index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805217/63288/index/9780521763288_index.pdfafrican...

239

Adams, Brooks, 17Adams, Frederick C., 229Adams, Henry, 17Adler, Selig, 226Africa, and Paris peace conference, 58.

See also Ethiopia; Morocco; North Africa; Tunisia

African Americans: and “great migration” during World War I, 44; involvement of in national politics during 1930s, 140

Akami, Tomoko, 231Albania, 62Algeria, 199Alsace-Lorraine, and Paris peace

conference, 61America First Committee, 179–80American Birth Control League, 114American-British conversations

(ABC), 183–4American Cancer, The (Aron &

Dandieu 1930), 117American Committee for

Non-participation in Japanese Aggression, 164

American Council of Learned Societies, 108

Americanization: and impact of material and popular culture in 1920s, 115–18; in post–World War II period, 217

American Relief Administration (ARA), 85

Anderson, Irvine H., 233

Anglo-Japanese alliance (1920s), 77–8anti-Comintern pact (1936), 152–3antiimperialism: and Bolshevik

ideology, 53; and Paris peace conference, 75

appeasement policy, and Europe in late 1930s, 155–6

Argentina, 94, 136Armenian massacre (1915), 43–4arms race: and naval construction

programs in 1920s, 75–6; and U.S. armament program in 1939, 166. See also disarmament; nuclear weapons

Aron, Robert, 117Asada, Sadao, 233Asia: and American export trade in

1920s, 96; outflow of U.S. capital to in 1920s, 94; and peace of 1920s, 80–4. See also China; Dutch East Indies; Indochina; Korea; Japan; Pacific

Atlantic Charter, 189, 190, 207Attlee, Clement, 213Australia, 195Austria: German annexation of

in 1938, 154; and Paris peace conference, 62

Austro-Hungarian Empire, and World War I, 19, 43, 46, 48

autarky, and collapse of multilateralism after 1929, 121–2

automobile, and Americanization in 1920s, 116–17

I n d e x

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76328-8 - The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume 3: The Globalizing of America, 1913–1945 Akira Iriye IndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521763288

http://www.cambridge.org


Index

240

auxiliary craft, and naval arms limitation in 1920s, 78

axis, and outbreak of World War II in Europe, 178–83. See also Germany; Japan

Balch, Emily, 106Balkan crisis, and outbreak of World

War I, 19Barnes, Harry Elmer, 108Barnhart, Michael, 227Baruch, Bernard, 49Bauman, Zygmunt, 219Bayly, Christopher, 1Beard, Charles A., 131, 233Beers, Burton F., 48n3Belgium: and occupation of Ruhr

valley in 1923, 82, 90; and Paris peace conference, 62

Big Four, and cooperation in postwar period, 208

Big Three, and World War II, 203–4biological sciences, impact of on

nineteenth-century thought, 8birth control, and humanitarian relief

in 1920s, 114–15Blitzkrieg, 178blockade, of Germany during World

War I, 23, 26. See also embargosBlower, Brooke, 226Blum, John Morton, 236Bolsheviks and Bolshevism: and

government of Hungary in 1919, 74; and Paris peace conference, 59; Russian Revolution and seizure of power, 42; and World War I, 49, 50–7

Borah, William E., 70, 76, 84–5Borg, Dorothy, 225, 230Borgwardt, Elizabeth, 237Bourne, Randolph, 112Boyer, Paul, 235Bradley, Mark, 222Brandes, Joseph, 227Brazil, 196, 198Brest-Litovsk, treaty of (1918), 49Bretton Woods Conference (1944),

207, 209–11

Brewer, John, 2Briand, Aristide, 82, 84Brinkley, Alan, 229Bryan, William Jennings, 25–6Bu, Liping, 227Buenos Aires conference (1936),

157–8Buhite, Russell D., 225, 235Bulgaria: and Paris peace conference,

62; and territorial dispute with Greece in 1925, 80

Bullitt, William C., 149Burns, James M., 232business civilization: and New Deal,

141; philosophy of and American foreign relations during 1920s, 97–103

Busuttil, James J., 225Butler, Nicholas Murray, 113Butow, Robert, 186n10, 233

Calhoun, Frederick, 38n11, 221Calles, Plutarco Elias, 86–7Canada, and direct investment

by U.S. in 1920s, 94. See also Newfoundland

Canal Zone (Panama), 35capitalism, and liberalism in U.S.

during 1930s, 130–1Cárdenas, Lazaro, 163Caribbean. See Cuba; Puerto Rico;

Santo Domingo; West IndiesCarnegie, Andrew, 108Carnegie Corporation, 108, 133Carranza, Venustiano, 36Carsten, F. L., 75n2Casablanca Conference (1943), 202–3“cash and carry” principle, for trade

in arms, 167, 175Catt, Carrie Chapman, 106Central America, and relations with

U.S. during World War I, 35–8. See also Latin America; Mexico; Nicaragua

Chadwin, Mark L., 179n4, 232Chamberlain, Neville, 159, 162Chang, Hsüeh-liang, 153Chatfield, Charles, 226






Index

241

Chiang Kai-shek, 87, 153, 196, 204, 209

Chin, Carol, 220China: and American silver purchases

in 1930s, 145; and diplomacy during 1920s, 83; emergence of as power in postwar Asia, 204–5; and exchange students during 1920s, 112–13; Japan and Manchurian crisis in 1930s, 126–9; and Japan during World War I, 21, 31–5, 48; and Nationalists in 1930s, 153; and Paris peace conference, 58, 60, 67–8; and radicalization of nationalism in 1920s, 86–7; and U.S. direct investment during 1920s, 94; and war with Japan in 1937, 153–4, 159, 161, 164–5, 172; and World War II, 196, 209. See also Taiwan

China-Burma-India (CBI) theater, of World War II, 196, 209

Christianity, and Protestant missionaries in nineteenth century, 8–9

Churchill, Winston, 179, 188–9, 194, 203, 206, 208

civilization, as synonymous with power in late nineteenth-century thought, 14–15. See also business civilization

“civil society,” and concept of state, 110

civil war, in Spain, 152, 157Civil War (American), 9Clark, J. Reuben, 83–4Clemenceau, Georges, 58Clemens, Diana, 234Coble, Parks, 127n6, 153n1Coffman, Edward M., 220Cohen, Warren I., 224–6, 230–1Cole, Wayne S., 180n5, 229collective force, and League of

Nations, 63colonialism: and Bolshevik foreign

policy, 53–4; Japanese and control of European colonies in southeast Asia, 181; and

postwar reglobalization, 99; and U.S. compared with Europe in late nineteenth century, 12–13; Versailles peace and disposition of former German colonies, 66–7; and Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 47; and World War II, 199–200. See also imperialism

Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), 194Committee to Defend America by

Aiding the Allies, 179–80Committee of Information, 49–50communism, development of in Soviet

Union in 1930s, 135–6Communist International

(Comintern), 74–5, 85, 149, 152–3

Compton, J. A., 230Connell-Smith, Gordon, 84n8Connelly, Matthew, 227Conrad, Sebastian, 219Coolidge, Calvin, 87, 91Cooper, John Milton, 69n9, 221Corbett, P. Scott, 235corporatism: and New Deal, 141;

and state-business cooperation in 1920s, 91

cosmopolitanism: and outbreak of World War I, 20; and views of intellectuals in 1920s, 110–11

Costigliola, Frank, 224Coughlin, Charles E., 131–2Council on Foreign Relations (New

York), 107, 132–3Cowley, Malcolm, 232Creel, George, 49–50Croly, Herbert, 49Cronon, E. D., 230Crossley, Pamela Kyle, 219Crowley, James B., 126n4Cuba: and Cuban crisis of 1868–78,

11–12; U.S. and direct investment in 1920s, 94; as U.S. protectorate, 35; and U.S. recognition of sovereignty in 1930s, 150

cultural internationalism: and Great Depression, 131–3; in postwar period, 207






Index

242

culture: European influence on development of American, 4–5; and exchange programs during 1920s, 108–13; and exchange programs in 1930s, 158; transformation of in nineteenth-century Europe and America, 7–9

Curry, Roy Watson, 222Czechoslovakia: and German

aggression in 1930s, 154–6; and Paris peace conference, 60–2; and World War I, 43

Dallek, Robert, 229, 232Dandieu, A., 117Danzig (Gdansk), 61Darilek, Richard, 236Darlan, J.-F., 199Davis, Lynn E., 234Dawes, Charles G., 91Dawes Plan, 91Dawley, Alan, 226Dawson, Raymond H., 232DeBenedetti, Charles, 226debt, and disputes in postwar

U.S.-European relations, 90. See also reparations

DeConde, Alexander, 225de Gaulle, Charles, 199, 203deglobalization: as key theme

in world history during 1913–45, 219; mechanisms to guard against in planning for peace after World War II, 201. See also globalization; isolationism; nationalism; protectionism; reglobalization

De Grazia, Victoria, 220DeGroot, Gerard J., 235democracy: and rise of totalitarianism

in 1930s, 138–42; and World War I as crusade in U.S., 45

DeNovo, John A., 222DeSantis, Hugh, 234“destroyer deal” (1939), 179Dickinson, Frederick R., 221Diggins, John P., 227Dingman, Roger, 76n3, 225, 235

direct investment, U.S. in Europe and Canada in 1920s, 92–4

disarmament: and Geneva conference in 1932, 125, 129; of Germany following World War I, 61, 74–88; and London conference in 1930, 125; and U.S. foreign policy in 1930s, 146–7. See also arms race; nuclear weapons

Divine, Robert A., 229, 236Dodd, William, 163Doenecke, Justin D., 227, 232dollar diplomacy: and economic

aspects of foreign affairs in 1920s, 89–103; Taft’s concept of, 17; and U.S. interventionism in Central America and Caribbean, 35

Dominican Republic. See Santo Domingo

Dower, John, 236Dozer, Donald M., 236Du Bois, W. E. B., 59Dumbarton Oaks (1944), 209, 211Dunn, Frederick, 237Dunn, Lynne K., 226Dutch East Indies, 184, 188

Eckes, Alfred, 237economic(s): and dollar diplomacy,

35, 89–103; and exchange rates, 144; and success of American war effort in World War I, 44; and Versailles peace of 1919, 64–8; World War I and emergence of U.S. as leading world power, 27–8. See also capitalism; debt; economic development; gold standard; Great Depression; interest rates; reparations; trade

economic development, stress on as key to world order, 17–18

Einstein, Albert, 111Ekbladh, David, 223Ellis, L. Ethan, 225embargos: and World War I,

23–4; and World War II, 187–8. See also blockade

Enlightenment, 3–6






Index

243

Estonia, 177Ethiopia, 147ethnic nationalism: and romanticism

in Europe, 7–8; and Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 46

eugenics, 115Europe: and cost of World War I, 89;

and emergence of modern state, 9; financial interdependence with U.S. in 1920s, 93; and globalization of America prior to 1913, 1–18; isolationism and U.S. foreign policy in 1930s, 147–9; issues at start of World War I, 19–20; national boundaries at start of World War I, 22; national boundaries at start of World War II, 173; and peace of 1920s, 80–4; post–World War II shape of, 203–4; and trade balance of U.S. in 1920s, 96; and U.S. policy of neutrality at start of World War II, 172–92. See also specific countries

Evans, Laurence, 222exceptionalism, American as extension

of European phenomenon, 4exchange rates, and London

economic conference of 1933, 144. See also “managed currencies”

exports: and American foreign trade in 1920s, 96

fascism: development of in Italy, Germany, and Hungary in wake of World War I, 134–5; impact of rise of on international affairs, 138

Feis, Herbert, 227, 232–5feminism, and pacifism in 1920s, 106Ferguson, Niall, 220Ferrell, Robert H., 221, 226–7Filene, Peter G., 226Finland, 172, 182Firestone Rubber Company, 95Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 2285:5:3 ratio, 78Ford, Henry, 95, 97–8Ford Foundation, 133Ford Motor Company, 94

Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922, 99

Foreign Policy Association, 132–3foreign relations: and collapse of

international order after 1929, 119–33; economics and dollar diplomacy in 1920s, 89–103; European domination and globalization of U.S. prior to 1913, 1–18; geopolitics and outbreaks of war in 1930s, 152–71; and Paris peace conference of 1919, 58–73; and peace as ideology in 1920s, 104–18; and rise of totalitarianism in 1930s, 134–51; role of U.S. in international system of 1920s, 74–88; and U.S. involvement in World War I, 39–57; World War I and American policy of neutrality, 19–38; World War II and American policy of neutrality at start of European war, 172–92; and World War II as global conflict, 193–217

“Fortress America,” 180Fosdick, Raymond, 112four-power pact, 82Fourteen Points: and League of

Nations, 65; and Paris peace conference, 59, 61; and Wilson’s speech in 1918, 46–8, 54

Fowler, W. B., 222France: and appeasement policy

in late 1930s, 155–6; armistice with Germany in 1939, 177; and European power balance in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 2; and intellectual cosmopolitanism in 1920s, 110; navy and arms race in 1920s, 78; occupation of Ruhr valley in 1923, 81, 90; and Paris peace conference, 58–73; and post–World War I debts, 90; and revolutionary wars in nineteenth-century Europe, 6; and Spanish civil war, 152; and World War I, 19, 29, 42; and World War II, 202

Franco, Francisco, 152






Index

244

Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1, 61Freud, Sigmund, 111Frieden, Jeffery B., 219Friedlander, Saul, 233Frye, Alton, 230Fujitani, T., 228Fulbright, J. William, 207Funk, Arthur L., 236Fussell, Paul, 220, 236

Gaddis, John W., 234Gallagher, John, 7n7Gallicchio, Marc, 236Gandhi, Mohandas, 47, 58, 196Gardner, Lloyd C., 222, 229Gardner, Richard N., 237Gelfand, Lawrence, 47n2Gellman, Irwin, 230Geneva disarmament conference

(1932), 125, 129, 132geopolitics, and outbreaks of wars in

Asia and Europe in 1930s, 152–71, 175

George, David Lloyd, 58German-Soviet nonaggression pact

(1939), 156Germany: and aggression in Central

Europe in 1930s, 154–6, 162; and alliance with Japan, 168, 179, 181–2; and American policy of firmness in late 1939 and early 1940, 177; and American neutrality during early World War I, 19–38; and anti-Comintern pact of 1936, 152–3; and disarmament in post–World War I period, 75; and intellectual cosmopolitanism in 1920s, 110; invasion of Poland in 1939, 172; isolationism and U.S. foreign policy in 1930s, 147–9; and Paris peace conference, 58–73; and reparations in postwar period, 61–2, 64–5, 82, 89–91, 123; and rise of fascism in 1930s, 137; and Spanish civil war, 152; and U.S. involvement in World War I, 39–57; and World War II, 178–3, 193–217

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica, 220

Gilbert, Felix, 170Gilbert, Prentiss B., 128–9Gilbert Islands, 202Girard, Henri, 203Glad, Betty, 225Gleason, S. Everett, 232globalization: of America prior

to 1913, 1–9; and idealism of Wilsonian internationalism, 72–3; and neutrality policy of U.S. in early World War I, 21; use of term, 219; World War II and U.S., 193. See also deglobalization; reglobalization

gold standard: and economics in 1920s, 91–2; readoption of in 1930s, 121, 127, 144; and World War I, 26, 46, 89

“good neighbor” policy, 84, 149–51Goodnow, Frank, 33Goto, Ken’ichi, 190n12Gramsci, Antonio, 104, 110Great Britain: and American neutrality

during early World War I, 19–38; and appeasement policy in late 1930s, 155–6; and arms limitation in 1920s, 76–7; and European power balance in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 2–3; and naval construction program in 1920s, 75, 77–8; and Paris peace conference, 58–73; and power balance in postwar period, 208–9; and Spanish civil war, 152; and World War II, 178–83, 193–4

Great Depression: and collapse of international order, 119–33; and isolationism in U.S., 142; and rise of modern totalitarianism, 134

“great migration,” and African Americans, 44

Greece: and Paris peace conference, 62; and territorial dispute with Bulgaria in 1925, 80

Greenland, 184Greer (destroyer), 188Grey, Edward, 29, 41Guggenheim Foundation, 112






Index

245

Haiti, 35, 37–8, 150Hall, Christopher, 230Hamby, Alonzo, 229Harper’s magazine, 140Harriman, W. Averell, 95Harris, Bryce, 230Hartley, Livingston, 169Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, 235Havana conference (1939), 180Hawaii, 12Healy, David, 222Heinrichs, Waldo, 231, 233Herring, George C., 232Hess, Gary, 236Hilferding, Rudolf, 53Hirobe, Izumi, 231Hitler, Adolf, 82, 148, 154–5, 176,

178, 182, 194Hobson, John A., 53Ho Chi Minh, 58Hodgson, Godfrey, 222Hogan, Michael J., 223Hoganson, Kristin, 219Honan, William, 162n7Hoopes, Townsend, 237Hoover, Herbert, 84, 97, 122–3, 125,

129, 131, 149House, Edward, 24, 28–30Huerta, Victoriano, 36Hughes, Charles Evans, 83Hull, Cordell, 143, 145, 150, 160–1,

165, 180, 191“Hull note” (1941), 191humanitarian relief,

internationalization of in 1920s, 113–15

human rights, and charter of United Nations, 214

Hungary: and Bolshevism in 1919, 74; and Paris peace conference, 62. See also Austro-Hungarian Empire

Hurstfield, Julian, 232

Iceland, 188idealism, and Wilsonian

internationalism, 72–3ideology: of Bolsheviks, 53; and peace

movements in 1920s, 104–18; and

national culture in fascist countries, 135; and U.S. assertiveness in foreign affairs in late nineteenth century, 14–15; and World War I as crusade in U.S., 45–50

Iguchi, Haruo, 231Iguchi, Sadao, 233Iguchi, Takeo, 191n13immigration: and economic

nationalism in post–World War I period, 68; and new U.S. policy in 1920s, 102–3; self-assertiveness and self-defensiveness in U.S. policies of late nineteenth century, 17; and U.S. during World War I, 44–5

imperialism, and emergence of modern state, 11, 16. See also antiimperialism; colonialism

income tax, and World War I, 44India, 196Indochina, 187Industrial Revolution, 3–4, 6–7influenza pandemic (1920s), 81Ingersoll, Royal, 161Institute of International Education,

113Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR),

112, 133intellectual independence, declaration

of, 109–10interest rates: and postwar

U.S.-European debts, 90; and speculative boom prior to stock market crash of 1929, 120

International Congress on Popular Arts, 111

International Institute of Cultural Cooperation, 132

internationalism: and economic nationalism in 1920s, 99; and League of Nations, 64, 68; and outbreak of World War I, 20; and Wilsonianism, 72; and World War II, 202–8. See also cultural internationalism

International Labor Organization (ILO), 80–1, 214






Index

246

international law: and peace activism in early twentieth century, 18; World War I and submarine warfare, 23

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 210–11, 216

International Office of Museums, 111International Society of Contemporary

Music, 111“international understanding,”

intellectual and educational connotation of, 107

Iran, 203Iriye, Akira, 17n11, 200n6, 213n11,

217n13, 224, 230–1, 235–6Is America Afraid? (Hartley 1937),

169isolationism: and U.S. in 1920s,

74; and U.S. in 1930s, 142–51. See also protectionism

Israel, Jerry, 223Italy: and anti-Comintern pact of

1936, 152–3; and development of fascism in 1930s, 134; invasion of Ethiopia in 1934, 147; navy and arms race in 1920s, 78; and Paris peace conference, 58–73; and Spanish civil war, 152; and World War I, 43; and World War II, 202–3

James, Harold, 228Janssens, Rudolf V. A., 237Japan: and alliance with Germany,

168, 179, 181–2; and anti-Comintern pact of 1936, 152–3; and arms limitation in 1920s, 76–7; challenge to world order in 1930s, 124–30; and diplomacy during 1920s, 83; emergence of as modern state, 16; and naval construction program in 1920s, 75, 77–8; and new naval strategy in 1930s, 146–7; occupation of Manchuria in 1930s, 126–8, 146; outflow of U.S. capital to in 1920s, 94; and Paris peace conference, 58, 60, 67–8; Perry expeditions to in 1853 and 1854, 7; policy toward

U.S. in late 1939 and early 1940, 177; relations with U.S. leading up to Pearl Harbor, 183–92; and war with China in 1937, 153–4, 159, 161, 164–5, 172; and World War I, 21, 31, 33–4, 48, 52, 55–6; and World War II, 192–217

Japanese-Soviet neutrality treaty (1941), 184–6

Jellinek, G., 110Jews, and Germany in 1930s, 147,

163Johnson, Hiram, 70Johnson, Robert David, 226Johnson, Walter, 232Joll, James, 19n1, 220Jonas, Manfred, 229

Kamman, William, 225Kant, Immanuel, 41Karakhan, Leo, 53Katz, Friedrich, 40n1, 222Kaufman, Burton, 222Kellogg, Frank B., 84Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 84Kennan, George F., 221Kennedy, David, 25n4Kennedy, Paul, 1, 234, 237Kern, Stephen, 219Keynes, John Maynard, 210Keys, Barbara, 229Kimball, Warren F., 232, 234Kindleberger, Charles P., 122n1, 227Kipling, Rudyard, 15Knock, Thomas J., 47n2, 221Knox, Frank, 180Kogan, Norman, 203n7Korea, 47, 205Kuehl, Warren F., 226Kuhlman, Erika, 223

labor, and the New Deal, 141. See also International Labor Organization

Lake, Marilyn, 220Langer, William L., 232Lansing, Robert, 24Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917), 48






Index

247

Latin America: and Good Neighbor policy in 1930s, 149–51; and Havana conference in 1939, 180; and rise of totalitarianism in 1930s, 136; and U.S. foreign policy in 1920s, 83–4; U.S. relations with in early years of World War I, 31–8; and World War II, 198. See also Central America; Mexico; South America

Latvia, 177Lausanne conference (1932), 123League of Nations: and cultural

exchange during 1920s, 108–9, 111; and economic issues, 64–5; and economic sanctions on Italy in 1934, 147; and former German colonies, 66–7; expulsion of Soviet Union from in 1939, 175; Fourteen Points and proposal for, 54; and Geneva disarmament conference in 1932, 125, 129, 132; and isolationism of U.S., 74; and London economic conference in 1933, 124; and Manchurian crisis, 127–9; and Paris peace conference, 62–4; and peace of 1920s, 80; and teaching of international affairs in universities, 107; and Wilsonianism, 69–70, 71; withdrawal of Germany from in 1933, 148

League of Nations Health Organization, 80–1, 113–14

Lees, Lynn Hollen, 219Leffler, Melvin, 91n4, 224Lend-Lease Act (1941), and lend-lease

program, 183, 188, 194Lenin, V. I., 42, 50–7Leong, Karen J., 225Leutze, James R., 161n6, 230Levering, Ralph, 234Levin, N. Gordon, 221Li, Tien-Yi, 222Liang Qichao (Liang Ch’i-ch’ao), 32liberalism, attacks on in U.S. during

1930s, 130–3Liberia, 95

Lima declaration (1938), 163Lindbergh, Charles, 175Link, Arthur S., 23n2, 221Lippmann, Walter, 49, 97–8, 132, 134,

140Lithuania, 177Little, Douglas, 230Liu, Hong, 236Liu, Xiaoyuan, 235Locarno agreements (1925), 82Lodge, Henry Cabot, 70–1, 76London Conference (1930), 125–6,

127London economic conference (1933),

143–4Long, Huey, 141Louis, W. Roger, 204n8Luce, Henry, 190Lusitania (ship), 25Luxembourg, 62Lynd, Robert and Helen, 116Lynn-Jones, Sean M., 220Lytton, Lord, 128

Makino, Nobuaki, 68MacArthur, Douglas, 190MacLeish, Archibald, 207MacMillan, Margaret, 222Madison, James, 5Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 17Maier, Charles, 224“managed currencies,” and collapse

of international order after 1929, 121–2. See also exchange rates

Manchurian crisis (1930s), 126–8mandate territories, and League of

Nations, 66–7Manela, Erez, 222Mapel, David R., 18n12Marianas, 202Marshall, George C., 195Marshall, Jonathan, 233Mastny, Vojtech, 234Matloff, Maurice, 234May, Ernest R., 221Mayer, Arno J., 221McCoy, Frank R., 128McMeekin, Sean, 220






Index

248

McNeil, William H., 1, 2, 234medicine, Nobel Prize in, 114.

See also influenza pandemic; League of Nations Health Organization; public health; World Health Organization

Melosi, Martin, 236Mexico: and direct investment by U.S.

in 1920s, 94; and nationalism in 1920s, 86–7; U.S. interventions in during World War I, 35–7; U.S. relations with in 1938, 163; World War I and German influence in, 40; and World War II, 196. See also Latin America

Middle East: and American investment in oil industry in 1920s, 94–5; and World War II, 198. See also Ottoman Empire; Palestine

Midway, battle of (1942), 195–6militarism, and Germany during

World War I, 41Miller, Steven E., 220Milward, Alan S., 137, 234Mittelman, James H., 219modernization, and Westernization in

non-Western world in nineteenth century, 10

Moley, Raymond, 144Molotov, Vyacheslav, 199Monnet, Jean, 164Monroe Doctrine, 35, 70, 83Morgenthau, Henry, 164Morocco, 199Morrow, Dwight W., 87, 163Morton, Louis, 183n8motion pictures, and Americanization

in 1920s, 116–17Mukden incident (1931), 126Munich conference (1937), 155,

162–3Mussolini, Benito, 140, 141, 203

Nagai, Yonosuke, 236Nardin, Terry, 18n12nationalism: development of in

eighteenth-century America, 5; and economic internationalism

in 1920s, 99; and Mexican-U.S. relations, 37; U.S. and economic in post–World War I period, 66; restrictions on immigration and economic, 68; and revolutionary movements in 1920s, 84–8; World War I and extreme, 20. See also ethnic nationalism

“national self-determination,” and Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 46–7

nation-state: and Europe in eighteenth century, 2; modern state as an instance of, 10. See also state

Native Americans, and divisions in society of eighteenth-century America, 5

navy: expansion of British and Japanese in post–World War I period, 75, 77–8; and Geneva disarmament conference in 1932, 125–6; and U.S. building program of 1918, 39

Netherlands: and European power balance in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 2; and Paris peace conference, 62

neutrality: and U.S. foreign policy in late 1930s, 158–9, 167; U.S. policy of in early years of World War I, 19–38; U.S. policy of at start of World War II in Europe, 172–92

Neutrality Act of 1935, 142–3, 156–7, 164, 167

New Deal, 139–41Newfoundland, 189New York stock market crash (1929),

119Nicaragua, 35, 38Nicolson, Harold, 58n1Niebuhr, Reinhold, 97–9nine-power agreements, 82–3, 161Ninkovich, Frank, 220–1, 225, 236Nobel Prize, 114“nonstate actors,” and Paris peace

conference, 58–9Normandy landing (1944), 202North Africa, and World War II, 195,

198–9






Index

249

North Atlantic, and World War II, 188Notter, Harley, 237Novick, Peter, 226nuclear weapons, 206, 215Nye, Joseph, 217

Obregón, Alvaro, 86O’Connor, Raymond, 225Offner, Arnold A., 230Ogata, Sadako, 127n5oil industry: and U.S. investment in

Middle East in 1920s, 94–5; and World War II, 184

Okamoto, Shumpei, 230Open Door policy, 13, 34, 96, 99Orlando, Vittorio, 58Osgood, Robert E., 72n11, 225Ostrower, Gary, 227Ottoman Empire: Paris peace

conference and partitioning of, 60, 67; and World War I, 19, 46–7, 48

Outer Mongolia, 184Ovendale, Ritchie, 230

Pacific: and America’s emergence as international power in nineteenth century, 7; and Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1920s, 77; and Japan during World War I, 21; and U.S. foreign policy in 1930s, 146; and World War II, 195, 197. See also Asia; Australia; Dutch East Indies; Philippines

Palestine, 67Panama. See Canal ZonePanay incident (1937), 161Paris peace conference (1919), 58–73Park, Robert, 116–17Parrini, Carl P., 223particularism, and fascist movements,

135Patterson, David, 223peace movement: and cultural aspects

of foreign relations in 1920s, 104–18; development of in late nineteenth-century U.S., 17–18; and “peace progressives” in U.S. during 1920s, 76

Pearl Harbor (1941), 192Pedersen, Susan, 224“people’s diplomacy,” and Bolshevik

Russia, 51Peron, Juan, 136Perry, Matthew, 7Pershing, John J., 36Philippines, 146“phony war,” and outbreak of World

War II, 172, 174, 176Pittman, Key, 143Platt Amendment (1901), 150Poland: and German aggression in

1930s, 154–6; German invasion of in 1939, 172; invasion of Soviet Union in 1919, 74; and Paris peace conference, 60–1, 62; and Yalta Conference, 212

Polenberg, Richard, 236“Polish corridor,” 61popular culture, and Americanization

of world in 1920s, 115–18Porter, Jacques, 115Potsdam Conference, 215power, stress on in Western thought of

late nineteenth century, 14–15Prange, Gordon W., 233propaganda, pro-allied in early period

of World War I, 24–5protectionism: and collapse of

multilateralism after 1929, 122; and tariff systems in 1920s, 99–101. See also isolationism

“public diplomacy”: and foreign cultural policy of U.S. in 1930s, 158; and World War I, 49

public health, advances in 1920s, 114

Puerto Rico, 35

Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty, 31“quarantine speech” (Roosevelt

1937), 160–1Quebec conferences (1943, 1944),

206Quinton, René, 111quota system, and immigration policy,

102






Index

250

race: concept of hierarchy of in late nineteenth century, 15; and German policies in 1930s, 147; and League of Nations Covenant, 67–8; and nineteenth-century American culture, 8–9

radio, and Americanization in 1920s, 116–17

“rainbow plans,” 182–3Rappaport, Armin, 227realism, and Wilsonian

internationalism, 72Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of

1934, 150red-line agreement (1928), 94–5Reed, James, 34n8, 222refugees, and League of Nations, 81regionalism, and Good Neighbor

policy, 150reglobalization: and Bretton Woods

Conference, 211; and diplomacy of the dollar in postwar period, 99; failure of after 1929, 119–33; German reparations and allied war debts in postwar period and, 89–91; as key theme in world history during 1913–45, 219; and tension between nationalism and internationalism in American foreign affairs, 103. See also deglobalization; globalization

Reinsch, Paul, 33religion. See Christianityreparations: moratorium on in 1931,

123; and Versailles treaty, 61–2, 64, 65, 82, 89–91

republicanism, and European influence on American thought, 5

revisionism, and views of World War I in 1920s, 108

revolutionary movements, and nationalism in 1920s, 84–8. See also Bolsheviks and Bolshevism

Reynolds, David, 230, 232Reynolds, Henry, 220Rhee, Syngman, 47Rhineland, German occupation of in

1936, 148

Robinson, Henry M., 91Robinson, Ronald, 7n7Rockefeller Foundation, 108, 114,

133Rodgers, Daniel, 219Röhm, Ernst, 136–7Rolland, Romain, 109Romania, 62romanticism, and nationalism in

Europe, 7–8Romasco, Albert U., 123n2Roosevelt, Eleanor, 140Roosevelt, Franklin D.: and Buenos

Aires conference of 1936, 157; and change in foreign policy in late 1930s, 160–4, 166, 167–8; death of, 212; democracies and rise of totalitarianism in 1930s, 139; and economic policy in 1930s, 124; isolationism and foreign policy in 1930s, 143–4, 149, 149–50, 159–60; and World War II, 179, 199–200, 203, 206

Roosevelt, Theodore, 20, 24, 33, 149Roosevelt Corollary, 37Rosenberg, Alfred, 111Rosenberg, Emily, 115, 223Rossini, Daniela, 222Royal Institute of International

Affairs, 107Rupp, Leila, 220Russia: and League of Nations, 63;

and revolution of March 1916, 40–2; and World War I, 49, 50–7. See also Bolsheviks and Bolshevism; Siberia; Soviet Union; Ukraine

Sachsenmaier, Dominic, 219“safe for democracy” principle, 37San Francisco Conference (1945),

213–14Sanger, Margaret, 114–15Santo Domingo, 35, 37–8Saunders, Thomas J., 226–7Schaller, Michael, 231Schmidt, Hans, 222Schmitt, Carl, 110






Index

251

Schneider, James C., 232Schroeder, Paul W., 233Schulzinger, Robert D., 226Schwabe, Klaus, 59n3, 221Security Council: of League of

Nations, 63; of United Nations, 211–12

Selective Service Act (May 1917), 39Servos, John W., 219Sharp, Tony, 237Sherry, Michael S., 78n4, 228Sherwin, Martin, 234–5Shewmaker, Kenneth, 235–6Shotwell, James T., 106, 112Siberia, and World War I, 43, 52, 55–6Sicily, 202Sigal, Leon, 235Silver Purchase Act of 1934, 144–5,

164Sinclair Oil Company, 95Sino-Japanese War (1937), 153–4,

159, 161, 164–5, 172Slate, Nico, 236slavery, and divisions in society of

eighteenth-century America, 5Smith, Gaddis, 234Smith, Geoffrey S., 229Smith, Robert Freeman, 225Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930), 123Snell, Edwin M., 234socialism: and culture of

nineteenth-century Europe, 8; and peace movement in late nineteenth-century U.S., 18

Socialist International (China), 32Social Science Research Council, 108Sorge, Richard, 185South America, and direct

investment by U.S. in 1920s, 94. See also Brazil

Soviet Union: and American economic activities during 1920s, 95; and Communist International (Comintern), 74–5, 152–3; and development of communism in 1930s, 135–6; expulsion from League of Nations, 175; and German-Soviet nonaggression

pact of 1939, 156; and invasion of Baltic states in 1939, 177; and Kellogg-Briand Pact, 84–5; as military power in postwar period, 209; and occupied territories in Balkans and Eastern Europe, 208; and partitioning of Poland in 1939, 172, 174; relations with U.S. in 1920s, 85–8; and United Nations, 211–12; U.S. and recognition of, 149; and Spanish civil war, 152; and view of war by communist leaders, 137; and World War II, 182, 184, 186, 188, 189, 198, 202. See also Russia

Spain: and civil war in 1930s, 152, 157; and European power balance in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 2

Spanish-American War (1898), 12, 35

“Spanish flu,” after World War I, 81Spengler, Oswald, 116Spykman, Nicholas, 170Stalin, Joseph, 87, 102, 135, 185, 203,

212Standard Vacuum Oil Company, 94Starr, J. Frederick, 227state: emergence of modern,

9–18; and intellectuals during 1920s, 110; as key institutional apparatus in fascist countries, 135. See also nation-state

Steiner, Zara, 219Stevenson, David, 220Stilwell, Joseph, 196, 209Stimson, Henry L., 122, 128–9, 180student exchanges, in 1920s, 112–13submarine warfare, and World War I,

23, 25–6, 29–43Sudetenland, and Munich agreement

of 1938, 155, 162Sumatra, 184, 188Sumida, Jon, 220Sun, Youli, 127n6, 233Sun Yat-sen, 31Sykes-Picot agreement (1917), 67Szonyi, Michael, 236






Index

252

Taft, William Howard, 17, 29, 99Taiwan, 205Tansill, Charles C., 233tariffs, and protectionism in 1920s

and 1930s, 99–101, 123Taylor, A. J. P., 62n4, 155n2Taylor, Frederick W., 98Taylor, Sandra, 231Taylorism, 98technological innovations, and

Americanization in 1920s, 117territorial settlements, and Paris peace

conference, 62textbooks, internationalism and

rewriting of in 1920s, 108textile manufacturing, and Industrial

Revolution in Great Britain, 3Thomas, Hugh, 228Thompson, John M., 221Thomson, James C., 231Thorne, Christopher, 227, 235Tierney, Dominic, 230Tillman, Seth P., 222totalitarianism, causes for rise

of modern in 1930s, 134–51. See also fascism

Townsend, Francis E., 141trade: and American foreign

investment during 1920s, 95–7, 100; and American neutrality during early World War I, 21, 23–4, 26; Great Depression and decline in, 121, 145. See also embargos; exports; tariffs

Traina, Richard, 230transnationalism, and cultural

exchanges in 1920s, 112Trotsky, Leon, 51, 53, 87Truman, Harry S., 213Trumpbour, John, 227Tsou, Tang, 236Tuchman, Barbara, 196n2, 235Tucker, Robert C., 231Tulchin, Joseph, 225, 230Tunisia, 199Turkey. See Ottoman Empiretwenty-one demands, 33–4

Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), 146Tyrrell, Ian, 220

Ukraine, and World War I, 51–2United Nations, establishment of, 211,

212United Nations Educational, Scientific,

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 111, 208, 214

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 207

U.S.: development of compared with modern states of Europe in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, 11–18; economics and dollar diplomacy in 1920s, 89–103; European domination and globalization of prior to 1913, 1–9; geopolitics and outbreaks of wars in 1930s, 152–71; and international system of 1920s, 74–88; and involvement in World War I, 39–57; and Paris peace conference of 1919, 58–73; and peace as ideology in 1920s, 104–18; policy of neutrality during early years of World War I, 19–38; policy of neutrality at start of World War II in Europe, 172–92; and World War II as global conflict, 193–217

universities, and studies about international relations in 1920s, 106–8

University of Chicago, 107Untberger, Betty Miller, 221Utley, Jonathan G., 233

Valéry, Paul, 109Vandenberg, Arthur, 207Van Evera, Stephen, 220Varg, Paul A., 225Vera Cruz, U.S. invasion of in 1914,

36Versailles, treaty of (1919), 58–73, 74,

148, 155






Index

253

Vichy French, 195Vietnam. See IndochinaVilla, Francisco, 36Vinson Naval Expansion Act (1937),

162

Walters, F. P., 224Wang Ching-wei (Wang Jingwei), 154,

172war: geopolitics and outbreaks of in

Asia and Europe of 1930s, 152–71; and rise of totalitarianism in 1930s, 136–8

War of 1812, 7Washington Conference of 1921–2,

76–8, 82Washington conversations (1941), 186Watt, D. C., 155n3, 232Weber, Eugen, 228Web-Pomerance Act (1918), 66Weimar Republic (Germany), 82Weinberg, Gerhard J., 155n2, 228, 232Weindling, Paul, 224Welles, Sumner, 160, 163, 176, 199Westernization, and modernization in

non-Western world in nineteenth century, 10

West Indies, 94White, Geoffrey M., 228Whiting, Allen S., 54n7Widenor, William C., 70n10Williams, William Appleman, 53n6,

226Wilmington, Martin W., 236Wilson, Hugh, 163Wilson, Joan Hoff, 226–7Wilson, Theodore A., 232Wilson, Woodrow: and disarmament,

75; and dollar diplomacy, 99; and new American agenda for world affairs, 18; and American policy of neutrality in early years of World War I, 20–1, 24–6, 28, 33–8; and Paris peace conference of 1919, 58–73; and U.S. involvement in World War I, 39, 41, 45–6, 49–57. See also Wilsonianism

Wilsonianism: duel between Leninism and, 54; and Versailles peace of 1919, 60, 68–73; and World War II, 201

Winkler, Jonathan Reed, 220Wiseman, William, 25Wittner, Lawrence S., 229Wohlstetter, Roberta, 233–4women, and peace movements, 106Women’s International League for

Peace and Freedom, 106Wood, Bryce, 225World Bank, 210–11, 216World Court (The Hague), 81World Health Organization, 214“world public opinion,” Wilson’s

concept of, 45, 69World War I: American policy of

neutrality during early years of, 19–38; cost of to Europe, 89; and Paris peace conference, 58–73; and U.S. military participation, 39–57

World War II: European war and U.S. policy of neutrality, 172–92; and impact of global conflict on international diplomacy, 193–217

Wright, J. L., 5n6Wright, Quincy, 107

Xu, Guoqi, 220–1, 222, 229

Yalta Conference (1945), 212“yellow peril” concept, 16Yergin, Daniel, 222, 233–4Yoneyama, Lisa, 228Yōsuke, Matsuoka, 185Young, Owen D., 91, 93“young China” movement, 32Young Plan, 93, 120Yu, Maochun, 235Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k’ai), 31,

33–4Yugoslavia, 62

Zeiler, Thomas W., 219, 234Zheng, Yangwen, 236Zimmerman, Alfred, 40






index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805217/63288/index/9780521763288_index.pdfafrican...

Documents