, 430–5, 438–40, 442–3,446, 449, 454–6, 458–60, 463–4, 468,470–3, 475–6, 477–8, 480–2, 486–8, 490–2,495, 501–2

Tamil–Brahmı, 22, 82, 472Tamil–Ko .dagu subgroup, 192Tamil–Malaya.lam, 125, 192, 225, 237, 253,

490, 492, 502; palatalization of velars in,128–9

Tamil–Malaya.lam–Ko .dagu–Iru.la–Toda–Kota,34, 280

Tamil–Malaya.lam scripts, 78, 84–7Tamul (= Tamil), 22Tappu (a dialect of Tu.lu), 300, 318Telugu, 1, 7–11, 13–14, 16–20, 22–4, 26, 31,

33–5, 38, 45, 48, 52, 55, 59–61, 68, 78–83,85, 87, 96, 98, 101, 106–8, 119, 122–3,125–30, 132–4, 139, 141–2, 144–5, 147,150, 152–5, 157–60, 162–4, 166–7, 169,171–2, 174–5, 182–3, 187–9, 193–5, 197–8,200, 203, 205–7, 209–14, 217–18, 220–7,229, 231, 234–7, 239, 241–3, 245–6,249–51, 253–4, 257–9, 261–2, 264–8, 270,274, 278, 280–6, 288–9, 291, 293, 296–8,301, 303–8, 310–12, 319–21, 332, 334–7,339, 342–4, 346–7, 351–3, 356, 358–60,362–6, 370–3, 380–5, 389–90, 398, 401–2,404, 406–7, 409–10, 414–15, 417, 419, 420,427–29, 431–5, 437, 439, 442–3, 447, 449,452, 454–7, 459, 462, 465–6, 468, 470,-3,477–82, 484–92, 494–8, 501; palatalizationof velars in, 128–9; past ∗-c incorporationin, 193

Telugu–Gondi, 288Telugu–Gondi–Kui–Kuvi–Pengo–Man .da, 33Telugu–Kanna .da script, 78–84Telugu–Kuvi, 489Thapar, R., 35, 36, 47Thomasiah, K., 26, 57, 72, 326, 345, 410,

416, 419






General index 545

Thomason, S. G. and Kaufman, T., 42Tibeto-Burman, 405Tinnappan, S. P., 375Toda, 4, 17, 19, 24–5, 27, 31–2, 34–5, 48–50,

53–4, 59, 66, 93–4, 99, 105, 108–12, 116,121, 124, 126, 133, 136, 145–6, 148–9,151–3, 164, 167, 169–72, 174, 177, 182,189, 197, 207–9, 212, 214, 217–19, 222,228, 230–1, 234–6, 238, 241, 246, 249, 254,257, 269–70, 279–80, 285–86, 288–91, 294,297–8, 302, 307–8, 316, 331, 334, 338, 342,348, 350, 358, 361, 378–9, 397, 407, 411,414, 417, 471, 487, 490, 492, 495, 502

Toda–Kota, 490, 492transitive-causative (stems), 280; by the

addition of -pp, 282–3; by the addition of-tt, 280–2; combined with tense markers,286–9; three main patterns of forming,290–1

transitive-causative markers, 193; with theaddition of -cc, 285–6

Trautmann, T. R., 11Trench, C. J. C., 25Tu.lu, 6, 11, 19–20, 23, 31, 35, 49, 54–5, 67,

87, 99, 104–5, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 122,127, 129, 133, 139, 141, 150, 153, 164, 166,169, 171, 174, 183, 195, 207, 213–14,218–19, 222, 228, 231, 234–5, 238, 240,245, 249, 254, 257, 264, 267, 269, 273,280–2, 288–9, 291, 293–4, 298, 300, 302–3,308, 318, 331, 336–7, 339, 346, 350, 353,355, 358, 361, 363, 365, 374, 379, 393, 398,407, 417, 446, 449, 493, 498, 503;aphaeresis in, 115–17; ∗c- and ∗t- merger in,17; rounding of front vowels in, 115

Tu.lu–Koraga, 502Tuluva (= Tu.lu), 16, 24Turanian, 43Turner, R. L., 32Tuttle, E. H., 31, 489Tyler, Stephen A., 25, 43, 229, 234, 242, 285typological goal, 176; changes with, 176–9

umlaut rule, 104; exceptions and extensions to,104–6

universal semantic types, 388; adjectives canbe defined in terms of, 388–95

Uralic, 43, 45–6Uralic–Yukaghir, 46Ushadevi, A., 380

Vacek, J., 43Varadarajan, 267von Staden, Heinrich, 5

Wa .dugu/Warugı (= Telugu), 23Wakhi, 39Winfield, W., 25, 52, 56, 70, 196, 220, 223,

242, 275, 283, 343, 369, 372, 384, 385,401

Winslow, M., 18Witzel, M., 38

Yidhga, 39Yukaghir, 45

Zvelebil, K. V., 1, 5, 17, 20, 24, 27, 34, 43–5,47, 50–1, 54, 65, 101, 111–12, 116, 120–22,130–1, 136, 139, 149, 157, 175, 213, 230–1,233, 268, 270, 309, 315, 378, 389, 480–1






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