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Index

accidents and major exposuresarsenic, “largest mass poisoning”, 451Bhopal explosion, 18Chernobyl explosion, 393Danube cyanide spill , 14Exxon Valdez oil spill, 246Minamata, mercury poisoning, 444Rhine chemical spill, 14TVA ash pond, failure, 430

acetic acid, 557acetone, 504acetylcholine, 466acid depositionacid-forming pollutants, 155aerosols, 155buffers, 157carbonic acid, 156dry and wet, 156formed of, 155high stack emissions, 156history, 156ill effects, 159–162

aluminum, 431erosion, haze, 162forests, 160mercury, 431metals, 431water and aquatic life, 159

internationalAsia, 167China, 167–168Europe, 166

NAPAP, 158, 159, 160, 164pH, 158recovery from, 164reducing

nitrogen oxides, 163sulfur dioxide, 162

soilbase cations, 157ill effects, 431

sources, 162transboundary, 165

acid from mining, 428adipic acid, 526Afghanistan, 343

Africa, 28, 74, 83, 88, 143, 144, 147, 181, 302, 343,414, 475, 477, 478, 479

agenciesUS Centers for Disease Control, 25, 70, 85, 91, 289,

290, 422US Consumer Product Safety Commission

(CPSC), 487US Department of Agriculture, 472US Department of Energy, 47, 331, 352, 359, 361,

384, 532US DOE, see US Department of EnergyUS EPA, 12, 24, 39, 42, 47, 71, 98, 102, 104, 110,

111, 112, 113, 118, 121, 125, 126, 131,134, 135, 138, 144, 198, 199, 232, 248,249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 263,266, 271, 272, 276, 277, 282, 287, 288,289, 290, 291, 292, 296, 297, 299, 300,308, 318, 319, 324, 333, 339, 352, 353,356, 359, 360, 366, 368, 379, 389, 391,410, 414, 417, 418, 422, 425, 430, 433,434, 436, 437, 444, 445, 447, 450, 451,460, 464, 465, 469, 470, 471, 472, 483,489, 492, 494, 497, 498, 500, 503, 505,507, 519, 524

US EPA’s Science Advisory Panel, 165US Fish & Wildlife Service, 471US Food and Drug Administration, 84, 102, 299,

418, 444, 447, 465US Geological Survey, 320US National Academy of

Sciences, 498US National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

8, 219closed-loop system, 515

US National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, 178, 213,221, 255

US National Research Council, 102, 114, 269, 279,289, 443, 447

Agenda 21, 21, 305, 334AIDS, 27, 28, 72, 298, 302air pollutants

HAPsexamples, 139

summary, 119sulfur and nitrogen oxides, 129

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air pollutants, criteriaambient air standards, 118as principal air pollutants,

118carbon monoxide, 119–121fate, 120ill effects, 120produced of, 119reducing, 120sources, 120

lead, 135sources, 135

nitrogen oxides, 128–130aerosols, 128fate, 128ill effects, 128produced of, 129reducing, 130, 279, 386

low-NOx burners, 391sources, 128

ozone, 190–191fate, 124ill effects, 122–123ill effects, continuum, 124intractable, 125motor vehicles, 124peroxyacyl nitrate, 122photochemical smog, 122produced of, 123reducing levels, 379sources, 123tropospheric, 122

particulates, 130–134description, 130epidemiology, 132fate, 134ill effects, 132PAHs, 133

exposure, 133ill effects, 133reducing, 133sources, 133

PM10 PM2.5, 131, 132reducing, 134reduced levels, 512sources, 132

sulfur dioxide, 125–127aerosols, 125China haze, 127fate, 127ill effects, 126reducing, 127

fluidized bed, 391scrubbers, 391

sources, 126air pollutants, HAPs

ill effects, 138

maximum available technology (MACT), 140reducing, 140

air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),138–140

air pollutants, principal, see air pollutants, criteriaair pollutants, summary, 119air pollutants, toxics, see air pollutants, HAPsair pollutants, VOCs, 136–137fate, 137ill effects, 136reducing, 137sources, 136VOCs and ozone, 136

air pollutionbrown Asian haze (ABC), 149Calcutta, 149Eastern Europe

reducing, 151from desertification, 148from space, 142–144

carbon monoxide, 142dust storms, 144NASA, 142smoke, 143

less-developed countries, 148children, 148reducing, 150

seen from space, 142–144Shenzhen

cause, 150air pollution and desertificationreducing, 148

air toxics, see air pollutants, HAPsAlaska, 232, 402Algeria, 397allergies, 72, 73, 77, 126, 139, 447, 486, 490,

492, 493, 494alveoli, 74ambient air pollutants, see air pollutants,

criteriaammonia, 558Anopheles mosquito, 471Antarctic, 144, 174, 175, 177, 181, 211, 219, 221, 222,

224, 226, 233, 234, 257, 348, 420, 422 seealso stratospheric ozone

antibiotic drugsresistance to, 471

antifreeze, 102Apollo Project“energy, jobs”, 406

Aral Sea, 147Arctic, 257, 420, 435, 449PCB levels, 15POP accumulation, 15

Argentina, 302, 469Aroclor

see PCBs

563 Index




Arrhenius, Svante, 170arsenic, 12, 288, 293, 294, 295, 308, 309, 451, 452,

453 see also water contaminants

as syphilis treatment, 432inorganic compounds, 452uses, 452

asbestos, 64, 94, 139, 370, 484, 505exposure, 12

Asia, 21, 109, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153,167, 169, 189, 190, 269, 302, 343, 426, 435,440, 451, 453, 477, 480, 512

arsenic exposure, 432aspirin, 59, 61, 69, 501Atlantic Ocean, 21, 143, 144, 152, 178, 207, 272,

278, 370atmospheric deposition, see also acidic deposition

(“acid rain”)atrazine, 464atropine, 59Australia, 265, 450, 475, 533

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 461baculoviruses, 461Bangkok, 150Bangladesh, 12, 302, 344, 371, 453arsenic, 293steel recycling, 370

banksAsia Development Bank, 21, 512Inter-American Development Bank, 480World Bank, 23, 148, 280, 302, 405, 444

base deposition, 157batteriesenergy to manufacture, 341EU regulations, 342lead acid, 336metal reclamation, 342Ni–cad, 342rechargeable, 342reclaiming metals from, 342waste management hierarchy, 341

Beijing, 81, 145, 146, 151, 345, 387, 500Belgium, 536benzene, 78, 94, 527exposure, 140ill effects, 139VOCs, 136

benzopyrene, 76as PBT, 415

Bhopal, 1, 18, 19, 32, 39, 42,444, 525

bioaccumulation, 411land-based, 16

biodiesel, 383biofuelsLCA, 55

biomass fuelsalgae, 383

biomonitoring, see chemicals in the bodybiosolids, see wastewater treatmentBiosphere 2, 7, 515bio-treatment, see solid waste, municipal:

compostingbisphenol A (BPA), 83–85Black Sea, 278, 279black-lung disease, 386“blue baby” syndrome, 293Bolivia, 499Bombay, 27botulinum toxin, 59, 60Brazil, 21, 109, 149, 209, 302, 311, 337, 345, 346, 383,

448, 536Curitiba, 25

brownfield, see hazardous waste sitesBt, 473Buenos Aires, 302

cadmium, 70, 139 see also metalsCAFOs, see confined animal

feeding operationcalcium carbonate shells, 559Calcutta, 149, 150California, 12, 148, 256, 264, 319, 366, 369, 399, 401,

404, 468, 475, 531motor vehicles, 380

Cambodia, 364, 478Cameroon, 144, 205Canada, 15, 76, 257, 299, 300, 441,

464, 494Arctic animals, 416

Canberra, 533cancer

causes, 80, 83, 94infection, 80pollutants, 80

development, 79–80dose–response, 79initiation and promotion, 79organ affected

bladder, 98, 294liver, 74, 94, 294lung, 12, 78, 94, 294, 450, 498scrotum, 94skin, 225, 293vagina, 83

carbofuran, 469carbon monoxide, 60, 119, 120, 135, 142, 143, 376,

379, 392, 487, 509 see also air pollutants,criteria

carbon tetrachloride, 220carbonic acid, 557Caribbean, 144, 147, 432cars, see motor vehicles

564 Index




cataracts, 225caustic, 502CCA alternatives, 452CFL light bulbs, 387chemical

bioavailability, 66persistence, 35PCBs, dioxins, 65

reference, 44chemical effects

body organs, 71–74irritant, 63local, 73multiple chemicals, 62additive, 19, 63antagonists, antidotes, 19, 63synergism, 19, 63, 74

synergism, 74target organs, 65

chemical exposure, 89children, 76multiple chemicals, 62one chemical, 63

chemical riskimpoverished countries, 109occupational, 109

chemical risk assessment, 34–35, 98–108animal tests, 105cancer, 104–108dose–response, 105excess tumors, 105exposure assessment, 105hazard identification, 104maximum tolerated dose, 105no safe dose, 105potency factor, 106risk

assumptions, 107risk characterization, 106upper-bound risk, 108

cancer dose–response assessment, 105definition, 34dose responsereference dose, 101safety factor, 101

dose–responseNOAEL, 101

dose–response assessment, 100,101, 105

ecosystem assessment, 108exposure assessment, 100most highly exposed, 103route of, 103source, 103worse-case, 103

future of, 113hazard, 98

hazard assessment, 100hazard identification, 100hazardous waste sites

indicator chemicals, 99human subjects, 102non-cancer, 100–104pesticides

cumulative risk, 104risk characterization, 100

hazard quotient, 104safety factor

children, 465factors of 10, 102–103

what it compensates for, 99when warranted, 99why do, 99

chemical risk management,110–113

factors considered, 110laws and regulations, 110legislative tools, 110negligible risk, 110

chemical toxicity, 62aflatoxins, action level, 74ammonia, 218arsenic, 64, 453

drinking water, 293epidemiologic studies, 295exposure

chronic, 293drinking water, 451sources of, 453

exposure levels, 295gangrene, 294in utero, 295key environmental health

problem, 451local and systemic effects, 73mass poisoning, 293murders, 452reducing risk, 294–295

asbestos, 12, 73atrazine, 114benzene, 65cadmium, 70caffeine, 62carbofuran, 469carbon monoxide, 72, 388carbon tetrachloride, 62DDT, 413, 415DES, 83dibromochloropropane, 76diethylene glycol, 102dioxins, 413endosulfan, 469ethyl alcohol, 62, 72formaldehyde, 63, 64, 73

565 Index




chemical toxicity, (cont.)insecticides, 466–468

carbamates, 467DDT, 466organochlorines, 466organophosphates, 466

iron, 427lead

IQ and memory, 435mercury

inhalation, 66metals, 72, 427, 432methylmercury, 66, 447

wildlife, 444neomycin, 73nitrite

methemoglobin, 293nutrition and toxicity, 432oxalic acid, 62parathion, 65particles, 73PCBs, 413, 417

fetal brain, 417pesticides, 73, 466–469pesticides and children, 77radon, 12reactive gases, 73solanine, 62teratogens, 75thalidomide, 76tin, organo-, 433tobacco products, 76toxic element, 427trichloroethylene, 107vitamin A, 76

chemicals in the bodyabsorption, 64–65

ingestion, 64portal blood, 64

inhalation, 64lung alveoli, 64skin, 65

ADME, 64–68bioaccumulation, 35, 67biomagnification, 67

methylmercury, 67biomonitoring, 91body burden, 91–93

chemicals found, 91CDC studies, 91

usefulness, 93distribution and target organs, 65excretion

how occurs, 67metabolism, 65

biotransformation, 65storage, 66

chemistryacids, 556analytical, 19

vanishing zero, 42atomic mass, 540atomic nucleus

neutrons, 539protons, 539

atomic number, 540atoms, 539Avogadro’s constant, 552balancing reactions, 552, 554chemical bonds, 547

covalent, 545ionic, 546

electron, 540configuration, 543

electrostatic forces, 547elements, 539

electronegative, 543, 546electropositive, 543hydrogen, 540, 545deuterium, 542tritium, 542

lithium, 545noble, 543

free radicals, 550hydroxyl radical

atmospheric roles, 550incomplete products of combustion, 555isotopes

environmental chemistry, 542lithium, 542mercury, 441oxygen, 175radioisotopes, 175, 393, 543stable, 543what they are, 542

metal primer, 426molecular mass

calculating, 547neutralization, 557oxidation

hydrocarbons, 554oxidation reactions, 552–555periodic table, 540pH, 556reduction reactions, 553stable octet, 544stoichiometry, 552subatomic particles, 539valence, 544

chemistry, chemicalsacids, 556–558

ocean, 556–558acids, strong, 557acids, weak, 557

566 Index




bases, 557benzo(a)pyrene, 556biochemicals, 549corrosive examples, 349flammable examples, 349formula, 540inorganic, 17, 549organic, 548–549definition, 548

polyhalogenated examples, 411reactive examples, 349waterhydrogen bonding, 556

Chernobyl, 393Chesapeake Bay, 243, 258Chicago, 270, 299children

drinking-water pollution, 302hazardous products, 501, 503indoor air pollution, 77, 499less-developed countriesair pollution, 148

nontoxic products, 504pesticide exposure, 77tolerances, 465

pesticideswood preservative exposure, 451

smoke exposure, 499children and in utero, 75–78, 469Chile, 225China, 22–24, 40–41, 81, 127, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150,

151, 167, 168, 229, 280, 281, 282, 304, 344,347, 366, 369, 387, 396, 403, 478, 499,500, 525

acid deposition, 168air pollution, 145–146banning plastic bags, 345cancer villages, 23, 81, 87carbon dioxide emissions, 202coal burning, 81, 167, 194, 202, 375, 387, 499coal reserves, 386consumption, 28desertification, 145dust and sand storms, 145–146dust storms, 145economic growth, 24, 41, 387energy usecoal, 387economic activity, 535inefficiency, 387renewables, 387

energy use per capita, 375environmental health, 81environmental laws, 40environmental organizations, 40Environmental Performance Index, 536exported products, 28

export-related pollution, 150food production, 127green chemistry, 524green technology, 319human dominance culture, 22laws, 40–41lead in children’s blood, 436mercury

workplace exposure, 445multinational operations, 41name and shame, 41pesticide use, 478pollution

air, 23coastal, 281drinking water, 23, 281, 282, 302energy use, 387indoor air, 499metals, 430reducing pollution, 281, 500rivers, 280waste, 312waste electronics, 367waste, silicon tetrachloride, 398water, 81

unregulated emissions, 281pollution and population, 281polysilicon production, 396power plants

emission controls, 392reducing pollution, 40–41

greenhouse emissions, 209right-to-know, 44sand and dust storms, 145–146solid waste, 312, 344, 345State Environmental Protection Administration, 23,

145, 280chloracne, 68, 417chlordane, 416chlorine, 502chloroformexposure, 140ill effects, 139

cholera, 308chromated copper arsenate (CCA),

451–452Clean Air Act, see lawsClean Water Act, see lawsclimate changeIPCC, 172

closed-loop systems, 514–515Biosphere, not successful, 515closed-loop recycling, 515cradle to cradle, 356, 514

See dematerializationLCA

cars, 331

567 Index




closed-loop systems, (cont.)DfE, 516factor 4, factor 10, 515how nature does it, 514industrial ecology, 513–516Kalundborg

first model, 515NASA

Advanced Life Support System, 515need to dematerialize, 513recycling

not enough, 515wastes and emissions

as resources, 511zero waste, zero emissions, 511

closed-loop systems, dematerializationcomputer design, 516designing for, 516durability, 520, 530environmentally benign manufacturing, 532environmentally preferable products, 519extended producer responsibility

(EPR), 521product stewardship, 521–523

barriers, 522drivers, 522

servicizingchemicals, 522definition, 522durability, 522EPR, 522

take-back laws, 521tools

design for the environment (DfE), 519LCA, 517

comparing products, 518complexity, 517

P2, 516zero waste

progress toward, 529closed-loop systems, detoxification, 523–526green chemistry, 365, 523

biodegradable, 525carpets, 529change chemical used, 524change production process, 525goals, 524–526major future changes, 526–528reduce chemical waste, 525using enzymes, 527using microbes, 526using wastes, 527

coalamounts burned, 430ash from burning, 386externalities, 385increase in usage, 385

life-cycle assessment, 386reserves of, 386sulfur

reducing, 386coal burning

ash ponds, 430metal emissions, 453pollution from

reducing, 391power plants, 429

ash amounts, 430power plants, retrofitting, 392radioactive metal emissions, 453

Coeur d’AleneSuperfund mining site, 351

coliform, fecal, 289colony collapse disorder, 468Colorado, 71, 83, 144, 200, 276, 399combustion, 12, 76, 335, 429, 483, 546, 555

gasoline, 11incomplete products of, 11

command-and-control, 39limitations, 41

comparative risk assessment, 35–38copper

mining, ancient practices, 431coral reefs, 6, 188, 208corporations

3M, 46, 421AMOCO, 42Androscoggin Energy, 390Bayer, 525BMW, 331BP-Amoco, 390Bruce Mansfield, 392Castrol Chemical, 523Caterpillar, 320Chevron, 388Chisso, 444Donlar, 525Dow Chemical, 19, 415, 525Duke Energy, 388DuPont, 415, 529Epson, 531Fetzer Vineyards, 531Fiat, 331General Electric, 418Hewlett-Packard, 369Honda, 380Hooker Chemical, 350Interface, 522, 531International Paper, 390, 531LL Bean, 333Maine Oxy, 402Motorola, 523Navistar, 523Nokia, 320

568 Index




Occidental Chemical, 350Panasonic, 369Pillsbury, 531Proctor & Gamble, 415, 518Raytheon, 523Renault, 331Rohm and Hass, 391Sony, 369Sunoco, 380Toyota, 380, 532Unilever, 50Union Carbide, 18, 42Volvo, 331, 518Wal-Mart, 325Xerox, 520, 522, 531

cotinine, 91crabs, 242, 274, 277cradle to cradle, 356criteria air pollutants, see air pollutants,

criteriaCryptosporidium parvum, 289, 300curare, 59Curitiba, 25, 311, 337, 345, 346, 536Czech Republic, 151

right-to-know, 44

Davis, 475DDT, 15, 17, 35, 66, 67, 75, 77, 82, 83, 86, 92, 106, 107,

108, 156, 248, 258, 410, 412, 415, 416, 420,421, 423, 457, 458, 459, 466, 467, 471, 478,481 see also persistent organic pollutants(POPs); see also pesticidal chemicals

biomagnification, 466malaria, 415metabolite, 92one of “dirty dozen”, 415

dead zones, 273, 276–279Black Sea, 278recovery, 278

description, 277Gulf of Mexico, 276–278nitrate fertilizer, 277reducingCAFOs, 279fertilizer, 279

water pollution, nitrogen glut, 273dematerialization, 516Denmark, 51, 107, 399, 447

industrial symbiosis, 51DES, 83, 84, 93, 94desert

Gobi, 144, 146Sahara and Sahel, 144

desertification, 6, 145, 146, 147, 148,153, 202

and pollution, 145design for disassembly (DfD), 320

design for the environment, see alsoDfE, closed-loopsystems

design for disassembly, 320, 369cars, 331

remanufacturing examples, 320design for the environment (DfE)Detroit, 361DfE, 48, 316, 365, 370, 516, 517, see also green

chemistryand design for disassembly, 320, 331design changes, 324design for durability, 520design for waste minimization, 334, 369, 534electronic equipment, 324examples of, 519green chemistry, 523redesigning electronics, 369reducing excess material, 333reducing hazardous waste, 365take-back programs, 333

Dhaka, 344dibromochloropropane, 76dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, see DDTdiethylene glycol, 102diethylstilbestrol, see DESdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 65dioxins, 14, 17, 35, 37, 44, 65, 67, 68, 90, 92, 93, 114,

134, 338, 350, 351, 363, 412, 415, 416, 417,418, 420, 444, 448, 488

air emissions, 14as PBTs, 414bioaccumulation, 67bioavailability, 66biomagnification, 90cannot totally ban, 416chloracne, 417chlorine-using processes, 90combustion, 90processes that produce, 416

dissolved oxygen, 241, 242, 259, 276, 279Dobson units

see stratospheric ozone depletion, 221Dominican Republic, 146drinking waterbackground, 286bottled

compared to tap, 299environmental impact, 299standards, 299

contaminated, 300human waste, 300–303

ill effects, 300issues

most sensitive groups, 298population, 298

less-developed countries, 300–302cholera, 308

569 Index




drinking water (cont.)point-of-use treatment, 305–306reducing pathogens, 305

safegreatest medical milestone, 300

safetyaging systems, 297

small systems, 297water-borne illness, 290why treat, 289

drinking-water contaminantsarsenic, 293

Asia, 432mass poisoning, 293removing, 295source, 293well water, 293

chloroform and trihalomethanes, 291DBPs, removing, 291DBPs, risk, 291disinfection byproducts, 290fluoride

controversy, 288lead, 437microbes, 289

fecal coliform, 289nitrate

ill effects, 292immediate threat, 292sources, 292

pathogensdisinfection, 290–292ill effects, 289immediate threat, 289reducing, 290sources, 290

drinking-water contaminants, emergingantibiotics, 296hormones, 296treatments for, 297

drinking-water disinfectantschlorine, 290–291non-chemical methods, 292non-chlorine chemicals, 291reducing, 292

drinking-water standardsmaximum contaminant level, 287primary, 287–288

examples, 288secondary, 296

public welfare, 296taste, color, odor, 296

drinking water, less-developedcountries

boiling water, 302children, impact on, 302diarrhea, 302

Household Water Treatment Network, 302one billion without access, 301pathogens

ill effects, 301unsafe water and sanitation, 300untreated human waste, 302water scarcity and pollution, 302

durability, 535dematerialization, 530

dust storms and desertification, 147

Earth Summit, 21, 194, 305Eastern Europe, 262ecosystem services, 3, 4, 6, 8, 253, 511 see nature’s

servicesEgypt

right-to-know, 44electricity production

biomass, 399–400coal

LCA, 386coal versus nuclear, 393coal, oil, gas, 385–388dams, 403geothermal, 401

heat mining, 401hydrogen fuel cells

stationary, 401micropower

off central grid, 404natural gas

nitrogen oxides, 387nuclear fusion, 394nuclear power, 392–394

France, 393LCA, 394safety, 393waste disposal, 393

ocean energythermal energy conversion, 403tidal, 402wave, 402

pollutionreducing, 388–392

pollution burning coal, 386renewable sources, 395–404renewables

dependence on sun, 395smart grid, 406solar, 395–398

photovoltaic, 395–397large operations, 397LCA, 396medium operations, 396polysilicon pollution, 396small operations, 395storing energy, 397

570 Index




solar, concentrated, 397wind machinesstoring energy, 398

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), see laws, US

emissions trading, 110endocrine disrupter, see hormones,

environmentalend-of-pipe, 39, 45

definition, 39endosulfan, 469energy use, world, 374–377

coal, 375conservationin industry, 390–392in the home, 388–389

conservation and efficiency, 388–392conservation, promoting, 403energy intensity, 407fossil fuels, 375future possibilities, 407increased demand, 374associated pollution, 374

industrycogeneration, recycled energy, 391district heating, 390electric motors, 390energy audit, 391manufacturing, 390reducing

clean coal technology, 391cleaner fuels, 391

reducing use, 392steam generation, 390waste energy, 391

Japan as a model, 407rural poor, 405wood and other biofuels, 375

England, 107environmental health, poverty, 21environmental hormones

potential human impact, 86environmental issues

high-risk global issues, 36US trendsUS EPA, 512

environmental justice, 110Environmental Performance Index, 535

good governance, 536environmentally benign manufacturing, 532environmentally preferable products, 318epidemics

cancer, 83water-borne, 290

epidemiology, 93–97benzene, 94biological plausibility, 96

birth defects, 96chimney sweeps, 94cluster, 95community studies, 95confounding factors, 94definition, 93electromagnetic fields, 96exposure evaluation, 94judging studies, 95–96limits of, 96occupational exposures, 94PCBs, 418radon, 94risk factor, 96scrotal cancer, 94

EPR, 325, 331, 333, 368, 521, 522ethanol, 400from cellulosic material, 383from corn, 383

ethanol and aflatoxins, 78Ethiopia, 480EU, 44, 403, 407, 420, 422 see also European UnionEurope, 23, 24, 27, 28, 76, 78, 101, 112, 121, 134, 141,

143, 147, 150, 151, 152, 156, 165, 166, 168,174, 190, 202, 223, 263, 264, 269, 270, 272,278, 279, 297, 298, 299, 365, 369, 370, 385,390, 397, 399, 408, 426, 431, 435, 446, 522,532, 533, 536

air pollutants, 141energy production

coal, 385European Pollutant Emission Register, see laws, EUEuropean Union, 44, 85, 111, 134, 151, 152, 165, 194,

195, 324, 342, 365Producer Pays Program, 325

exotic, 1, 278, 475control agents, danger, 475

exposure to chemicals, see chemical exposureextended producer responsibility (EPR), 325Exxon Valdez oil spill, 246, 444

FDA, see agencies: US Food and DrugAdministration

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,see laws

fire retardantsPBDEs, 414

fishable and swimmable, 39, 236, 255Florida, 7, 79, 82, 83, 86, 144, 441, 461, 463fluorine, 543, 544formaldehydeill effects, 139

France, 14, 74, 331, 371, 392, 459, 536Freedom Car, 382frogs, 82, 114, 158, 244, 274, 469fuel cells, 381furans, see dioxins

571 Index




gasolinecombustion, 11

general circulation models,see global warming

genetically engineered organism (GEO)why develop, 461

Geneva, 299GEOs, 461, 476geothermalelectricity production, 401space heating, 401

Germany, 14, 24, 151, 158, 166, 201, 232,297, 331, 332, 333, 337, 396, 397, 399,452, 494, 536

recycling, 322Ghana, 265Giardia lamblia, 289, 290global dimming, 23, 143global distillation, see grasshopper effectglobal warminga warming earth, 176–178assessing, 182–185

GCMs, 182–184IPCC report, 184, 206

background, 170feedback loop, 186heat island, 176how seen, 64–68

future, 206–208melting ice, 178permafrost, 180sea levels, 182warming earth, 176warming oceans, 178

ice-core studies, 173–175ice-core bubbles, 542mitigation, 203–205natural?, 183

external forcings, 183human signature, 183sun’s radiation, 183

reducingcarbon dioxide, 196CFCs, 198economics of, 206fluorochemicals, 198how, 196–198International Energy

Agency, 208Kyoto, 194–196Kyoto, beyond, 208less-developed countries, 209methane, 198Montreal Protocol, 198nitrous oxide, 199political entities, 199–203soot, 199

global warming, greenhouse gasescarbon dioxide, 187–188

sinks, 187sources, 187

carbon dioxide equivalent, 185CFCs and others, 192levels of, 173livestock emissions, 192methane, 189–190

fate, 190sources, 189

nitrous oxide, 191ocean acidification, 188ozone

fate, 191soot, 192water vapor, 186

Gobi desert, 144grasshopper effect, 15–16, 413Great Lakes, 67, 255, 256, 284, 410, 417, 418, 419,

420, 423, 433, 466green chemistry

designing chemicals, 415what it is, 523

Green Revolution, 480Greenland, 449growth regulators, 472Gulf of Mexico, 250, 276, 277,

278, 279

Haber-Bosch, 273, 275fertilizer, 273population growth, 273

Hawaii, 435hazard

definition, 35variety of meanings, 99

Hazard and risk, 34hazardous air pollutants, see air pollutants, HAPs,

air pollutants, hazardoushazardous products, 500–502

alternatives, 504characteristics

corrosiveexamples, 501

flammableexamples, 502labels, 501

more than one hazard, 502reactive, 502examples, 502

toxic, 501HHW

antifreeze, 507collection programs, 507paint, oil-based, 507pesticides, 507

572 Index




reducing amounts, 508used oil, 507

household hazardous waste(HHW), 506

labels, 491, 502–504caution, 503nontoxic, 504

reducing exposure, 504reducing HHW, 506required information, 503safe use, 504toxiclabels, 501

TUR, 504ventilation, 504

hazardous wastecharacteristics, 348corrosive, 349flammable, 349reactive, 349toxic, 348

generators, 352hazard or risk, 349reducing generation, 365tracking cradle to grave, 356why important, 348WMH, 353–355disposal, 354pollution prevention, 353recycling and reuse, 353sources, 352treatment, 355, 363

bioremediation, 354purposes of, 354

hazardous waste generatorsindustry categories, 349

hazardous waste sites, 350, 351brownfields, 361cleanupbioremediation, 363genetically modified organisms, 363metal contamination, 362phytoremediation, 363site specific standards, 361

cleanup methods, 361–363definition, 356evaluating, 356old, 350reducing risk, 360–361cleanup, 360–361imminent hazard, 360

Superfund, 356hazardous waste sites, Superfund, 71

Coeur d’Alene megasite, 351Love Canal, 350cleanup, 350dioxins, 351

mining megasites, 351National Priority List, 356Smuggler Mountain, 71

hazardous waste, household, 349composition, 352

hazardous waste, international transport, 364–365Basel Convention

Control of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes, 364–365

electronic waste, 370electronics

illegal movement, 366ships, old, 370–371

hazardsold buildings

asbestos, 505heat island, see global warmingheavy metal, 304, 362, 370definition, 427

helium, 545hemoglobin, 60, 120, 293, 549hexachlorobenzene, 415as PBT, 415

hexazinone, 470Hong Kong, 343hormones, 80cortisol, 295estrogen, 62hormone receptor, 62pharmaceutical

androgens, 86pharmaceutical estrogens, 83

hormones, environmental, 80–86alligators, 82BPA, 83dioxins, DDT and PCBs, 413estrogen mimic

DDT, 82Lake Apopka, 82mimics, 62phthalates, 85

infant males, 101phytoestrogens, 81, 86pollutant, 62

Houston, 25, 123air pollution, 118

Hudson River, 417Human Domination, 1, 33, 512Hungary, 14hydrocarbons, 133, 489hydrochloric acid, 556hydrogenfuel cell, 381

Iceland, 401, 402incomplete products of combustionexamples, 555

573 Index




India, 12, 22, 149, 265, 302, 371,407, 536

coal reserves, 386energy use, 387

economic activity, 535energy use per capita, 375Kerala, 25power plants emission controls, 392steel, 370

individualsconsequences of actions, 334personal actions, 319pollution prevention examples, 48recycling and reuse

examples, 49Indonesia, 452, 479indoor air pollutants, 483–500auto exhaust, 488benzene

description, 490ill effects, 490sources, 490

biologicaldescription, 493

carbon monoxide sources, 487–488formaldehyde

description, 489ill effects, 490

from carpets, 494from combustion appliances, 487from consumer products

advice, 491reducing exposure, 486

from stoves, fireplaces, 488moisture

mold, 492reducing, 492

mold, 486nitrogen oxides

combustion appliances, 487other chemicals, 491PAHs

benzo(a)pyrene, 489description, 489sources, 489

paradichlorobenzenesources, 491

particulatescombustion appliances, 487description, 494sources, 494

PERCsources, 490

radonaction level, 494, 498how generated, 494ill effects, uncertainty, 498

lung cancer, 498polonium-218 and -214, 497reducing levels, 497smoking, 497, 498sources, 494testing for, 497well water, 497

tobacco smoke, 487ubiquitous chemicals, 488VOCs

sources, 488indoor air pollution, 77

background, 483ill effects, 485–486

chronic, 486examples, 485temporary, 486

reducing, 493ventilation, 486

sources, 483indoor air pollution, less-developed countries,

499–500carbon monoxide, 499China, 500

indoor air pollutionill effects, 499reducing

alternative fuels, 500efficient stoves, 500

reducing exposure, 500smoke, 499

exposure, 499fuels used, 499

industrial ecology, 51–54, 513–515,513–516

phosphorus, 271ultimate goal, 514wastewater, 263

industrial symbiosis, 51–54integrated pest management, 268, 474

See IPMInuit, 15, 413, 416, 442ionizing radiation, see also indoor air pollutants:

radonalpha, beta, gamma particles, 497carbon-14, 495cosmic rays, 495exposure sources, 496isotopes

nuclear fission, 394radioisotopes, 495

potassium-40, 495radioisotopes, 175

half-life, 497radon, 497tritium, 542uranium, thorium, 393

574 Index




radon, 497background, 495

terrestrial sources, 495thorium-232, 495uranium-238, 495X-rays, 496

Iowa, 399IPCC, see global warmingiron, see metalsisopropyl alcohol, 504Israel, 264, 420Istanbul

air pollution, 118Italy, 203, 331, 351, 382, 524

Japan, 15, 23, 24, 28, 36, 70, 145, 146, 147, 165, 167,209, 326, 331, 333, 334, 336, 343, 368, 374,375, 380, 382, 392, 394, 407, 418, 420, 431,444, 466, 516, 521, 524, 532, 533, 534, 535,536, 537

DfE, 368minimizing energy use, 534Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Directive, 368Java, 447jelly comb, 278

Kabul, 343kaizen, 533Kalundborg, 51, 390, 515Kauai, 435Kentucky, 29, 300Kenya, 344, 499, 500Korea, 24, 145, 146, 165, 167, 370Kyoto Protocol, see global warming

lakesLake Chad, 147Lake Erie, 147Lake Ontario, 420

Latin America, 15, 147, 265, 308, 464, 475, 477, 480laws

EUtake back, 325

EU Registration, Evaluation and Authorization ofChemicals, 111

EU Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentDirective, 324

one size fits all, 42unintended consequences, 42US Clean Air Act, 38, 39, 43, 118, 124, 137, 138,

154, 156, 162, 164, 168, 169, 413, 445air quality standards, 118grandfathering, 392

US Clean Air Act Amendments, 138, 140, 158, 162,164, 379, 433

US Clean Water Act, 38, 39, 236–249, 261, 263

US Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act, 38 see alsoUS Superfund

US Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 43

US Energy Policy Act, 381US Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, 102US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide

Act, 38, 471, 504US Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, 502US Oil Pollution Act, 258US Poison Prevention Act, 503US Pollution Prevention Act, 46US Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 38,

315, 354US Safe Drinking Water Act, 38, 236, 287–293US Superfund, 38, 71, 350, 351, 352, 354, 356, 357,

360, 361, 364, 372, 373, 417US Toxic Substances Control Act,

38, 111, 249US Toxics Release Inventory, 43–44, 352

LCA, 331, 517–519coal, 386computers, 370definition, 30environmentally preferable products, 519four stages of, 517metal products, 428refrigerators, autos, 370

lead, see metals, lead and PBT metal, lead, metalsLegionella bacteria, 289life-cycle assessment, See LCALima, 308lime, see metals, calcium oxidelivestockCAFOs, 279greenhouse gas emissions, 51, 192

Los Angeles, 24, 25, 53, 109, 123, 132, 144, 148, 149,256, 396

Louisville, 300lye, 502

Maine, 369, 390, 402, 443, 470malaria, 471Manila, 344marine organisms, 327Maritime Provinces, 441Maryland, 270, 369Massachusetts, 319, 366, 457McDonough, William, 10, 311, 515megacities, 27, 149, 257mercury, 140metal pollutantsagricultural soils, 431Arctic haze, 426characteristics, 425–427exposure

575 Index




metal pollutants (cont.)food, drinking water, 427how exposed, 431

fresh and marine waters, 431hazardous waste sites, 431mining

ancient practices, 431sulfur and acid, 428wastes, 428

particulates, 426reducing levels, 432

pollution prevention, 433soil and sediment, 426sources, 428–431

fossil fuel burning, 429mining, 428mining, overburden, 312, 428smaller sources, 430

transport in water, 426transport with wind, 426

metals, 70, 363, 427 see also hazardous waste sitesand chemical toxicity

aluminumbauxite mining, 322recycling, 322

and coal burning, 453arsenic, 430, 451–453

as pesticide, 457sources, 453sources, natural, 453

arsenic, cadmium, lead, 145cadmium, 70, 427

Arctic, 449mining, 448natural sources, 449NiCad batteries, 448, 450takeup into plants, 449uses, 448zinc mining, 450

calcium oxide, 426characteristics, 425–427copper, 448copper arsenate

as pesticide, 457hazardous, 427heavy, 262

definition, 427in coal, 386iron, 331, 336iron (steel), 322, 324, 378

manufacture, 320, 322, 387, 407mills, 361recycling, 370, 452usage, 452

iron oxide, 426lead, 448

ancient mining, 431

clean up, 362dispersive emissions, 412old leaded paint, 71properties and uses, 434remaining uses, 437smelting, 351Superfund sites, 351tetraethyl, 426

lead, see also PBT metal, leadlead arsenate

as pesticide, 457lithium, 432mercury, see also PBT metal

artisanal mining, 439as pesticide, 457cinnabar, 439cycling in environment, 440hot spots, 443isotopes, 441mercuric oxide, 440products containing, 439properties, 140sources, 439vapor, 440

metal oxides, 426mining, 71, 427

ancient practices, 431natural, 427nickel, 381nutrient metals, 427plant hyperaccumulation, 363plutonium, 363poisoning with, 432problematic, 428radioactive, 386recoverable, 320recovering metals from electronics, 369selenium

wildlife poisoning, 432shipbreaking, 370strontium

bioaccumulation in bones, 67thallium, 430therapeutic uses, 432

bismuth, 432folk remedies, 432gold, 432lithium, 432

tin, 433antifouling paint, 433organotin toxicity, 433

tin, tributyl- (TBT), 433toxicity

nutrition, 432uranium and thorium, 393zinc

in cadmium mining, 448

576 Index




methane, 387, 545, 548methanol, 501methyl bromide, see stratospheric ozone depleting

chemicalsmethyl chloride, see stratospheric ozone depleting

chemicalsmethyl isocyanate (MIC), 18, 43, 525methylene chloride, 136, 504Mexico, 147, 149, 464

reducing lead’s risk, 438right-to-know, 44

Mexico City, 27, 109, 150, 151air pollution, 118

Michigan, 361Millennium Development Goals, 21, 302Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 3, 7Milwaukee, 290, 300Minamata, 444mining, 14, 28, 29, 45, 48, 119, 189, 199, 240, 245,

303, 311, 312, 322, 339, 341, 347, 349, 351,356, 360, 362, 372, 375, 385, 386, 401, 421,426, 427, 428, 431, 433, 434, 435, 439, 440,446, 448, 453, 454, 513, 534

coal, 9, 386Minnesota, 318, 319, 399, 441, 445, 531Mississippi River, 464, 512mixtures, toxicity of, see toxicity: mixturesmole, 552Molina, Mario, see stratospheric ozone,

depletionMongolia, 144, 145, 146, 167monocrotophos, 469motor vehicle fuels

biodiesel, 383biofuels, 383flexibly fueled vehicles, 381

motor vehicleselectric, 381fossil fuel use, 377–384gasoline use, 378history, 377pollution from, 377–378reducing, 378–381

biomass fuels, 384energy efficiency, 384flexibly fueled vehicles, 381hybrids, 380hydrogen fuel cell, 381increasing fuel economy,

380–381maintenance, 380

reducing, how to, 379Mt. Pinatubo, 127, 184, 193, 224

Nairobi, 344nanotechnology, 516NAPAP, see acid deposition

NASA (US National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration), 7, 142, 176, 190, 219, 230,231, 233, 515

natural gas, 387Natural Resources Defense Council, 256, 299nature’s services, 2, 7, 38, see also ecosystem

services, 3neon, 543Nepal, 400nerve gases, organophosphates, 467Netherlands, 74, 107, 203, 207, 276, 399, 536New Delhi, 22, 148, 150New Hampshire, 152New Jersey, 332, 345New York, 2, 6, 13, 32, 33, 53, 87, 109, 132, 149, 159,

164, 165, 345, 400, 417, 418NewYork City, 3, 7, 256, 291, 292, 300, 317, 322, 339,

377Niagara Falls, 350Love Canal, 350

Nicaragua, 480nicotinecotinine metabolite, 91

nicotine sulfate, 457NIMBY, 325nitric acid, 557nitric oxide, 59nitrogen fixation, 1 see also bioavailable

nitrogennitrogen glut, see water pollution, nitrogen glutnitrogen oxides, see air pollutants, criterianitrogen, bioavailable, 272nitrogen, reactive, 272nitroglycerine, 59NOAA (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration), 5, 176, 178, 179, 214,222–223, 227, 255

North Carolina, 131, 247, 276Northern Ireland, 402Norway, 420, 447nutrition, 294, 449Arctic ponds, 16arsenic poisoning, 294, 432cadmium, 450liver cancer, 74malnutrition, 74, 480metals, 432xenobiotics, 70

nylon, 529

ocean acidification, see Box 7.5OECD, 36, 281, 343, 375, 387, 404Ogallala aquifer, 5oil spill, 8, 246, 283, 362, 444Exxon Valdez, 246Gulf war, 246

Ontario, 300, 421

577 Index




orebauxite, 322cinnabar, 439copper, 431gold, 29iron, 370lead, 29, 431metal, 245, 311, 429

Oregon, 399oxalic acid, 501ozone hole, see stratospheric ozone depletionozone, ground level, see air pollutants, criteriaozone, stratospheric, see stratospheric ozone

Pacific Garbage Patch, 325–328Pacific Ocean, 24, 144, 178, 326, 422packagingfunctions of, 324

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), seecriteria air pollutants (criteria) and indoorair pollutants

bioavailability, 66Pakistan, 370Paracelsus, 57parathion, 467Paris, 109pathogens, 300–302wells, where site, 297

PBDEs, 419–420blood of house cats, 420Canadian Arctic, 420fire retardants, 414, 419in breast milk, 420in foods, 420outgassing, 419reducing, 420toxicity, 420

PBT metal, cadmium, 448–451bioaccumulation, 67, 449, 453exposure

limits, 453study of, 450vegetarians, smokers, 449why in food, 448–451

exposure sourcesfood, 449

ill effects, 70, 449–450calcium metabolism, 450carcinogen, 450epidemiologic study, 450itai itai, 70occupational exposure, 449target organs, 449

levels in environment, 448reducing levels

Australia, 450batteries, 450regulations, 451

sources, 448transport, 449

PBT metal, lead, 434–438bioaccumulation, 67blood levels, 436

prehistoric, 438exposure sources

children, 435home and workplace, 435

ill effects, 435IQ and memory, 436Zambian children, 87

lead from earlier emissions, 434reducing risk

from gasoline, 436from paint, 436lead safe, 437old lead, 437

from soil, 362sources, 434

natural, 438storage in bones, teeth, 435transport, 435

PBT metal, mercury, 415, 438–448Arctic animals, 416biomagnification, 67, 442, 444, 448

fish, 441blood levels, 447exposure

dental amalgams, 446fish, 103, 442fish-eating animals, 442Inuit, 442prenatal, 442wildlife, 443workplace, 443

fish advisories, 444commercial fish, 444

ill effects, 444humans, 444mad hatter, 438poisoning, Minamata, 444

mercury to methylmercury, 403, 431,439, 442

reducing deposition, 445reducing risk, 446

changing industrial processes, 446combustion, 445dental amalgams, 447eliminating products, 446international reductions, 446regulations, 445workplace, 445

riskguidelines, 447prenatal, 447selling mercury, 448

sediment, 426

578 Index




sources, 440mining, 440power plants, 440

transport, 441atmospheric lifetime, 440identifying sources, 441

transport and accumulation, 440PBTs, metals, 434

multiple problems, 412PBTs, organic

Arctic animals, 413bodies of Inuit, 413characteristics, 411–413characteristicsbioaccumulation, 411biomagnification, 412persistence, 411toxic, 413transport, 413volatility, 413

DDT, 466decreases in Arctic animals, 416“dirty dozen” polychlorinated , 415emissionsdispersive, 412

fire retardants, 414multiple problems, 412names of “dirty dozen”, 415number of, 410PBT examples, 414PCBs, 548–549PFOSs, 421–422polybrominated fire retardants (PBDEs), 414,

419–420polyhalogenated, 411POPs, 411reducing, 413–416screening for, 414

PCBs, 11, 15, 17, 38, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 90, 92, 103,107, 156, 219, 243, 249, 262, 288, 357, 363,369, 370, 410, 412, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420,421, 422, 423, 424, 444, 448

bioaccumulation, 67, 412bioavailability, 66chloracne, 417cooking oil contamination, 418cycling in environment, 417epidemiological studies, 418exposure today, 417family, 417–419fish exposure, 418Great Lakes fish, 419Hudson Rivercontamination and cleanup, 417–418Superfund site

dredge sediment, 418obvious toxicity, 418

sediment concentration, 417subtle toxicity, 419toxicity, 417, 418, 419ubiquitous contaminant, 417uses, 417where still found, 416

Pennsylvania, 332, 495persistent organic pollutants (POPs) see also PBTspersistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, see PBTsPeru, 308, 477pest populationspest resurgence, 470resistance

development of, 470increasing problem, 471

secondary pest, 470pesticidal chemicals, 65atrazine, 464DDT

broad spectrum insecticide, 459history of, 457

fumigant examples, 459hydrogen cyanide, 457, 459methyl bromide, 459neem tree extract, 460nicotine sulfate, 457pheromone, 461pyrethrum, 457rotenone, 467

pesticide pollutioncrops and food, 465exposure, 464–466farming

conventional, 473IPM, 474organic, 473

ill effects, 466–469amphibians, 469birds, 468fish, 469humans, 469insecticides

carbamates, 467organophosphates, 466–467polychlorinated, 466

nontarget species, 468–469on pollinating insects, 468soil organic material, 470

organophosphatesfate, 467

pest resistance, 470–471POPs fate, 466POPs, persistence and climate, 464reducing risk, 471–476

biocontrol, 475changing farming methods,

473–475

579 Index




pesticide pollution (cont.)crop protectant, 472ecologically appropriate regions, 477educating farmers, 476green chemistry, 472organic farming, 473phermones and growth regulators, 472reducing pesticide use, 474regulations, 471sustainable farming, 476techniques, 474–475

residuesmonitoring imported food, 466monitoring produce, 465

sources of, 463–466transport, 463

POPs, 464where detected, 464

pesticides“dirty dozen”, 415alternatives to, 460arsenic

chickens, 452biopesticides, 461

botanicals, 460classes of, 460genetically engineered, 461microbials, 461

broad spectrum, 459categories, 457definition of, 456desirable characteristics, 473disinfectants, 459exposing insects, 467exposure

farmers’ children, 77flower growing, 78fumigants, 459herbicides, 468household hazardous waste, 457ingredients

active and inert, 471insecticides

organochlorine, 466persistence, 466polychlorinated examples, 466

introduction to, 456–458organophosphate metabolites, 91organophosphate, parathion, 467organophosphates, 60pest resistance, 458polychlorinated

POPs, 466solubility, 466

POPsquantities used, 463registration process, 465

school use, 78selective (narrow spectrum), 459testing in humans, 115tolerances, 465

what they are, 113types of, 459–461water solubility, 464who uses

almost everyone, 463why banned, 466why use, 456, 463

aesthetic reasons, 462, 463grow in more places, 462long storage time, 462longer season, 461monocultures, 462public health reasons, 462

wood preservative, 451pesticides, less-developed countries, 477–480

Cambodia, 478China, 478dangerous pesticides, 478Ethiopia, 480ill effects

poisoning, 477Indonesia, 479Nicaragua, 480obsolete pesticides, 478prior informed consent, 478reducing pesticide use, 479reducing risk

Farmer Field Schools, 479petroleum distillates, 504PFOSs

Arctic wildlife, 422bioaccumulative, 421fluorine chemicals, 421persistence, 421reducing levels, 422toxicity, 421

pH, see water pollutants, conventionalpH, ocean, 558phenol, 459pheromone, 472Philadelphia, 332, 380Philippines, 27, 184, 344phthalates, 85

metabolites, 92plasticizers, 414

Plant-Incorporated-Protectants, 461plasticizers, 414Poland, 151pollutant

concentrationsdescribed, 9

definition, 8oxidation, 17

580 Index




sources, 12transportair, 14chemical signature, 23grasshopper, 15transboundary, 23water, 14

pollutantsanthropogenic, 10barely detectable, 19buried, 16fate, 16fate and transport, 13inorganic, 17mineralization, 17natural, 10organicdegradation, 16fate, 16

pollutionactions at a distance, 29driversaffluence, 28individuals, 29, 30, 31population growth, 26technology, 28

electronic waste, 370less-developed countries, 21obvious, 8why it happens, 10

pollution indoor air, 77pollution prevention (P2), 46–48

definition, 45examples, 46industry, 47

housekeeping practices, 46polyacrylates, 524polyethylene terephthalate, 306, 323polysilicon, 396polyvinyl chloride, 532POPs, see also PBTs, organic

three families, 416population growth, 8, 12, 26, 27, 36, 171, 197, 260,

264, 286, 305, 470poverty and efficient resource use, 515

Portugal, 402Potomac River, 243precautionary principle, 85, 89, 112, 114, 447product stewardship, 521propane, 381pyrethrins, 460pyrethrum, 457

Quebec, 413

radon, 11, 107, 484, 485, 494–499, 545in mines, 498

radon-222, 497recyclingproblems, 49

recycling and reuse, 48–49examples, 49

red tide, 274Re-power Americacarbon-free energy, 406

reuse, 48Reykjavík, 402right-to-knowEurope, see laws, EU

Rio de Janeiro, 305riskdefinition, 35, 98

risk assessmentchemical, see also chemical risk assessmentcomparative, see also comparative risk

assessmentcomparative, 37individual activities, 334

risk management, see also chemical riskmanagement

children, 113greater protection, 113pesticides, 113

Europe, North America, 112non-regulatory tools, 111pesticide tolerance, 113precautionary principle, 111, 112

riverBig Sandy, 29Coeur Alene, 351Cuyahoga, 8Danube, 14, 278Emory, 430Hai, 23Hudson, 351, 417, 418Mississippi, 158, 250, 276, 277, 464, 512New River, 276Potomac, 83, 243Rhine, 14, 240, 280, 403, 418Songhua, 24Tisza, 14Yangtze, 3, 146, 280Yellow, 146, 280

Romania, 14Rowland, F. Sherwood see stratospheric ozone,

depletionRussia, 375, 394, 435rust, 426

Safe Drinking Water Act, see lawsSan Diego, 218San Francisco, 144, 254, 299, 321, 322, 337, 345,

377, 446sand storms, see air pollution

581 Index




sanitationgreatest medical milestone, 301

ScotchgardTM, 421Scotland, 402Seattle, 270, 533selenium, 432Seoul, 145septic systems, see wastewater treatmentservicizing, 522–523chemicals

how it works, 522sewage, 300–308shellfish, 139, 236, 247, 255, 258, 259, 274shipbreaking, 370–371silicon tetrachloride, 396silicosis, 69silver, see metals, silverSingapore, 264, 337, 343sludge, see wastewater treatmentsmog, history of word, 122smokers, 63, 133, 295, 431, 487, 488, 490, 497, 498sodium hydroxide, 557sodium hypochlorite, 459solanine, 62solar energy, 395–398passive, 398

solid wasteChina, 344combustion of, 336slums, 343sources, 311types, 311

solid waste, developed countriesmanagement, 343

solid waste, less-developed countriesin slums, 343problems, 343–345recovering value

Bangladesh, 344Curitiba, 345scavengers, 344

solid waste, municipal, 317components, 313composting, 329design for the environment (DfE) see design for the

environmentdisposal, irresponsible, 326environmentally preferable products, questions, 519ill effects, 313impact on oceans, 325–328junked cars, 331landfills, 341

bioreactor, 340leachate, 339methane, 339mining resources, 341sanitary, 339

Pacific Garbage Patch, land origin of, 326plastic bags, 345

banning, 345pollution prevention, 316

design for recycling, 369examples, 316reducing food waste, 317reducing toxicity, 317reducing volume, 316

quantities generated, US, 314recycling, 321–325

appliances, 324common materials, 322electronics, 324, 366, 368packaging, 324paper, 322plastics, 323challenges, 323

problems, 325promoting, 322, 331, 333used oil, 324why do, 321

recycling examples, 337reducing

environmentally preferable products, 317–318preferable products, 317guidelines, 318

take back, 334source reduction

reuse, 48treatment

incineration, 335–339Japan, 334pros and cons, 336regulation of, 338

two purposes, 335waste management hierarchy,

315, 335solid waste, social issues

EuropeGreen Dot, 325

landfillsNIMBY, 340siting, 340

take back, 325Europe, Japan, 333

source reduction, see pollution preventionreuse, 48

Soviet Union, 208, 278Spain, 396, 397, 420Stabilization Wedges

stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide, 406steel, 452Stockholm Convention, 420, 422 see Stockholm

Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants

banning the “dirty dozen”, 415

582 Index




stoichiometry, 552stratospheric ozone

CFCsFreon, 218, 219, 220properties, 218

generating ozone, 215–216making and remaking, 215protective effect, 215questions and answers, 215ultraviolet radiation, 215measurements, 217

stratospheric ozone depleting chemicalschain reaction, 221CFCs, properties, 219depleting potential, 220fateCFCs and halons, 220

halons, properties, 219, 220ill effectsgreenhouse gases, 228

natural depleters, 220reducingalternatives, 230–232

smuggling, 230water-soluble chemicals, 221

stratospheric ozone depletionfuture, 230history, 218ill effects, 224–227ocean life, 226

ozone hole, 218, 224, 230, 232particle sources, 224reducing, 228–233less-developed countries, 229

the future, 232UV index, 225volcanic eruptions, 224where observed, 221–223Antarctica, 221Arctic, 222other regions, 222

stratspheric ozone depletionreducing depleters, 228

sub-Saharan Africa, 27, 201, 265, 305, 536sulfonamides, 102sulfur dioxide, see air pollutants, criteriasulfuric acid, 558Superfund, see lawsSurround, 472Sweden, 304, 331, 447, 452Switzerland, 278, 299

table salt, 221, 249, 546Taiwan, 345, 364, 370take back, 111, 318, 368, 369, 370, 521 see extended

producer responsibilityelectronics, 521

Japan, European Union, 534stimulating DfE, 522

TanzaniaEnvironmental Performance Index, 536

TCDD, 105Tennessee, 430teratogens, 75thalidomide, 59, 76Tijuana, 438toilets, 303–305Tokyo, 109, 149, 407, 444toluene, 527Toronto, 421toxaphene, 416toxic effectschildren and in utero, 75

Toxic Equivalency Potential, 44Toxic Substances Control Act, see lawstoxicant, see individual chemicalstoxicity, chemical toxicity and epidemiologyacute and chronic, 58aspirin, 61body organ

immune system, 72kidney, 72liver, 71, 74lung, 73nervous system, 72, 466skin, 73

children’s sensitivity, 76DDT, 413definitions, 58dose per time, 61dose–response, 60factors affecting, 70–71

examples, 70gender, age, nutrition, 70individual and species variation, 69poverty, 74, 77

hormones, environmental, 62ill effect

nervous system, 466immune system, 72, 226irritant

skin, lungs, 73LD50, 60local, 63mixtures, 20, 63, 248, 469, 489, 491nutrient toxicity, 60obvious

PCBs, 418PBDEs, 420PCBs, 418, 419solanine, 62subtle

PCBs, 418systemic, 63

583 Index




toxicity, chemical toxicity and epidemiology (cont.)whole effluent, 63

Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), see laws, US: rightto know

Toxics Use Reduction (TUR), 48, 504transboundaryintensifying dust storms, 146particulate matter, 144pathogens, 144pollutant travel, 142–144reducing

treaties, 152sand, 145tracing travel, 143, 152

treatiesBasel Convention, 364, 368, 478Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air

Pollution, 152International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 328Montreal Protocol, 152, 198, 209, 213, 222, 228,

229, 230, 231, 233, 234Rotterdam Convention on Pesticides, 478Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

showing results, 416treatmentreasons to treat waste, 50

TRI, see Toxics Release Inventorytriclocarban, 86Turkey, 12Tyvek, 323

UK, 177, 333, 397, 399, 402, 444ultraviolet radiation, see also stratospheric ozoneA, B, and C, 218

UN Environment Program, 480UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 192, 280,

478, 479UN International Maritime Organization, 433UN World Meteorological Organization, 172UNEP, 1, 8, 36, 152, 153, 233, 234, 257, 258, 284,

285, 302, 308, 309, 326, 327, 349, 352, 364,370, 372, 415, 423, 428, 434, 438, 440, 446,448, 479

UNICEF, 293United Arab Emirates, 536United Kingdom, 297, 397, 524 see also UKUnited Nations Environmental Program, see UNEPurban sprawl, 260US Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-

Know Act (EPCRA), see lawsUS Environmental Protection Agency, see agencies

US EPAUS Food Quality Protection Act, 102, 104,

113, 465US Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, see lawsUtah, 433

Velpar, 470Vibrio cholera, 308Vietnam, 265, 452, 536

arsenic, 293vinyl chloride, 80, 94, 119, 357, 439Virginia, 42, 264virus, hepatitis B, 74vitamin A, 59, 76VOCs, see air pollutants, VOCsvolatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 136volcano, 10, 127, 193, 224, 401

warfarin, 59Washington, 327, 369, 533waste, see also solid waste

definition, 9waste and emissions

complexity, 512quantities produced, 513straining the environment, 512

waste management hierarchy (WMH), 45, 46, 321disposal, 50, 335pollution prevention, 45recycling, 321recycling and reuse, 48treatment

why treat, 50wastewater

gray water, 265municipal treatment, 108, 140, 242, 263, 277reclamation, 265reducing volume, 265reuse (recycling), 264reusing

less-developed countries, 265treatment

alternatives, 266–267on site, 266small facilities, 266wetlands, 267

wastewater treatmentimproved, 263industrial, 263land spreading sludge, 262nutrient removal, 263sludge, 262

biosolids, 262metal content, 262

water pollutantsbanned, 249from storm drains, 256metals, 243PCBs, 243pollution prevention, 264reducing

best management practices, 240sewage, 255–257

584 Index




combined sewer overflow, 255fecal bacteria, 256

sewer terminology, 255shellfish, 255stormwater, 255VOCs, 252

water pollutants, conventional, 241–248biochemical oxygen demand, 241how generated, 244

definition, 241nutrients, 242algal blooms, 274background, 272Black Sea, 278dissolved oxygen, 276excess, 276, 279Haber-Bosch, 273harmful algal blooms, 274hypoxia, 274ill effects, 273–274

eutrophication, 273nitrogen glut

reducing, 279reducing, 271, 277–278sources, 275–276

CAFO, 275oil and grease, 246oil spills, 245

pathogens, 247–248sources, 247

pH, 244suspended solids, 245viruses and bacteria, 247

water pollutants, dead zone, 272–279water pollutants, drinking water

VOCs, 253water pollutants, nonconventional and nontoxic, 249water pollutants, nonpoint sources

reducing, 267–272agricultural runoff, 268–269atmospheric deposition, 272best management practices, 268urban runoff, 269water use, 272

water pollutants, point sourcesnutrientsreducing, 271

reducing, 260–265wastewatersources, 260

wastewater treatment, 261water pollutants, priority, 248

overlap with HAPs, 248pesticides, 248

water pollutants, toxic, seewater pollutants, prioritywater pollution

“nitrogen glut”, 272–279atmospheric deposition, 242complicated picture, 512dead zone, 244decreasing, see also wastewatereutrophication, 243hypoxia, 242mining, 245, 428nonpoint sources, 239–241scarcity, due to, 302sewage, 303

water pollution, nonpoint sourcesrunoff, seriousness, 240

water pollution, NPS, see also water pollution,nonpoint sources

water pollution, point sources, 239water pollution, water body type, 250–260coastal, 254

land-based pollution of, 254megacities, 257non-plastic pollutants, 258plastics, 257population growth, 254reducing BMPs, 258sewage, 257

estuary, 254groundwater, 250–252river, 250wetlands, 253wetlands, services, 253

watershed, definition, 240West Bengalarsenic, 293

WHO, see also World Health Organizationwhole effluent toxicity, 20, 63Wisconsin, 266, 269, 290, 300, 507, 509World Health Organization, 22, 36, 81,

110, 148, 293, 300, 302, 307, 310, 368,417, 477

World Summit, 334World War II, 394

xenobiotics, 64, 71foreign chemicals, 63

Yokohama, 534Yorktown, 42Yugoslavia, 14

zero emissions, 529zero waste, 369, 511, 531cities committing to, 533individual level, 535New Zealand, 534progress toward, 529sustainability, 531

585 Index



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