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Index

AachenCarolingian palace, 115, 119rotunda palatine chapel of Charlemagne,

225Aalborg, 313Aarhus, 313abacus, 258, 321Abd-al-Rahman III, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233Aberlemno, 262accounting, 117activity zones, 60Ada, wife of Wibert, Count of Aquitaine, 215Adalbero of Laon, 22Adémar of Chabannes, 233Adinkerke (West Flanders), coin finds, 193administrative towns, 302Adomnàn of Iona, 20Adriatic Sea, 20Adur, River, 354Ælfgar, king's thegn, 267Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, 22, 128, 207, 258,

277, 319Ælfric's Colloquy, 207aerial photographs, 76, 83, 130Æthelfrith of Bernicia and Northumbria, 170Æthelred the Unready, King of England, 353Æthelstan, King of England, 335, 344Æthelstan, son of Æthelred the Unready, 268Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria, 175Æthelwulf of Wessex, 121, 354

father of Alfred the Great, 344pilgrimage to Rome, 344

Africa, north, 201Agde, Council of, in 152agency

of social change, 7–8, 12, 27, 29for village formation, 284

agriculturein and on peripheries of townscapes, 168

Aidan, Abbot of Lindisfarne, Bishop of theNorthumbrians, 170

aisled buildings, See buildingsAisne, River, 10

valley, 201

Alan Barbetorte, Count of Brittany, 335Alan the Great of Brittany, 136Al-Andalus, 115, 123, 183, 204Albon (Dauphiné), donjon, 245Alchred of Northumbria, 175Alcuin of York, Abbot of St Martin of Tours,

177, 179Aldfrith of Northumbria, sceattas of, struck

between AD 685 and 705, 190ale, 252Alfred the Great of Wessex, 22, 25, 180, 343

concepts behind burhs, 343pilgrimage to Rome, 344

Al-Hakkam, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233Al-Idrisi, Moroccan-born geographer working

in Sicily for Roger II, between c. 1138and 1154, 323

alienable exchange, 19, 206allod holders, 23, 36, 42Alps

foothills, 289mountains, 20

Alsace region, 73Altfrid, Life of St Liudger, 179Altofonte (Sicily)

courtyard palace of Roger II, 247hunting park, 248

Amazon rainforest, 157Amiens

mint, 156town, 69, 71

anchorages, 153ancillary buildings, 60Andenne ware, 253, 347. See also potteryAndone (Charente)

castrum, castle, 226, 233ceramic hunting horn, 265crossbow trigger mechanism, 266discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269enamelled disc brooch, 255

angel sculptures, 176Angers

burgus Andecavensis merchant community,333 433

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Angers (cont.)comital and episcopal foci, 333development of the town, 333market places, 334monasteries

Ronceray, 334St Aubin, 334St Nicholas, 334

port landing places, 334replacement of bridge across the River

Maine in stone, 334suburbium civitas, 334Via triumphalis of Fulk Nerra, 334

Anglo-Saxon merchants, 153, 174, 179Anglo-Scandinavian towns, 277animal husbandy, specialist, 186annexes. See buildingsanthropological theories, 6, 12, 15–16, 18Antonine Wall, 120anvil, 143Apostle pillars, 176aqueducts, 115AquitaineDukes of, 233region, 221

Arab conquests, 14–15, 19arabic numerals, 258, 321Arctic, 180, 256Arculf, 20Ardenne forest, 220Argentan (Orne), prospering of peasants on

urban fringe, 338aristocracy, 10–11, 95, 99, 124, 128, 191–2,

199aristocrats, 45, 68, 75, 114, 221households of, 206lifestyles of, 166

Arles, (Bouches-du-Rhône) mint, 119armour, 134, 255, 286, 289, 315chain-mail, 266–7greave (leg guard), 269iron discs sewn on to leather, 266mailcoats, 267, 269scale, 266, 269

Arnau Mir de Tost, Catalan aristocrat, 252, 255arrowheads, 90, 266, 289artificer, 349artisans, 4, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 118, 142, 153, 158,

168, 174, 205–6, 211–12, 232, 257, 302,310, 316, 328, 333

holding public offices, 302households of, 206migration to towns, 312

purchasing or being granted rural estates,302

specialist, 4, 14, 72, 277Asia, 120central, 121, 123, 309

Asia Minor, 122astrolabe, 258, 321Atcham (Shropshire), settlement, estate centre,

130Atlantic Approaches, 196, 198Atlantic Ocean, 142, 146fringes, coast, 92, 96, 103–4, 106, 108, 168maritime networks, 143, 203–4, 320maritime zone, 203salt trade, 194, 320slave trade, 320

Attigny (Aisne), Carolingian palace, estatecentre, 115, 118

Auberoche, 250–1Augustinian mission, 112Augustinians, the, 301Augustus Caesar, 233aula, 136. See also hallauthority, public, 218Avar invasions, 15Avenum, merchant quarter of Orléans, 168Avranches (Manche), donjon, 227Avre, River, 225axes, 195, 289axial plan, 126, 132, 134

Badorf ware, 117, 125, 193, 195See also pottery

Baie de Bourgneuf, 179bailey, 220courtyard, 222ring-work ramparts, 222

balances, See exchangeBaldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 259Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 356Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, 270Ballinderry 2 crannog (Co. Offaly), 142Baltic Sea, 15, 181Bamburgh (Northumberland), fortified centre,

Northumbrian royal centre, 144, 170Bangor (Gwynedd), Romanesque cathedral,

238Bantham Ham (Devon), beach landing place,

market, seasonal settlement, 201BarcelonaCatalan County of, 160cathedral and episcopal palace complex, 108,

160

434 Index






comital residence, 160excavations of cathedral and episcopal

complex, 156Barking Abbey (Essex), monastery, 137barley, 67, 77, 92, 94–5barrow, 62, 94, 103 See also burial moundbarter, 210Barton Bendish (Norfolk)

five manors in 1066, owned by freemen anda freewoman, 279

loosely nucleated village, 279basse-cour, See baileyBay of Biscay, 54, 194, 202, 353Bayeux Tapestry, 263, 269beach landing sites, 183, 189beacon fortifications, 221beaked whale, 90bear, 166

bear claws, 117bear-skin cloak, 117brown, 255

bearing of arms, 289Beaugency (Loiret), donjon, castle, 231Beaulieu-les-Loches (Indre-et-Loire),

monastery of, 234Beaumont (Oxford), palace, 245Beaumont-sur-Oise (Val-d'Oise), donjon,

castle, 231Beaumont-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), donjon, castle,

228beaver, 166Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 178behavioural settings, 361bells, 208, 278

used by travellers to announce theirpresence, 208

belt buckle sets, 102–3Belvoir, castle of the Knights Hospitaller,

257Benedict III, Pope, 121Benedict Biscop, 113Benedictine reforms, 114, 120, 176, 234Benedictine rule, 271, 298Beowulf, 178Berbers, 15Bernard of Clairvaux, 300Bertram II de Verdun, 223Beverley (East Yorkshire)

horticulture, dark earth, 165Lurk Lane, monastery, 137, 189

Biddle, Martin, 20Biéville-Beuville (Calvados), settlement, estate

centre, 110, 202

billhook, 93bipartite estates, 9–10, 36, 42–3, 124, 141Birsay (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, estate

centre, central place, 95, 142bishoprics based at monasteries in northern

Britain, 170bishops, 21, 108, 155, 162–3, 169, 171

of Amiens, 225British, 170of Cologne, 225of Llandaff, 291of Orléans, 336of Selsey, 200, 279of Tongres–Maastricht–Liège, 159

bishops' palaces, 246Bishopstone (Sussex)

courtyard plan, 279estate centre, manorial centre, 199–200, 279

bison, 132Black Death, the, 360black rat, 309Black Sea, 101blackberry, 67black-burnished ware, 184, 188, 193

See also potteryBlair, John, 85, 171Blois (Loir-et-Cher), château, discs from

hauberk or byrnie, 269boar, 47, 55, 67–8, 94, 117, 132, 166, 252, 289boats, 146

log, 182Boethius, 22bog iron, 97Bökelnburg (Schleswig-Holstein), ringfort,

220bone- and antler-working, 70Bookland, 36, 85, 141Boos (Seine-Maritime), cemetery, 44Bordeaux

mint, 194port, town, 204region around, 107

Borg (Lofoten Islands, Norway), chieftain'ssettlement, estate centre, 304

boroughs, 25, 330, 352, 358founded in border regions, 358judicial definition of a town, 352rural villages with a market and sometimes a

mint, 358rural villages with urban status, 352

Bosham (Sussex), 352estate centre, 200harbour, 200

Index 435






Boston (Lincolnshire), town, 77Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais)lighthouse, town, 115port, 178

Bourras (Nièvre), Cistercian monastery, 299Boves (Somme)Cluniac priory, 225estate centre, castle, 225, 239

Bovigny, 140Bowcombe (Isle of Wight), settlement,

metalwork scatter, market?, 200bows and arrows, 266Bramford (Suffolk), settlement, 81Brebières (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, 33Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leicestershire), angel

sculpture, 176Breteuil (Sarthe), double-ring-work castle,

239Brevium Exempla, 134bridges, 168, 218on pilgrimage routes, 219

Bridlington (East Yorkshire), monastery, 189BristolBenedictine priory of St James, 353development of the port town, 352Romanesque stone town-house, 327

bronze, 319brooches, 143, 156disc, 226

enamelled, 255Domburg type, 196penannular, 97pewter disc, 354safety-pin type, 97small equal-armed, 196

Brugesdevelopment of the town, c. 900–1150, 341fortified residence/palace of Counts of

Flanders, 224mint, 225refuge of Godwin and sons, 1050s, 342

buckles, 110Buckquoy (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, 95building, principal residential, 67, 80, 126,

130–1, 134, 136, 141, 145, 254,275, 279

buildingswith annexes, 130dry-stone footings/construction, 46–7, 80,

85, 109–11, 145earth-fast timber construction, 51, 89, 105,

111, 126, 128, 188masonry construction, 85, 111

multicelled wooden, 111post-hole foundations, 77post-in-trench foundations, 77replacement of, 60spatial organisation of, 41, 46–7, 49, 59, 62,

221standing, 5sunken featured, 62, 89–90, 126

Buiston crannog (Ayrshire), 123bulk goods, 16, 19, 204burgenses, 330burgesses, 9, 23–4, 200, 260, 313, 330, 352, 354,

358acting as drivers for royal hunts, 260status of, 24

burghal forts, 221burghal ports, role in procuring silver for

coinage, 345burgus Sancti Martini, Tours, 154burhs, 25, 218, 344agricultural households, 348archaeological character, 344aristocratic landowners purchasing urban

haga estates, 348artisan and merchant populations, 348defences

Hereford, Oxford, Stafford, 346of shire central places, 345Worcester, extension of Romanearthworks, 346

horticulture and agriculture within walledcircuits, 347

moneyers working in, 348refurbishment of Roman walled circuits,

London, Winchester, Rochester, 346relationship of burghal ports to rural

territories, 345shire central places, 344

as model for Rouen?, 335to shire towns, 347

urban artisans granted rural estates bylanded magnates, 348

urban pottery industries, 347burial grounds, 60, 63, 140 See also cemetery;

gravesburial groups, 61burial practices, 100diversity of, 140, 152in association with estate church/parish

church, 50burialsin basilica and mortuary chapels, 103furnished, 139, 201

436 Index






isolated, 38, 62, 65, 140Bury Bible, 323Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk)

monastery of, 324urban growth around monastery, 355

Bussy-Saint-Georges ‘Les Dix-huit Arpents’(Seine-et-Marne)

church and cemetery, 62, 75settlement, 58–9

Bussy-Saint-Martin (Seine-et-Marne), 37butchery marks, 69Buzenol (Belgian Lorraine), embryonic castle,

220byrnie, short mailcoat, 268Byzantine, 15, 101, 115, 121, 123, 230–1, 257,

309, 315coinage, 258emperors, 19imagery used by the Ottonians, 233imperial symbolism, 116lead seal from Winchester, 258master-builder, 233merchants, 153, 179military recruitment in Anglo-Saxon

England, 258Byzantine–Persian wars, 15Byzantium, 119, 123, 232

Ca'Vendramin Calergi, Venice,merchant–patrician's house, 252

Cadiz, 204Caerwent (Gwent), Roman town, central place,

estate centre, monastery, 151Caesarea, Cathedral of St Peter, 259caliphs, 123Callebaut, Dirk, 229‘Camp de Péran’, Plédran (Côtes-d'Armor),

ringfort, 136, 216canonical zone, Tournai, dark earth, 166canons, 172Canterbury

Archbishops of, 187, 170cathedral, Kentish royal centre, monasteries,

112Christ Church Cathedral, 172destination for lead from Peak District,

187mint, 137, 175Romanesque stone town-houses, 351St Peter and St Paul, monastery of, 172

Capetians, 222, 231–2capital cities, 25Cardiff (Glamorgan), castle, 236

Carew (Pembrokeshire)Cross, 295promontory castle, 295takeover of Welsh estate centre, 295

Carisbrooke (Isle of Wight)castle, 236shell keep, 242

Carlton Colville (Suffolk), settlement, estatecentre, 85, 88–9

Carolingian emperors, 17, 19, 114–15, 119imperial architecture, 230imperial identity, 114, 120, 122mausoleum at Saint-Denis, 232symbols of power, 232

Carousel, Paris, evidence of horticulture, 169cart wheel, 52Carver, Martin, 104cash rents, 279cashel, See ringfortcastellum, 224Castelseprio (Varese), settlement, fortified

centre, 106Castle Acre (Norfolk),

Cluniac priory, 244manor house, donjon, castle, 243

Castle Rising (Norfolk), 243Castlemartin (Pembrokeshire), ring-work

castle, 295castles, 28, 222

built in burghal shire towns in England, 236defensive role, 222earth and timber, 293embryonic, 220at former royal estate centres in Britain,

236landscape settings, 222manorial centres converted into small

castles, 244military role, 229motte and ring-work castles, 238symbolic role, theatres of power, 222

castrum, 167, 224cathedral group, 21, 108, 152, 155, 160, 167cathedrals, 114, 152, 155, 172Catholme (Staffordshire), settlement, 90cats, 96cattle

age when killed, 125, 131principal domesticate consumed, 125, 128,

131as a proportion of main domesticated

livestock consumed, 47, 55, 68, 92, 94,96, 106, 132, 136

Index 437






cattle (cont.)raised in coastal saltmarshes, 77, 183, 186rise in consumption of, c. 700–900, 69social value of, 93, 131

Cemaes, 296cemeteriesduration of use, 54enclosed, in Ireland, 92extramural, 151, 162multiple burial foci within settlements,

139–40small, associated with farms/hamlets,

54, 81cemeteryassociated with mortuary chapel/funerary

church, 62, 65, 90, 109, 132barrow, 94enclosed, 94, See burialsLate Antique (fourth to fifth century), 160not associated with a chapel/church, 65parish, 65

central Middle Ages, 25, 75, 312central places, 28Centre National d'Archéologie Urbaine, 333Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, penny

coinage of, 175ceramics, See potterycereals, 42, 67, 76–7, 79, 81, 84, 93–4, 149, 182,

193, 290Ceresiacum, 42cetaceans, 211, 251 See also dolphins;

porpoises; whaleschain-mail, 269, 289chalk coastlinesof the Côte Opale, 178of Kent, 178

chamber buildings, 226champion landscapes, 284Channel, the, 15, 19, 33, 51–2, 55, 73,

83, 98, 119, 125, 178, 180–1,196, 198

networks, 200Charavines-Colletière (Dauphiné)discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269fortifed farm, small estate centre, 287

Charente, River, 54, 183, 195, 203estuary, 183, 194, 202

Charlemagne, 111, 114–15, 118–19, 156, 177,233

Charles Martel, 120Charles the Bald, 44, 71, 95, 110, 118, 120, 122,

135, 150, 216, 218, 225, 331, 343Charles the Fat, 135, 218

Charles the Simple, 216, 306Charleville-Mézières (Ardenne), central place,

town, 18‘Château des Fées’, Bertrix (Ardenne),

periodically used fortification, 215Château Gaillard ‘Le Recourbe’ (Ain),

settlement, 34, 57–8Château Thierry (Aisne)dark earth/terre noire, 164estate centre, castle, town, 117

Cheapside, London, 316, 352Cheddar (Somerset), royal estate centre,

minster, 86, 245Chelles (Île-de-France)monastery, 120relics from, 19

Chelsea, Council of, in 816, 176Chennebrun (Eure), borough, 360Chepstow (Gwent), donjon, castle, 236chess, played in elite and urban contexts, 257chessmen, 221, 289Arab/Islamic-style non-figurative forms, 256bone/antler, 256hoard from the Isle of Lewis, 256ivory and rock crystal, 256

Chessy ‘Le Bois de Paris’ (Seine-et-Marne)graves/cemetery, 38mortuary chapel, 44settlement phases, 38two-aisled building, 38

Chester (Cheshire), 165chevaliers–paysans, 289chevauchée, 269chickens, 47Childeric grave, 104China, 121chopping blocks, 211. See also whale vertebraeChristendom, 3, 183Christian epigraphic memorials, 102Christianisation of space, 155Christ-in-Majesty (Maiestas Domini) image, 230churchbuilt in masonry, 18, 63, 151, 155location within settlements, 63, 91, 111mortuary church/chapel, 18, 44, 63,

151, 155parish, 53, 65timber, 112

replacement of, in stone, 64Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 118churchesconstruction of, 61monastic, 113

438 Index






church-wright, 349cider, 252cinnabar, 122Cirencester (Gloucestershire)

dark earth, 165urban growth around monastery, 355

Cissbury (Sussex), burghal fort, 221Cistercians, 271, 298

ironworkings, 292myth, 299

Cîteaux (Côte-d’Or), Cistercian monastery, 298civitas, 154Clairvaux (Aube), Cistercian monastery, 299clapper bell, 80Clofesho, Council of, in 803, 176cloisonné garnet, 144cloister, 111

at royal palaces, 246Clonmacnoise (Co. Offaly), monastery, 104,

108closure deposit, 278clothing fashion, 258

colours of, for export, 310Cluniac order, 271Cluny (Saône-et-Loire)

annual gifts of gold from kings of León-Castille and Navarre, 235

monastery of, 234urban growth around monastery, 355

Cnut the Great of Denmark and England, 26,267, 271

coastal islands, 183margins, 178, 189marshes, 183populations, transformation of world-view,

312producers, specialist, 206regions, 182salterns, 201seaways, 190societies, 18, 28, 180, 182, 194, 201, 361waterways, 73

coasts, 4, 14, 16, 55, 77, 90, 93, 96, 182, 201cod, 96, 186, 198, 202, 251coinage

gold, struck in Francia, 154as indicator of networks, 181, 189minted under (archi)episcopal authority in

England, 83, 172, 175presence in coastal zones, 73, 186, 202, 361silver, on rural settlements

in Francia, 71, 110, 117, 131, 139use at estate centres, 134, 188

coins, 20, 200found by metal-detector, 83in graves, 139

Colchesterdonjon, 236Romanesque stone town-houses, 351town, 351

collection centre, 86Collège de France, Paris

dark earths/terres noires, 165settlement activity, 167

CologneCathedral, 103burials, 105

ivory workshops, 256town, 72, 79, 89

colonicaestates, 43, 141Riniaco, 111

colonisation, 77and drainge of wetlands, 275deforestation to create arable land, 275of upland/mountain regions, 275

columns, 115, 233capitals, 115, 120

Comacchio (Ferrara), port, emporium, town,20, 183

comital residences, 106, 228commercial revolution, the, 363commodity production, specialist, 181communication corridors, 14, 82community, 7Compiègne (Oise)

Carolingian palace, estate centre, town,115

castellum, 331development from Carolingian palace to

town, 331estate centre, Carolingian palace, town, 114,

118–19, 150rotunda palatine chapel of Charles the Bald,

225, 232Conches (Eure), de Tosny lords of, 240connectivity, 20, 28, 91, 97, 179, 181, 183between east and west, 259Conques (Aveyron), monastery of St Foy,

235Constantine the Great, 118consumer sites, 24consumption

conspicuous, 74, 85, 106, 110, 116, 128–9,132, 136, 139, 142, 145, 186, 249,255, 277

Index 439






conspicuous public leisure, 259cooking, 60co-operation between rulers and mercantile

interests, 328copper, 319copper alloy, 97Coppergate excavations, York, 306, 309ansate-type brooch, 310consumption of sturgeon, 313Coppergate helmet, 267, 310multiple ethnic influences on mercantile

households, 310riding gear, 310silver-inlaid wooden saddle, 310weapons, 310wildfowling, falconry evidence, 313yellow silk bonnet, 310

Corbeilles (Loiret), ploughshare, 45Corbeny (Aisne), Carolingian palace, estate

centre, 118–19Corbie (Somme)monastery, 148, 320purchase of pepper and ginger from

Cambrai, 320Corbridge (Northumberland), watermills,

estate centre, monastery, 147Córdoba, 115, 119cathedral group, 108Great Mosque/Mesquita, 233Mihrab of Great Mosque, 233

Cordovan leather, 255Cordwainer Street, London, 322Corfe (Dorset), castle, 236coriander, 123, 211, 309cormorants, 96, 289Corvey (Nord Rhein-Westfalen), monastery,

120Cottam (East Yorkshire), settlement, 83cotton, 258Cotton Collection of manuscripts, 178, 252,

263Councilof Agde, in 506, 152of Chelsea, in 816, 176of Clofesho, in 803, 176

counters, for tables, nine-men's morris, merels,256

countryside, 150, 177, 277Counts, 21, 152, 162of Amiens, 225of Angoulême, 226of Anjou, 167of Barcelona, 235

of Blois-Champagne, 227of Champagne, 220of Flanders, 216, 229of Maine, 223, 229of Omois-Vermandois, 220of Poitou, 233of Toulouse, 235of Verdun, 229of Vermandois, 225

courtyard, 42, 46–7, 106, 110, 131, 134, 140,226, 246–7, 279

covered, at royal palaces, 246‘Cowage Farm’, Foxley (Wiltshire), settlement,

assumed estate centre, 130Cowdery's Down (Hampshire)principal building, 130settlement, estate centre, 86, 89, 112

craft specialists, 19, 72, 85, 142, 208craft-working, 60, 126cranes, 67, 94, 128, 166, 187, 207, 250, 255,

263–4, 313crannog, settlement on modified or artifical

island, 106Craywick (Nord), settlement, 202Crèvecoeur-en-Auge (Calvados)castle, 256walrus ivory chessmen, 256

crop processing, 42, 60, 86, 93, 149Cross of St Cuthbert, 144crossbow, 229, 263, 266bolt, 221, 289quarrel, 266

crow, 67crucibles, 89, 91, 97, 111, 136, 142 See also non-

ferrous metalworkingCrundale, 295CrusadesFirst, 258Second, 26, 325

cullet, 205cult houses, 107cups, 252curtis, 42, 134, 141Cwmhir, 301

dalmatic, 121Danelaw, the, 276, 282dark earth, 156, 162, 164, 167micromorphology of, 163

‘dark soil’, See dark earthDavid I of Scotland, 238, 241patronage of Cistercian houses, 301

de Cardiff family, 265

440 Index






deer, 67–8, 70, 95, 106, 117, 260 See also fallowdeer; red deer; roe deer

deer-hunting scenes on stone sculpture, 262‘Deer Park Farms’, Glenarm (Co. Antrim),

settlement, rath, ringfort, 93, 148Deheubarth, 297, 300–1Demer, River, 48demesne, 10demise and transformation of emporia ports,

303demographic evidence, from rural estate

centres and monasteries, 141demographic growth, 33, 81, 275, 334, 352dendrochronological dates, 146denier, 125, 129, 136, 175, 187, 216

silver coin, 44, 71, 111, 156, 194.See also coinage

Deorman, London moneyerfamily of moneyers, 321granted rural estates by Edward the

Confessor and William the Conqueror,322

merchant in spices and silks, 322monk at Bury St Edmunds, 1120s–1140s,

324overseer of mint workshops, 322

deposit formation, 58designed landscapes, 24, 222, 239Deule, River, 356Develier-Courtételle (Jura), settlement, iron-

smithing, non-ferrous metalworking,craft specialists, 72

dice, 256, 289dill, 123, 309dinar, gold coin, 120

of the Fatimid caliphate in north Africa, 321Dinas Powys (Glamorgan), settlement, fortified

centre, 106Diocesan centres, 151, 153, 155, 158, 160, 162,

172, 174in England

located at major estate centres, 343located in former administrative Romantowns, 342

located in smaller Roman centres, 343diocesan towns, 155, 158, 161, 168–9, 175, 330,

332expansion in tenth and eleventh centuries,

332refurbishment of walls, 218

dioceses, 21, 152, 177dirhems, Islamic silver coins, 203, 309

minted at Cordoba, Spain, 203, 320

Distré ‘Les Murailles’ (Maine-et-Loire)greave (leg guard), 269principal residential building from tenth

century, 286settlement, estate centre, 131transformation of settlement character, 276,

287dogs, 96dolphins, 128, 187, 199, 207, 251, 255

hunting of, 207Domburg (Zeeland)

port, emporium, 204ringfort, 216, 305

Domesday Book, 68, 78, 291, 350, 352Domfront, 241Dommelen (Kempen)

graves, 49settlement, 49–50, 58

donjon-like gate towers, 243donjons, 167, 216, 222, 226, 241

distribution by the early eleventh century,227

expression of state/public power, 224masonry tower, 220stone tower, 222symbol of lordship/public government, 225wooden tower, 222

Dorchester-on-Thames (Oxfordshire),diocesan centre, 173

Dordogne, River, 153Dorestad (Frisia)

ceded to Viking leader, Harold, 305mint, 168port, emporium, 16, 18, 49, 192, 204provisioning of, 210

Dorney (Buckinghamshire), 126settlement, market?, 210

Douai (Nord)Douayeul, agricultural suburb, brewery,

356portus, merchant quarter, 356settlement, estate centre, town, 164transformation of wooden hall to donjon,

356urban development of, 356wooden hall, motte, tower, 223

Doué-La-Fontaine (Maine-et-Loire)donjon, motte, castle, 223palace of Counts of Blois, 223stone hall (aula), 223

Dover (Kent)donjon, castle, 245port, 178, 198

Index 441






dream cities, 17dress accessories, See jewelleryDriffield (East Yorkshire), modern town,

Northumbrian royal estate, 84, 184,188, 190

drinking horns, 252, 268drinking vessels, 252. See also glass vesselsdry-stone, 81. See also buildingsfootings, 106, 110, 145rampart, 144sill, 226

DublinHiberno-Norse transformation of, 303port town, 303silk fragments from, 321

ducks, 263, 289Dunadd (Argyll), settlement, fortified centre,

95, 97, 106, 122, 142Dunbar (Lothian), fortified centre,

Northumbrian royal centre, 144Dunfermline (Fife), monastery, Benedictine

convent, 238Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, 271dye plants, 309dyes, 123dyke building, 312and drainage, 290by the Counts of Flanders, 290

Eadberht of Northumbria, 175ealdormen, renting monastic estates, 137Eanbald I, Archbishop of York, 175Eanred II, Archbishop of York, 175Early Middle Ages, 13, 22, 152, 163, 169, 191,

334earth-fast foundation, See buildingsEasby, 176East Garton (East Yorkshire), settlement, 189Eastry, 176east–west trade, 258Ebbo, Archbishop of Rheims, 155ecclesiastical institutions, 187ecclesiastical networks, 122Ecgberht, Archbishop of York, 175Edgar of England, 271Edgar the Ætheling, 238Edict of Pîtres, 343Edinburgh (Lothian), settlement, fortified

centre, castle, 95Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, sister of

Harold II Godwinson, 254Edmund Ironside of England, 268

Edward I of England, 263Edward the Confessor of England, 200, 236,

271, 342diplomatic links with Byzantine emperors,

272Edward the Elder of Wessex, 344Edwin of Northumbria, 171Egypt, 266Eifel, region, 52elderberry, 67elephant ivory, 258, 265elitebasis of elite status, 25, 100, 148graves of the elite, 18markers of elite identity, 3, 94, 100, 105, 107,

141, 149settlement types, 33, 110, 131as agents of social change, 4, 6, 12, 15approaches definition archaeologically,

98–9Christian burial practices, c. 500–700, 104competition between landowning and

merchant elites, 26control of surpluses and exchange, 181ecclesiastical, 25, 107, 113merchants acting on behalf of, 17regional, 89, 97, 102regrand variability, c. 500–600, 105secular, 25, 107, 113, 122

elite-led models, 74embedded exchange, 206emirs, 19, 115, 123emporia, 16, 19, 153, 181, 183–4, 189, 204,

207provisioning of, 210

emulative practices, 249Ename (East Flanders)donjon, 230Our Lady, church of, 230polyfocal settlement, 229riverside portus, 230

enamelled disc brooch, 255enclosures, 51, 77, 86, 91, 93, 95, 112, 119, 135,

144England, creation of Kingdom of, 344enmottification, 223epigraphic monuments, 111, 113episcopal centres, 99, 150–1, 154, 170episcopal complexes, 108episcopal controlof minting coinage, 154over pastoral care, 152

442 Index






over rural priests, 152episcopal lifestyles, 166episcopal residences/palaces, 152Erispoë of Brittany, 136estate centre(s),

burial at, 50in coastal zones, 183, 186, 199consumption practices at, 129, 199different kinds / functions of, 74, 75ecclesiastical, 99fortification of, 219–20, 222households subordinate to, 12, 50, 78, 84problems of identification archaeologically,

73, 85, 95regional diversity of, 48, 74royal, 85–6, 112, 118, 150

estate(s),artisans as tenants on, 19exploitation of marginal elements, 77, 83fragmentation of large estates, 11–12inventories of, 10, 134management of, 137merchant/artisan acquisition of rural

estates, 27networks, 118, 188provisioning from, 116, 118renders, 78. See also taxation-in-kindstructures, 79territories, 141visibility in textual sources, 11

Esterlings, merchants in London who paid tollsin pepper, 315

estuaries, 183ethnogenesis, 100Everswell, within Woodstock palace

(Oxfordshire), 247Ewenny (Glamorgan), Benedictine priory built

by de Londres family, 295excavation areas, 57exchange

alienable exchange alongside inalienableexchange, 19

assumed elite control of, 16at Carolingian palaces, 116, 117in coastal zones, 55, 73, 183, 186, 192, 200,

203on the Atlantic/Bay of Biscay, 194, 202

at estate centres, 74, 85along major river corridors, 73media of exchange

coinage, 52ingots of bullion, 143

by merchants and artisans, 211duality of exchange, both for profit and on

behalf of clients, 19by merchant–peddlers, 210of metalworking skills for goods, 72, 208at monasteries, 85at portus settlements, 174for profit, 6, 16roles of emporia ports, 180, 212of surpluses by freemen, 55transactions to procure luxuries and reflect

status, 85exchange networks

of coastal zones, 189, 192the Atlantic seaboard, 143the Channel and Southern North Sea, 52,

71, 144of diocesan towns, c. 600–900, 168of ecclesiastical elites, 108of emporia ports, 179of estate centres, 134of the Frisians, 194of major monasteries, 120of merchants/artisans, 308–9of the northern British Isles, c. 600–800,

97between northwest Europe andindirectly with Central Asia, 120the Islamic Middle East, 121the Mediterranean, 15, 20, 120

perceived to be linked to social status, 24of river corridors, 71, 73of secular elites, 108, 134of small farming communities, 42, 50,

83–4supporting specialist artisans, 72

extramural monasteries, outside walledepiscopal cores, 158

extramural space, 151Eynsham (Oxfordshire)

monastery, 251transformation of settlement character,

276

Faccombe Netherton, 278fairs, 153falconry, 94, 125, 149, 166, 239, 259, 263,

313fallow deer, 250, 258, 262Far East, 3Fatimid north Africa, 247, 258, 265feast species, 252

Index 443






feasting, 117, 128–9, 132, 134, 166, 249,251, 290

feasting kits, 129, 186Fécamp (Seine-Maritime)monastery, priory, 224palace of Dukes of Normandy, 224

Felix III, Pope, 151fenland, 52, 78, 178, 182Fenland Survey, 184Fens, the, 183–4, 291field systems, 38, 41, 59, 77, 80, 91field-walking, 77surface collections from, 52, 76, 83

figs, 318, 323First Crusade, 258fiscus, 42fish, 69, 96gadid, 96See also marine fish

fish event horizon, 200Fishamble Street/Wood Quay excavations,

Dublin, 306Fishergate, York, port, emporium, 174, 187–8,

205fishermen, 128fishing, 193, 198, 354commercial, 200

Fishtoft (Lincolnshire)location next to tidal creek, 79salt production, 77, 184settlement, 184

Five Boroughs, the, 345fjord-edge settlements, 196Flandersgrowth of urban/mercantile collective power,

342region, County of, 10, 48, 54, 183

flatfish, 166, 186, 251flax, 42Fleming, Robin, 348Flemings, 24Flemish colonists, Pembrokeshire, 294, 358Flemish peasants, colonists in Pembrokeshire,

294Flixborough (Lincolnshire), 126ploughshare, 45settlement, church, estate centre, monastery,

76, 88, 90, 183, 186transformation of settlement character, 276

floor deposits, 129flounder, 251Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire), Plantagenet

family mausoleum, 272

Forestof Conches-Breteuil (Eure), 240of Dean (Gloucestershire), 245, 261

tension between use for hunting,ironworking and ship-building, 292

of Ferrières (Seine-et-Marne), 276of Gravenchon (Haute-Normandie), 239

forest law, 260forest societies, mixed social fabric, 292foresters, specialist, 260forests, 289assarting of, 290as industrial landscapes, 261

fortification, 220of bridgeheads, 218

fortified walled enclosures, of Late Romantowns, 151

‘Fossés du Roy’, 360foundation of monasteries, 270–1founder-burials, 63–4Fountains (North Yorkshire), Cistercian

monastery, 300fowlers, 260fox, 67, 166Frankfurt, Carolingian palace, town, 115, 119Frankish merchants, 179Frederik Barbarossa, German emperor, 357free farmers, 11. See also free peasants; free

proprietorsfree peasants, 11, 13–14, 23–4, 79, 193, 275, 289

See also free proprietorstraders, 191free proprietors, 12, 27, 36, 42, 50, 65, 75, 78,

188, 202, 275, 282, 287, 290, 364See also allod holders; free peasants

free status, 42, 55, 85freemen, 78–9, 279, 282, 291freshwater fish, 166–7Fresnay-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), donjon, castle,

228Friesland, province of, Netherlands, 191Frisia, 107, 125, 129, 183, 189, 191region, 54, 73, 79, 107

Frisian, 17, 74, 82, 111, 144, 188, 203coastal area, 191dress accessories, 196maritime networks, 196merchant colony, York, 179, 190merchants, 153, 174, 179, 206sceattas, 194settlements, 70slave-trader, 178trade, 196

444 Index






Frisians, 17, 192, 195Fulk, Archbishop of Rheims, 155Fulk V, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem,

259, 263Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, 227, 231, 334, 337funerary chapels, See mortuary churchfunerary churches, See mortuary churchfunnel beakers, 117. See also glass vesselsfurnishings, internal, 254, 272furs, 67, 258fyrd, 11, 26

gadids fish, cod, whiting, ling, 96Galinié, Henri, 21, 150gaming boards, 256gannets, 96gardens, 239Garonne, River, 153Garranes (Co. Cork), ringfort, 106, 142Garryduff (Co. Cork), ringfort, 106, 142gateway communities, 16, 20‘Gauber High Pasture’, Ribblehead (North

Yorkshire), settlement, 80Gaul, 106, 108Gauzlin, Abbot of Fleury, 232, 234gazelles, 264geese, 47Geldrop (Kempen), settlement, 49, 58gender, 7, 130Geneva

cathedral group, 108La Madeleine, church of, 155

geochemical surveys, 52Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou, 227, 337Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, 229geophysical surveys, 52, 76–7, 83Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 296Gerald of Windsor, 296Gerard of Cambrai, 22Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, 169Ghent

Blandinium, 338comital residence (aula), later ‘Castle of the

Counts’, 339development of the town, c. 850–1150, 338donjon, Castle of the Counts, 229fortified residence/palace of the Counts of

Flanders, later the Count's castle, 224growth of merchant independence, 342portus Ganda, 339Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 340St Bavo's Abbey, 120, 338St Peter's Abbey, 338

estate in London, 349town, 26viri probi/viri hereditarii, 339

gift exchange, 16, 19, 181Gironde estuary, 194, 203Gisay-la-Coudre (Eure), cemetery, 44Gisors (Vexin), shell keep, castle, 241glacier ice cores, 81Glasgow, Romanesque cathedral, 238glass, 93, 319

bead-making, 205and gold tesserae, 233lamp, 71smoothers, See textile productionstuds, 143tesserae, 117, 205window, 64, 117, 158, 275

glass vesselsat Andone, from the castrum, 255assumption of social status linked to, 13, 48,

55, 338at Carolingion palaces, 117at central places in northern and western

Britain, c. 600–800, 107, 143dating from the tenth to twelfth centuries,

252in diocesan towns, 167in emporia port households, 205, 212Flixborough, found in all residential

buildings at, 131as grave-goods, 103at monasteries 111on rural estate centres, c. 600–900, 110,

125–6, 134, 186, 286, 132on rural settlementsin coastal zones, 52, 107, 186, 195–6,

361along major river corridors, 48, 55, 73

from western France, imported into westernBritain and Ireland, 107

glassworking, 111, 117, 143, 158, 168Glastonbury (Somerset), monastery, 271Gloucester (Gloucestershire), St Peter's Abbey,

265grant of Ewenny Priory to, 295

goats, 47goblets, 252

ceramic, 111gods, 107Godwinsons, the, 200

urban estates of, 348gold, 90, 93, 97, 119, 121, 125, 143–4, 153, 191,

193, 195, 235, 315, 319, 321

Index 445






gold (cont.)from Al-Andalus and Byzantium, 258armrings, 267bowls, 121coinage, 119, 154crown, 121decorated saddle and bridle fittings, 268jewellery, 268lettering, 122from Mali, 321plaques, 107principal medium for purchase of land in

late Anglo-Saxon England, 319reliquaries, 272and silver reliquaries, 272vase, 252

gold-embroidered hangings, 254gold-hilted swords, 101goldsmiths, 362also acted as moneyers, 322granted rural estates from 970s, 314

goldworking, 136, 255, 309Goltho (Lincolnshire)redating of occupation sequence, 220ring-work, 220small castle, 244

Gosberton (Lincolnshire), settlements, 77, 79,184

goshawk, 94, 264, 293, 313, 351gospel books, 272Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont (Aisne),

settlement, 33Govan sarcophagus (Strathclyde), incised

sculpture showing deer hunting, 262Grado, Roman shipwreck, 205graffiti, 111, 139granaries, See buildingsgrand narrative models, 7grapes, 318seeds, 211

grave-markersdecorated, recumbent, St Mark, Wigford,

Lincoln, 349stone, 349

graves, 18, 38, 40, 45, 47, 49, 62, 64, 90, 96, 100alignment, 35, 47north–south, east–west, 139in cathedrals, 160

grazing of livestock, in townscapes, 169Gregory, Bishop of Tours, 152Gregory the Great, Pope, 151Grentheville (Calvados), settlement, 58grey-burnished ware, 184, 193 See also pottery

Groenewake (West Flanders), settlement, 53group identity, 7grouse, 263, 313Grubenhäuser, 89, 105, 126, 144

See also sunken-featured buildingsGruffudd ap Cynan, Prince of Gwynedd, 238Gruffudd ap Rhys, 294Gudme (Funen), polyfocal settlement, rural

central place, votive deposition, 107Gumfreston, 298Guthrifsson family, 308Gwent levels, south Wales, 291Gwithian (Cornwall), settlement, beach

landing place, 201

habitus, 7haddock, 211, 251Hadrian's Wall, 80, 120Haillot (Namur), barrows, cemetery, 103hair, worn long by men, 258hall, 130, 145, 254 See also aularange, 279

Hall, Richard, 309Hallum (Friesland), coin hoard, 195Hamage (Nord)dark earth/terre noire, 164multi-celled building, 111settlement, estate centre, monastery, 70, 110,

139St Eusébie, church of, 110St Pierre, church of, 110transformation of settlement character, 276

Hamburg, ringfort, town, 219Hamerow, Helena, 85Hamwic (Southampton), ‘Six Dials’, 205harbours, 196hare, 47, 55, 67, 166, 252, 289Harold I of England, 271Harold II Godwinson of England, 271, 342possession of a book on hunting, 261urban estates in London, 349usurpation of Steyning from Fécamp by

1066, 354Hartlepool (Co. Durham), monastery, 104,

112, 137Harz Mountains, silver mines, 318, 332Hastings, port, town, 26Hatch (Hampshire)one-hide estate, 279settlement, 264, 279

hauberks, 266, 269‘Haus Meer’ (Kreis Neuss), moated settlement,

later a motte, 287

446 Index






Haverfordwest (Pembrokeshire), borough, 360hazelnuts, 67hearths, internal, 111Hedda stone, Peterborough (Cambridgeshire),

176Hedeby/Haithabu (Schleswig-Holstein)

pennies derived from series X ‘Wotanmonster’ type sceattas, 304

port, emporium, port town, 304Hedon (East Yorkshire), planned port, founded

by Stephen of Aumale, 358Heidinga, Anthonie, 191Heiric of Auxerre, 22, 25heirlooms, 267Helias of La Flêche, Count of Maine, 228helmets, 104, 267, 269

spangenhelm-type, 269Helmsley (North Yorkshire), manorial centre

of Walter Espec, 300Hen Domen, Montgomery (Powys), motte-

and-bailey castle, 262, 293Henry I of England, 24, 236, 241, 246, 270, 294,

299, 358patronage of the Cistercian order, 299

Henry II of England, 223, 243, 246, 259, 270,272, 360

Henry III of England, 263Henry IV, Salian emperor, diplomatic links

with Byzantine emperors, 272Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, 246Hereford, burh defences, 218Hermalle-sous-Huy (Thier d'Olne) (Ardenne)

estate centre, aula, chapel, 135settlement, 34

herons, 94, 250, 263, 289herringbone masonry, 226, 229herrings, 199, 207, 211, 251Heslerton Landscape project (North

Yorkshire), 13Hexham (Northumberland), 123

monastery, 113hierarchical relations, 55Higham Ferrers (Northamptonshire)

farmsteads, 276manorial estate in 1066, 276settlement, estate centre, 76, 86, 126

abandonment of, 276high status, 12–13, 24, 48, 93, 98–9, 188, 279hilltop forts, Late Roman, 215Hilton of Cadboll (Inverness), sculpture

showing deer hunting, 262hinterlands, of ports, 181hobby, 264

Hoddom (Dumfries and Galloway), monastery,137

Hodges, Richard, 15, 17, 180Holton-le-Clay (Lincolnshire), settlement,

likely estate centre, 184, 188Hope (Derbyshire), estate centre, 260Hordain (Nord), mortuary chapel, cemetery,

103Hordaland (Norway), 198Horn of Ulf, oliphant horn, Treasury of York

Minster, 266Hørning (East Jutland)

silk from barrow burial beneath church,313

stave church, 313horns,

used by travellers to announce theirpresence, 208

horse-riding, 23, 68–9, 71, 132horses, 77, 94, 96, 186, 259, 289, 315horticulture, 21, 164, 168

in former Roman townscapes, 151households

agriculture, within towns, 21of coastal settlements, 77consumption practices of, 54of dispersed farms, 42of emporia ports, 205, 212of free proprietors, 11, 83, 289interior furnishing of aristocratic

households, c. 950–1150, 255of the milites social groups, 290urban, 364

Hrolfr/Rollo, Count of Rouen, 306Hugh Capet of France, 118, 232Hull, River, 184Hulsel (Kempen)

ploughshare, 45settlement, 49

Humber, River, 175coastal region, 78estuary, 82, 128–9, 183, 186–7, 189

Huns, 101hunting, 28, 67, 95, 117, 125, 128–9, 132,

141, 145, 149, 166, 207, 265, 275, 278,289

dog, 143horns, 265parks, 239, 245, 263trophies, 255

huntsmen, specialist, 260Huy (prov. Liège)

central place, 18

Index 447






Huy (prov. Liège) (cont.)polyfocal settlement, town, Meuse valley,

154

Iberia, 107–8Ibn Yaqub, tenth-century Arab geographer,

310Île-de-France, 10–11, 37, 70Île-de-la-Cité, Parisfortified bridges protecting it, in 885, 218Merovingian palace, Carolingian palace,

Hotel Dieu, episcopal centre, 117, 167imperatores, 233imperialbuildings, 115identity, 119, 233itineraries, 118symbolism, 122

inalienable exchange, 19incense, 122–3India, 123Indonesia, 123Ingelheim (Rheinland-Pfalz)aqueduct, 115Carolingian palace, Ottonian palace, estate

centre, 115, 118gold solidus of Charlemagne from palace,

119Ingleborough (Norfolk), settlement, 77, 79, 184ingots, 136, 143moulds, 97

intermarriagebetween Norman elite and Welsh ruling

families, 262between the Plantagenets, the Latin kingdom

of Jerusalem and Norman Sicily, 259inventories, 267Iona (Argyll)diocesan centre, 170monastery, 108, 170

Ipswich (Suffolk)Buttermarket cemetery, 207mint for series R sceattas, 187, 209port, emporium, town, 16, 79, 91, 184, 187

Ipswich ware, 78, 91, 137, 184, 186, 188, 190,208 See also pottery

Irish Christianity, 170Irish merchants, 153Irish Sea, 95, 107, 196, 203Iron Agehillfort, 86, 220, 236rath, 293

iron ore mine, 240

iron ore mining and smeltingin forests of southern Champagne and

northern Burgundy, 261in Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire), 261

iron-producing community, 72iron smelting, 240iron-smithing, 42, 70, 77, 89, 91, 97, 129, 137,

186, 198, 255, 278, 338iron tools, 255ironworking, 70, 91, 107, 111, 309Irthlingborough (Northamptonshire),

settlement, Mercian royal estate centre,86

Islamic caliphs, 19Islamic coins, See dirhems, dinarsIslamic Iberia, 123Islamic Sicily, 265Islamic West (Al-Andalus), the, 183Islamic world, 20, 309, 315island-scapes, 196Isle of Wight, 200–1itinerant artisans, 153, 168, 208itinerant moneyers, 154ivory, 319diptychs, 233

Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure), donjon, 227

Jarrow (Co. Durham), monastery, 113, 123, 130Jau-Dignac et Loirac, ‘La Chapelle’ (Gironde),

mortuary church, stone, mausoleum,cemetery, 103

Jedburgh (Borders), 301Jelling (southeast Jutland), polyfocal

settlement, Danish royal centre, 195jerkins, 266Jerusalempilgrimage to, 266town, city, 19, 179, 266

jetty landing place, 190jewellery, 83, 319Jewish merchants, 153, 179John of England, 246Johnstown (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort,

cemetery, watermill, 92Jumièges (Seine-Maritime), monastery, 234

Kamerlings Ambacht region (West Flanders),193

Karlburg (Bayern), polyfocal settlement,castellum, estate centre, monastery, 131

Katwijk (Holland), cemetery, 192Kaupang (Oslo fjord, Vestfold), port,

emporium, 195

448 Index






Keeston, 295Kempen, region, 48Kermes beetle, 122Kildonan (Kintyre), settlement, Dun, 97Kingsbury, Old Windsor (Berkshire),

watermills, royal estate centre, 147kingship, 104Kingston-upon-Hull (East Yorkshire), town, 165kinship, 130Kirkdale (North Yorkshire), transformation of

settlement character, 276Kirkstall (West Yorkshire), Cistercian

monastery, 300Kirkwall (Orkneys), Cathedral of St Magnus,

238knights, 23, 292Königslandschaften, 118Kosterijstraat (West Flanders), 52

settlement, 58. See also Sint Andries (WestFlanders)

Kuden (Schleswig-Holstein), ringfort, 220

La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert (Ille-et-Vilaine),settlement, 37

La Crête (Aube), Cistercian monastery, 299La Favara (Sicily), courtyard palace of Roger II,

247La Ferrière (Eure), 240La Ferté (Essonne), Cistercian monastery, 299La Londe, near Rouen, pottery, 156, 174La Panne (West Flanders), beach landing place,

193La Trinité, Caen, monastery, 235ladles, 252Lagny-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Marne), 37Lagore crannog (Co. Meath), 94, 106, 142lamb, 116lances, 266land drainage, 312land routes, 311land tenure, 84landed wealth, 28Landevennec (Finistère), monastery, 104, 120,

202landing places, 55, 146, 168, 174, 179, 183, 190,

195, 198, 200, 362landing zones, 14landscape settings, 28Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle, 227Langenwurten, 193Langstone (Dorset), log-boat, 201Laon (Aisne), Carolingian palace, tower, 119Late Antiquity, 9, 15, 21, 107, 115, 160

iconography, 176Late Roman, 101later Middle Ages, 201Latin alphabet, 153Latin kingdoms, 257Lauchheim (Baden-Württemburg),

settlement, 49Launceston (Cornwall), shell keep, 242Lauwin-Planque (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, 58lava quern stones, 52, 89

See also Niedermending.Laws

of Cnut, 268of Wihtred of Kent, 208

Le Maho, Jacques, 156Le Mans (Sarthe), Romanesque cathedral, 235Le Roc de Pampelune ‘Argelliers’ (Hérault),

settlement, estate centre, 111Le Yaudet-Ploulec'h (Côtes-d'Armor),

settlement, 43lead, 179, 187, 203, 265

mining and smelting, within the Peak Forest(Derbyshire), 261

seal of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, Tours,259

tanks, 188, 278leadworking, 137leatherworking, 89, 91, 198, 278Lebecq, Stéphane, 17, 182, 204Leffinge (West Flanders), terp, settlement, 53Leffinge–Oude Werf (West Flanders),

settlement, 193Leicester

castle, 223Earl of, 223

Leiderdorp (Holland), settlement, 58, 67, 69Leie, River, 338leisure activities, 221, 255Lejre (Sjælland), polyfocal settlement, central

place, 131Leofric, Earl of Mercia, urban estate in

Worcester, 348leprosy, 286Les Élites au Haut Moyen Âge, research project,

5Lewes Priory (Sussex), 244Lichfield Cathedral (Staffordshire), angel

sculpture, 176Liège, development from bishop's palace to

town, 332lifestyles

at Carolingian palaces, 116at coastal estate centres, 186

Index 449






lifestyles (cont.)of conspicuous consumption, 106, 259described in textual sources, 5in diocesan towns, c. 600–900, 167of elites, 113–14, 124, 126, 129, 249, 274of emporia port households, 205, 211of production and consumption, 66, 99urban, 20

lighthouse, 115Lille (Nord), mercantile stimulus for urban

growth, 356Limerlé (Ardenne), barrow cemetery, 35, 103Limfjord (Denmark), 304liminality, 178, 180–1, 183, 312Limogés (Haute-Vienne), monastery of St

Martial at, 164LincolnRomanesque cathedral of Remigius, 242shell keep, 242

Lincolnshire sea marshes, 188Lindisfarne (Northumberland)diocesan centre, 170monastery, 112, 170, 180

linen, 255, 315ling, 96, 251Lisbonconquest of in 1147, 325Scandinavian raiding of, 204town, 26, 204

Lisleagh (Co. Cork), settlement, ringfort, 92literacy, 85, 113, 137, 139Little Island (Co. Cork), watermills, assumed

monastery, 146Livroac'h (Finistère), settlement, 43Lizy-sur-Ourcq (Seine-et-Marne), 265Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (Gwynedd),

settlement, estate centre, 95Llandough (Glamorgan), cemetery, settlement,

monastery, 104Llangors (Powys), crannog, silk thread, 258Llantrithyd (Glamorgan)hunting lodge?, 265small ring-work castle, 262, 264

local lordship, 11, 23, 221local notables, 10, 28, 45, 50, 68, 89, 95, 99, 114,

124, 221, 274–5, 279, 293emulation of the aristocracy by, 274fortified settlements of, 287small castles of, 287, 292

local power, 222locator, 24Loch Glashan (Argyll), settlement, crannog, 106Loches (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle, 227

Locronan (Finistère)estate centre, 202settlement, assumed estate centre, aula,

chapel, 135log-boats, 190, 201–2Loire, River, 10, 46, 54, 69, 101–2, 124, 141, 153estuary, 183, 194, 202, 210

Londinium (London), 172, 174Londoncapital city of kings of England from 1190s,

329Frisian slave-trader in, 178growth of merchant independence and

power, 342Jewish merchants, community of, 335Lundenburh, 26lack of linked shire territory, 345paramount mint in England by c. 1010,

316Lundenwic, halo of farming settlements on

its periphery, 174‘Hare Court’, 205horse-breeding at, 210pig-breeding at, 210port, emporium, town, 16, 174, 182, 205provisioning of, 210Royal Opera House excavations, 210specialist butchers, 210

mint of the bishops, 175paramount port town in England

by c. 1000, 315polyfocal settlement, 174Poultry excavations, 349Romanesque stone town-houses of

merchants, 351St Paul's Cathedral, 170, 172, 236shift from Lundenwic to Lundenburh, 305volatility of mercantile citizens in eleventh

century, 329longue durée, 4, 6, 8lordship, 4, 9, 24, 28regional, 221

Lorsch (Hesse), monastery, 120Lothar I, 122, 223, 331Lotharingia, 230Loughor (Gower), motte-and-bailey castle, 262Louis VI of France, 231, 270, 355Louis the Pious, 42, 95, 111, 114, 118–19, 125,

155, 175, 233, 305Louvre, theCapetian royal castle in Paris, 223round donjon, 223

low status, 13, 98

450 Index






Ludlow (Shropshire), donjon-like gate tower,castle, 243

Lundenburh. See LondonLundenwic. See LondonLyminge (Kent), royal estate centre, monastery,

polyfocal settlement, 198Lyon (Rhone)

‘Rue des Chartreux’, settlement, hinterlandof Lyon, 47

‘Rue Pierre Audry’, settlement, hinterland ofLyon, 46

St Just, church of, 155St Laurent de Choulans, church of, 155town, 46, 48

Maastricht,Late Roman castellum, town, Meuse valley,

18, 154mackerel, 199, 211Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire), St Clément, church

of, 155macro-level, 7–8madder, 123, 309–10, 316Madelinus of Dorestad, moneyer, 195Magdeburg

Ottonian mint, 350Ottonian palace, 119, 233

mailcoatfrom convent of St Anne, Jerusalem, 269from museum of the Armenian Patriarch,

Jerusalem, 269Mainz

presence of spices, silks and Islamic coinageat, 320

town, 155Mälaren region, 105Malcolm III ‘Canmore’ of Scotland, 238managed ‘wild’ landscapes, 259Manorbier (Pembrokeshire)

church of St James, 353donjon, hall-block, 296

manorial centres, 278craft specialisation to support daily needs of

household, 278defensive enclosures, 282masonry tower, 282unenclosed, 282wooden tower, 282

manorialisation, 11mansus, 10, 42manuring, 89manuscripts, 5, 122

illumination, 123

marble, 115, 158, 233, 271columns, at Cluny, 234

marbles, 232marchands–paysans, 17, 75, 191Margam (Glamorgan)

Cistercian monastery, 300sculpture showing deer hunting, 262

Margaret of Scotland, 238marine fish, 166, 186, 198, 202, 211, 251mariners, 129, 178, 182–3, 186, 188, 191, 194,

202, 204English, at St Simeon, Syria, in 1098, 325populations of, 206

maritime commerce, 302maritime cultural landscapes, 183maritime elite, 26maritime networks, 97, 122, 146, 177, 187,

195–6, 203 See also exchange networksmaritime-oriented societies, 25, 195, 206, 211,

303, 361market town and rural hinterland relationship,

312markets, 25, 27, 95, 192, 200, 210, 253, 316,

333, 352transactions, 71

Marmoutier (Indre-et-Loire), monastery of StMartin at, 235

Marne, River, 10Marsh Chapel (Lincolnshire), settlement, salt

production, 290marshland, 33, 76–7, 178, 183, 289martyr graves, 161Masham (Yorkshire), 176masonry building, 85, 111–12, 145

See also buildings; churchesmasons, 168material culture, 6

profiles, 8material wealth, 361materiality, 361Maxey-type wares, 78Mayenne (Mayenne), stone hall, donjon, castle,

223McCormick, Michael, 19, 204Medemblik (West Frisia), port, emporium,

192, 204Medina-Azahara, near Córdoba, palace city, 233Mediterranean Sea, 3, 15, 19–20, 26, 46, 55,

107, 120, 153, 183, 201, 257coast, 221eastern, 256

medlars, 67Meigle (Perth and Kinross), 262

Index 451






Melisende of Jerusalem, 259Melitus, Bishop of the East Saxons, 170Melle (Poitou-Charente)mint, 44, 168, 194Scandinavian raiding of, 204silver mines, 168, 194, 203

Mellier (Ardenne), Carolingian palace, donjon,castle, 223

Melrose (Borders), Cistercian monastery, 301memorialisation, 259Menet-Puy-de-Menoire (Cantal), stone, ring-

work castle, 233mental templates, 7–8, 17Meols (Cheshire), beach landing place, trading

site, 194merchant-oriented societies, 25merchant–patricians, 230, 302, 365merchant–peddlers, 210merchants, 4, 9, 14–15, 17–18, 22–3, 25, 28,

118, 122, 153, 168, 174, 177, 182, 189,191, 194, 205–7, 211, 230, 257, 277, 302,308, 310, 328, 333

ability to defend themselves, 206from Al-Andalus, 321from Bristol, Southampton and Ipswich at

conquest of Lisbon in 1147, 325British/Breton, 153, 179growing independence of, 302, 314holding public offices, 302, 315households, 206, 363importation of silver by, 318independence of, 326Irish, 153Jewish merchants from Al-Andalus trading

with northern Europe, 321from London trading with northen Spain,

321martial reputation of London merchants,

318mobile lifestyle, 311Mozarabic merchants trading with northern

Europe, 321multiple ethnic influences on, 325origins of, 206protection of by ruling authorities, 311purchasing or being granted rural estates,

302, 314Romanesque stone town-houses of, 327and transmission of new games, chess, tables

etc., 320as urban landowners, 326women as urban landowners, 326

mercury, 122

Merovingian kings of Francia, 152merrels, 289metal drinking vessels, 252metal-detectors, 83, 200metalwork scatters, 186, 200metalworkers, specialist, 72metalworking tongs, 143Metz (Moselle), town, Merovingian palace, 117Meuse, River, 18, 48, 53valley, 154

micro-level, 7–8Middelkerke (West Flanders), beach landing

place?, 193Middle East, 3, 121, 257–8Middle Harling (Norfolk), 278middle Rhine region, 73middling ranks of society, 274Midlands, region, 12migration to towns, 333Milancathedral group, 108town, 106

Milfield (Northumberland), settlement, estatecentre, 130

military retainers, 221, 257, 287military role, 221, 286, 289milites, 9, 23–4, 289, 292, 358Milk Street excavations, London, 316consumption of figs and grapes, 318fragments of silk garments and silk brocade,

316horn, 316mercantile and artisan households, 316Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 351vermilion pigment on oyster-shell palettes,

323millefiori rods, 143millwrights, 146, 148mines, 72lead, and possibly silver, Peak District, 187

minke whale, 97minsters, 85, 124, 171, 207mint(s)at boroughs, c. 1100–1150, 352at Bruges, 225at burhs (shire central places), 25at Canterbury, 137, 175at Carolingian palaces, 117at diocesan towns, 18at Hamwic, 209at Ipswich, 209at London (Lundenburh), 316at Orléans, 168

452 Index






at Quentovic, 168at Rouen, 205, 168, 332at Steyning, 354at Tours, 168at York, 145

of the Archbishops, 175for series Y sceattas, 209

Miranduolo (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltopsettlement, castle, 141

mixed farming economies, 67, 77mobility, 206, 259Molendorp (West Flanders), settlement, 51monasteries, 48, 85, 99, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120,

124, 126, 137, 150–1, 171, 177as burial foci, 113, 140scriptoria, 121–2

Mondeville (Calvados), settlement, 34, 57moneyers, 154, 168, 195, 308, 314–15, 358, 362,

365of the port and burh of London, 316

Monkton (Pembrokeshire), 297Monkwearmouth (Co. Durham), monastery,

113, 145Monreale (Sicily), 259Montarrenti (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltop

settlement, 141Montbaron (Indre)

discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269settlement, protected by double ring-work,

287Montbazon (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle,

227Montcy-Notre-Dame ‘Le Château-des-Fées’

(Ardenne), motte, castle, 289Montebaro (Lombardy), palace, 106Montfélix-Chavot (Marne), embryonic castle,

castle, 220–1Montours (Ille-et-Vilaine), settlement, 37Mont-Vireux (Ardenne), Late Roman

castellum, early medieval fortifiedsettlement, 215

Morimond (Haute-Marne), Cistercianmonastery, 299

morphological diversity, 135mortar mixer, 145mortared stone, 132, 172, 226mortuary church, 18, 45, 62, 151, 155mosaic production, 158Moselle, River, 50Mote of Mark (Dumfries and Galloway),

settlement, fortified centre, 34, 95,106

motte, earth mound, 222

moulds, 89, 91, 97, 136, 143. See also non-ferrous metalworking

Moynagh Lough crannog (Co. Meath), 142Mucking (Essex), settlement, 33, 76, 86multiple burial foci, 139mutton consumption, 250

Namur, Late Roman castellum, central place,town, 18, 154

Nantes (Loire-Atlantique), port, town, 204navigable river systems, 73Neath (Glamorgan), Savignac and later a

Cistercian monastery, 300Nendrum (Co. Down), monastery, 146Nene, River, 79, 86Nest, princess of Deheubarth, 296netting, 125

of wildfowl, 260, 263networks, 117, 152, 258. See also exchange

networks; maritime networks; socialnetworks

of Anglo-Saxon merchants, c. 950–1050, 319commercial, 26of estates, 275river-based, 187

Nevern (Pembrokeshire)motte-and-bailey castle, 296takeover of Welsh estate centre, 295

New Forest (Hampshire), 245, 260Newbattle (Midlothian), 301Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine emperor, 233Niedermendig, area near Cologne, quern-

stones from, 79, 89, 184Ninch (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort,

cemetery, 92nodal points, 182nodes of exchange, 15Noirmoutier (Vendée), island, monastery, 179non-ferrous metalworking, 70, 85, 89, 91, 97,

107, 113, 129, 136–7, 143–4Nordic model of shifting settlements, 85Norman Conquest

of England, 12, 78, 173, 222, 235of southern Italy and Sicily, 247, 257–8

north Africa, 201North Elmham (Norfolk), diocesan centre, 173North Ferriby (East Yorkshire), beach landing

place, 189North Newbald (East Yorkshire), market site?,

175North Sea, 15–16, 19, 33, 51–2, 55, 73, 82, 91,

98, 119, 178, 180–1, 196basin, 196

Index 453






North Sea (cont.)exchange networks, 125, 204

North Yorkshire Moors, 80Northampton (Northamptonshire), palace,

estate centre, monastery, 86, 130northern Isles, 95Norwichannual render of a goshawk, prior to 1066,

260burh and regional territory, 345eleventh-century occupation underneath

Norman castle, 350French borough, 358Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 351

Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville (Haute-Normandie), dark earth/terre noire,settlement, church, estate centre,priory, 164

Notre-Dame-de-Gravenchon (Haute-Normandie), estate centre, ring-workcastle, designed landscape, 239

Nottingham, burh, shire-town, Frenchborough, 358

Noyen-sur-Seine (Seine-et-Marne), log-boat,202

oats, 67, 92, 94–5obole, silver coin, 194Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, 234Odo, Count of Champagne, 239Offa of Mercia, 86, 119, 175, 177, 268Offa's Dyke, 120Ogmore (Glamorgan), small moated ring-work

castle, small stone donjon near gate,294

Ohthere, Norwegian chieftain, merchant, 180oil, 319Oise, River, 10valley, 201

Olby (Puy-de-Dôme), estate centre, vicarialcentre, motte, castle, 134, 224

Old Sarum (Wiltshire)burghal fort, 221castle, cathedral, bishop's palace, 236shell keep, 242

Old Winchelsea (Sussex), 352development of the port town, 354given to Benedictine abbey of Fécamp by

Cnut in 1017, 354part of royal estate of Rameslie, 354

oliphant horns, 265Oman, 122Oostburg (East Flanders), ringfort, 216

Oostende (West Flanders), beach landingplace, 193

Oostkerke (West Flanders), settlement, 193Oost-Souburg (Zeeland), ringfort, 216open-field system, 11, 41, 53, 90, 284, 364opus Anglicanum, 259opus sectile, 115, 158, 232oratories, 44orchards, 239Orléansbridge across the River Loire, 335burgus Avenum, extramural merchant

settlement, 336Capetian royal mint, 336development of the town, c. 900–1150, 335Jewish merchants, community of, 336mint, 168monastery of St Aignan, 336polyfocal settlement, town, 168

Orne valley, 201Orosius, 180orpiment, 122Orwell, River, 16Osbern Bigge, thegn, urban estates in

Canterbury, 348osteoarthritis, 140Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 348grants of rural estates to urban metalworkers

and moneyer, 970s–990s, 348Oswald of Northumbria, 170Oswiu of Northumbria, 170Oswulf of Northumbria, 175Otley (Yorkshire), 176Otto II, Ottonian German emperor, 331Ottonian emperors, 233Ottonian imperial architecture, 230Ottonian Romanesque style, 230Oudenburg (West Flanders), Late Roman

castellum, settlement, 50ovens, 60Oxfordburh, shire town, 219decline of burh in immediate aftermath of

Norman Conquest, 357wooden bridge, 219

oysters, 48, 167

packhorses, 210Paderborn (Rhein-Westfalen)Carolingian palace, 115–16palace glass workshop, 117

Paffrath ware, See potterypagan, 107

454 Index






pagani, 45pagi, 150Paie de Retz, 179palace–donjons, 227, 229, 236, 254palaces, 85, 105, 115, 117, 119, 150, 222

Carolingian, 114. See also estate centrespalaeoclimatic data, 81palm cups. See glass vesselspapacy, 114papyrus, 20paradigms, 5, 7Paris

basin, 57capital city of kings of France by eleventh

century, 329Carolingian palace, 114, 117Merovingian palace, 105St Geneviève, church of, 155town, 71

Parknahown (Co. Lois), settlement, ringfort,cemetery, 92

parks, enclosed, 263partridges, 47, 67, 252, 289Pas-de-Calais, 201pastoral care, 171patronage, 153, 177, 182Paule (Côtes-d'Armor), cemetery, mortuary

church, 44Paulinus, Bishop of Northumbria, 170Pavia, Anglo-Saxon merchants active in, 315peacock, 251Peak District (Derbyshire), 187Peak Forest (Derbyshire), 260peasant(s), 9, 26, 28

colonisers, 25peasantry

dynamism of, 9, 24the farming population, 22portable wealth of, 14social complexity of, 11–13

pectoral cross, 144peddler, 210Pembroke (Pembrokeshire)

castle, 296earldom of, 24

Pen-er-Malo (Morbihan), settlement, 43Penmon (Anglesey), Benedictine priory, 238Pennine hills, 80penny, silver coin, 136pepper, 123, 315pepperers' guild, St Antonin, London, Church

of, 322Perche region, Normandy, 72

peregrine falcon, 264Perpetuus, Bishop of Tours, 158, 173Petegem (East Flanders)

defences, ditches and palisade, 135, 219estate centre, aula, chapel, castle, 135

Peterborough (Cambridgeshire), 176petit appareil masonry, 226, 230Peveril castle, Castleton (Derbyshire), 245Philip I of France, burial at Fleury, 232Philippe Auguste of France, 222Philippe Guigon, 135Picardy, region, 10, 70pigeons, 67pigs, 47, 68–9, 92–3, 96, 106, 116, 125, 128,

131–2, 136, 249, 289husbandry in woodlands, 289

pilgrimage, 20, 121, 168, 179, 258–9, 266, 270,272, 333

gifting of infrastructure on pilgrimageroutes, 272

to Jerusalem, 273to Rome, 272

Pineuilh (Gironde), castle, 256Pingsdorf-type ware, 253, 320 See also potteryPippin II of Aquitaine, 95Pippin III the Short, 111, 120, 175, 187, 215,

223Pirenne, Henri, 14pitched battles, rarity of, 270Pîtres, Edict of, 218Plantagenets, the, 218ploughshares, 44, 67, 93, 278plover, 263Po, River, 20, 183

transport corridor from Venice to Pavia, 315Poggibonsi (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltop

settlement, 141Poitiers, palace of Counts of Poitou/Dukes of

Aquitaine, 233pollen evidence, 67, 79–80, 92polyfocal settlements, 107, 117, 149, 177, 338polyptychs, 10, 134Poncin ‘La Châtelarde’ (Ain), Roman villa,

early medieval estate centre, 106, 141ponies, 94Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure), fortified bridge, 218Pontigny (Yonne), Cistercian monastery, 299Poole harbour (Dorset), log-boat, 201population

densities, 153growth, 27, 328, 333pressure, 275

porphyry, 115, 120, 139, 232–3, 248

Index 455






porpoises, 128, 207, 251hunting of, 207

Port Berteau (Charente-Maritime), shipwreckof clinker-built coaster, 203

port towns, 26, 91, 137, 174, 190, 200, 202,302–3, 314, 328

concentration of imported goods andservices within, 303

integration with rural hinterlands,303

maritime exchange focussed on, 312populations, exotic tastes of, 211

portable wealth, 14, 24–5, 28, 84, 99–100, 195,207, 211, 252, 267, 302, 311, 325, 357,361, 364

Portchester Castle (Hampshire)donjon, castle, 236masonry tower, 282settlement, estate centre, manorial centre,

castle, 76, 88‘Portejoie’, Tournedos-sur-Seine (Eure)abandonment at end of tenth century,

287continued use of church into fourteenth

century, 287ploughshare, scythes, sickles, 67settlement, church, cemetery, 58–9

Portland (Dorset), 180, 198Portmahomack (Moray Firth, near Inverness),

monastery, 145ports, 20, 25, 27–8, 85, 90, 153, 168, 179–80,

182–3, 198, 204, 208–9, 311ethnic diversity, 207gendered spaces, 207initiative for their foundation, 362new maritime ports founded between c. 1000

and 1150, 352ports-of-trade, 16, 20, 181, 189

portus, 168, 174, 230, 333Ganda, 338Vertraria, 179, 202, 204

post-hole. See buildingspost-in-trench construction. See buildingspostmodernist interpretations, 154potteryAndenne ware, 253, 53Badorf ware(s), 53, 117, 125, 193, 195black-burnished ware, 53, 79, 86, 184, 188,

193ceramic goblets, 111chaff/grass-tempered ware, 51, 53grey-burnished ware, 79, 184, 193handmade, 90

in coastal zones, 55, 195, 199, 361,193

along river corridors, 55, 73Ipswich ware, 78–9, 91, 137, 184, 186–7,

190, 208La Londe ware, 156, 174Maxey-type wares, 78Pingsdorf-type ware, 53, 253, 320Raqqa-type ware, 252red-painted wares, 53Stafford ware (formerly known as Chester

ware), 253, 347tablewares, 252Tating ware, 79, 117, 184, 196urban pottery industries, 347from Vorgebirge region, Middle Rhineland,

72Western French white/cream ware (E-ware),

203Winchester ware 347

Pre-Roman, 230prestige goods, 16, 19, 98, 181producer sites, 24production, specialist, 14, 16, 183, 187profit, 6, 16–17, 19, 28, 182, 302, 319, 363profligate discard, 142, 227, 255promontory castles, 221, 225–6, 229, 293pruning hook, 93psalters, 122puffins, 96pulses, 67purple, 122–3purple cloth, 319purple-dyed vellum, 122Pyrenees, the, 219, 221, 258Quentovic‘La Calotterie’, Vismarest, marble plaque,

158mint, 168port, emporium, 16, 18, 179, 187, 204,

210shift from Vismarest to Montreuil, 305

Quierzy (Oise), Carolingian palace, 115,118–19

rabbit, 47radiocarbon dates, 52, 80, 94, 96, 136, 147Raheens (Co. Cork), settlement, ringfort, 93Rameslie (Sussex), 354Raqqa ware pottery, 252Raunds (Northamptonshire), area,

survey, 83Raunds–Furnells (Northamptonshire)church and cemetery, 284

456 Index






manorial centre, 282village development, 284

Raunds–Thorpe End (Northamptonshire),settlement, 83

Raunds–West Cotton (Northamptonshire)manorial centre, 282watermill, 282

ray, 251Raystown (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort,

cemetery, watermills, 92, 94, 148recycling, 205Red Craig (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, 95red deer, 132, 145, 166, 261, 278, 289, 293

See also deerRed Wharf Bay (Gwynedd), 95redistribution, 181red-painted inscriptions, 115, 158red-painted plaster, 115red-painted wares. See potteryreeves, 204refuse

deposits, 95, 111dumping, in former Roman townscapes, 151management strategies, 89

regional diversity, 6, 11–12, 48, 75, 133relics, 5, 120, 154, 232, 271–2

of St Benedict, Fleury, 232religion, 28

religious veneration, public acts of, 259, 270Renoux, Annie, 119reorganisation of settlements and landscape in

the tenth and eleventh centuries, 275representativity of archaeological evidence,

319reticella-decorated, 125, 205 See also glass

vesselsReusel-de-Mierden (Kempen), settlement, 49Rheims

Archbishops of, 220town, Merovingian palace, 117

Rhine, River, 10, 16, 49–50, 69, 101, 124delta region, 192

Rhineland, 45, 191Rhône, River, 73, 153Rhys ap Gruffudd, prince of Deheubarth,

297patronage of Welsh Cistercian houses, 300

Rhys ap Tewdwr of Glamorgan, 237Ribe, 144

port, emporium, 16, 195, 205Riby (Lincolnshire), settlement, also known as

Riby Crossroads, 82, 188rice, 258

Richard I, Duke of Normandy, 235, 239Richard I the Lionheart of England, 246, 272riding gear,

from coastal settlements, 83, 188from emporia ports, c. 670–900, 205from fortified sites and castles, 136, 221, 255as indicator of social mobility, 289, 293as marker ofelite status, 90, 107, 110, 132, 141, 255,

266, 278, 293free status, 83, 188, 278, 290military role, 132, 136, 221, 255, 290, 293

from rural estate centres, 132, 136, 141, 278saddle, decorated, 268snaffle fit, 94, 350,spur, 221stirrup, 136from towns, c. 900–1100, 310, 350from wealthy farmsteads/hamlets, 83

Rievaulx (North Yorkshire)Cistercian monastery, 299Romanesque monastic church, 300

Rigny-Ussé (Indre-et-Loire), settlement,cemetery, estate centre, colonica, 111,137

Rijnsburg (Holland), settlement, estate centre,ringfort, 34, 69, 75, 192

Ringerike style, 350ringforts, 92, 197, 216, 219, 222ring-work castles in Pembrokeshire, reuse of

Iron Age raths, 295Ripon (North Yorkshire), monastery, 113rivers

boatmen, 194boats, 191communication corridors, 333landing places, 191traffic, 168transport corridors, 73, 179, 202, 311, 356valley corridors, 14

Robert, Count of Évreux and Archbishop ofRouen, 239

Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, 258Robert, Earl of Gloucester, Marcher Lord of

Glamorgan, 291Robert Fitz Haimo, Marcher Lord of

Glamorgan, 23, 265, 294, 353Robert Guiscard, 23, 262Robert of Molesme, founder of Cistercian

order, 298Robert of Mortain, 235Robert the Pious of France, 232, 336roe deer, 145, 261, 278, 289 See also deer

Index 457






Roermond hoard (Limburg, Netherlands), coinand silver hoard, 194

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 246Roger II of Sicily, 247use of Byzantine imperial and Islamic ruling

imagery, 248use of Romanesque architecture, 248

Roger of Montgomery, 23, 235Roksem (West Flanders), settlement, 52RomanChristianity, 3, 113, 171Church, 36, 112, 169imperial architecture, 230imperial symbolism, 114, 116, 123, 223towns, 15–16, 105, 112, 151, 162, 170, 175villas, 58–9, 106

Roman/Byzantine imperial materials, use of byCapetians, 232

Romanesque, 230, 234architecture sponsored by Welsh and

Scottish rulers, 238cathedrals, 235, 237

construction of in England, 237donjons, 231parish churches, 293stone town-houses, 26, 230, 302, 327, 357

Rome, 176, 232town, city, 20

Ronceray (Sarthe), 334Roncesvalles (Navarre, Spain), 323Rosemarket (Pembrokeshire), ring-work castle,

295Roskilde (Denmark), 313rotundachurch of St Donatus, Bruges, 225, 229palatine chapel

Aachen, 118Compiègne, 118Rouen, 156

RouenArchbishop's hall, 158Archbishop's library, 158Archbishop's palace complex, 156cathedral group, 108

cloister for cathedral canons, 156excavations of, 156

Cathedral of Notre Dame, 156centre for slave-tradingwith Islamic Iberia, 306donjon of William the Conqueror, 227external landing places on the Seine, 306Jewish merchants, community of, 335mint, 168, 332

restoration of, in 930s–940s, 334

polyfocal settlement, 174port, emporium, town, 16, 71, 179, 204replanning of street system, 930s–940s, 334Romanesque Cathedral, 235rotunda chapel, 156stone synagogue, 335tower in Archbishop's palace complex, 158

round donjons, 223roundhouse, 95row-grave cemeteries, 100, 103Roxby (North Yorkshire), settlement, 80royal households, 118royal palaces, in Norman England, 241royal power, 113, 119, 222rural central places, 106–7rural world, 4, 9, 22, 27–8, 33, 124, 181rye, 67, 92

saddles,gold decorated 268silver decorated 268, 310

Saint-Avit-Sénieur (Dordogne), 265Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Loiret), Monastery of

Fleury at, 232Saint-Denisannual fair, 174, 355aqueduct, 115, 119Arnegunde grave, 105Capetian royal mausoleum, 355mint, 168palace–monastery, settlement, cemetery, 71,

104, 115, 117, 119–20, 203ring-work defences, 135, 216

Saint Étienne, Caen (Calvados), monastery, 235Saint-Florent-de-Saumur (Maine-et-Loire),

Abbey of, 276Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa (Nord), settlement, 202Saint-Georges-de-Boscherville (Seine-

Maritime), cemetery, mortuarychapel, 44

Saint-Jean-d'Angély (Charente-Maritime), 272Saint-Mesmin (Dordogne), monastery, 43, 74Saint Omer (Nord), monastery of St Bertin at,

110Saintonge ware. See potterySaint-Rémy-du-Val (Sarthe), shell-keep, castle,

241Saint-Urnel (Finistère), settlement, chapel, 43Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), donjon, castle, 228sale, 125, 210Saleux ‘Les Coutures’ (Somme)abandonment in eleventh century, 287cemetery and church development, 63

458 Index






mill leat, 148settlement, church, cemetery, 58–9, 67, 75wild fauna consumed, 94

Salian German emperors, 235Salomon of Brittany, 136salt, 14, 54, 73, 77, 179, 194, 201, 203, 210,

320production, 179, 183, 186, 193, 198, 202,

290, 354, 356trade, 168, 203, 210

saltmarshes, 52, 77, 182Samarkand, mint for dirhems, 309Samoussy (Aisne), Carolingian palace, 115,

118sand islands, 52, 77, 79, 182Sandtun, West Hythe (Kent), beach/dune

settlement, landing place, 198Sandwich (Kent)

development of port town, 352–3landing place, port, 198mint by 1040s, 353possession of Archbishops of Canterbury,

990s–1100s, 353Santiago de Compostela

monastery of, 353pilgrimage to shrine of St James, 353

Saône, River, 73Saran, 40sarcophagi, 63, 102–3Sarry (Loir-et-Cher)

cemeteries, isolated burials, 40settlement, 34, 37, 40, 54

Scalloway (Mainland, Shetland), settlement,broch, 96

Scandinavia, 106–7, 180Scandinavian raids, 156, 197, 216

on Seville, Lisbon and north Africa, 320Scandinavian stimulus on urban growth, 305Scandinavians, 15, 25, 95, 136, 142, 183, 199,

203, 268Scarborough (North Yorkshire)

castle kitchen, 254donjon, castle, 244

scarlet, 310Scarpe, River, 356sceattas, 52, 89, 111, 129, 131, 144, 186, 191,

195, 208series E ‘porcupine’ type, 188, 194–5series X ‘Wotan monster’ type, 189, 195

Scheldt, River, 48, 230, 338schooling, 117sculpture, 85, 113, 172, 176scythe, 67

sea dykes, 290sea eagle, 265sea resources, 96seabirds, 96seafarers, 4, 17, 22, 26, 153, 174, 179, 182,

189–90, 196, 206, 211See also merchants

seasonal fairs, 333seaways, 97, 179, 311seax, 161, 195, 208Sébécourt (Eure), motte and ring-work castle,

240Second Crusade, 26, 325sediment cores, 52seigneurial, 24, 68seigneurie banale, 9Seine, River, 71, 169Selle, River, tributary of Somme, 67, 69Sens (Yonne), monastery, 19Serçe Limani, shipwreck, 206Serris ‘Les Ruelles’ (Seine-et-Marne)

abandonment, 276church, 64embryonic castle, 276prospering of peasant farms in tenth

century, 275settlement, church, estate centre, cemetery,

58, 109, 131wooden tower, 276

Servon ‘L’Arpent Ferret' (Seine-et-Marne),settlement, 42

settings, 4landscape, rural, urban, behavioural, social,

99rural, urban, behavioural, social, 4, 8

settlementnucleation, 11transformation, in the ninth and tenth

centuries, 276Severn estuary, 207

fisheries, 207Seville

Scandinavian raiding of, 204town, 204

Shapwick (Somerset)research project, 13village development, 284

sheep, 47, 53, 55, 68, 73, 77, 92, 94, 96, 106, 117,128, 136, 183, 186, 250

husbandry, 193shell-keep, 241Sherborne (Dorset), donjon-like gate tower,

castle, 243

Index 459






sheriffs, 344shields, 267fittings, 90, 289

ships, 128, 146, 182, 203shire towns, 348shire-reeves, 344shires, 25, 344Sicily, 23Norman, 258

sickle, 52, 67siege castles, 222, 229sieges, 270signatures. See material culture, profilesSilbury Hill (Wiltshire), 221silk, 120, 123, 255, 258, 272, 309, 313brocade, 259clothing, 258personal and military standards, 268shawl, 232sheets, pillows and bedcovers, 255thread, 258

silks, 315, 319, 321, 334silk-wrapped amulet, from Tattershall Thorpe

smith's grave, 208sill beam. See buildingssill foundations. See buildingssilver, 90, 97, 110, 131, 191, 235, 268, 315chandeliers, 255coinage, 154, 168platters, 252spoons, 252vessels, 252

silver-decorated saddles, 268silverworking, 255, 309Simy Folds (Co. Durham), settlement, 80Sint Andries (West Flanders), settlement, 34,

51Sint Servaas, 154site formation processes, 86sites of exchange, 204Skerne (East Yorkshire), jetty landing place,

190Skipsea Brough (East Yorkshire), motte-and-

bailey castle, lake, 239slag. See ironworkingslave collar, 143slaves, 9, 11, 315sloe, 67smelting workshops, 72snaffle bit, 94snails, 47Snellegem, 341social evolution, 3–4, 6–7, 19, 74, 98, 108

social fabric, 183socialidentity, 7memory, 7mobility, 22–3, 25, 27–8, 249, 275, 282, 294,

302, 325, 327, 364evident in townscapes, 366of merchant and artisan households, 365from seafaring mercantile ventures, 318

networks, 46, 257, 361practices, 7–8, 28, 117, 124, 183, 227, 289,

361, 365rank, 16. See also social statusroles, 7, 28status, 4

Soest (NordRhein-Westfalen) 225estate centre of Bishops of Cologne, 356

defences of, 219polyfocal settlement, 356Romanesque stone town-houses, 357salt production and ironworking centres,

356urban development of, 356

Soissons (Aisne), Merovingian palace, 105, 117sokelands. See sokemensokemen, 12, 78, 279, 282, 286, 291, 364solar-tower, 246Solent estuary, 200solidus, 125. See also coinsSomme, River, 225Sorte Muld (Bornholm), polyfocal settlement,

rural central place, votive deposition,107

South Cadbury (Somerset), burghal fort, 221South Ferriby (Lincolnshire), 190SouthamptonHamwic

mint for series H sceattas, 209port, emporium, 16, 179, 182, 190, 196,198, 200, 205

‘Six Dials’, 205St Mary's cemetery, 207

port town, 26Romanesque stone town-houses, 327shift from Hamwic to medieval

Southampton, 305territory linked to burghal port, 345

Spanish rugs, 254sparrowhawk, 264, 313spearheads, 90, 97, 143, 195, 221spears, 266–7, 289sperm whale, 90, 251Speyer, Romanesque cathedral, 235

460 Index






spices, 20, 123, 258, 315, 319, 321, 334Springfield Lyons (Essex)

abandoned in later twelfth century, 287settlement, 279two-hide estate, 279

Sprouston (Borders), 144spur. See riding gearSt Antonin, London, church of pepperers'

guild, 322St Augustine of Canterbury, 170St Clears (Pembrokeshire), 297St Columba, 170St David's (Pembrokeshire)

Late Romanesque cathedral, 298monastery, cult centre of St David diocesan

centre, 237St Dogmaels (Pembrokeshire), 297St-Germain-des-Près, Paris, monastery of,

168St Guthlac, 76

Life of St Guthlac, by Felix, 178St James, church dedications, 353St-Julien-en-Genevois (Rhone-Alps),

settlement, stone mausoleum, 102St Liudger, Life of, by Altfrid, 179St Martin of Tours, 21

cult of, 158monastery of, 10, 21, 104, 108, 111, 122, 154,

158, 161, 164, 173temporary shrine of (excavated), 161

St Ninian's Isle (Shetland), 143St Servatius, 154

cult of, 158St Simeon, Syria, English mariners at, 325St Victor of Marseilles

furnished graves buried in monastery, 161monastery of, 10, 161

St Willibald, 179St Willibrord, 179Staffelsee (Bayern)

diocesan seat of first Bishops of Bavaria, 331monastery of, 331

Stafford castledecline of burh in immediate aftermath of

Norman Conquest, 357foundation of borough of Monetville, 358

Stafford ware (formerly known as Chesterware), 253, 347

stallions, 267state power, 221‘Staunch Meadow’, Brandon (Suffolk),

settlement, cemetery, estate centre,monastery, 124, 190

Stavnsager (East Jutland)Domburg-type brooch, 196polyfocal settlement, rural central place,

votive deposition, 107transformation of small port to rural manor,

313Staxton-Newham's Pit (East Yorkshire),

settlement, 80Stellerburg (Schleswig-Holstein), estate centre,

ringfort, 220Stene (West Flanders), settlement, 193Stephen, Count of Aumale, Lord of

Holderness, 239, 358Stephen of England, 243, 246Steyning (Sussex), 352

development of the borough, 354labour services of burgesses in 1066, 354mint, 354overseen by London moneyer, Deorman,

354pewter disc brooch from, 354possession of Benedictine abbey of Fécamp,

Normandy, 354settlement, royal estate centre, borough,

200stirrup, 136stock fish, 200, 251, 290stone buildings

masonry, 85, 113stone footings/sills, 46, 80, 85, 109–11,

145grave-markers, 349halls, 223mausolea, 102

stoneworking, 89storage, 111storm-makers, 45Stour, River, 353Strata Florida (Ceredigion), Cistercian

monastery, 301sturgeon, 70, 131, 139, 251, 313stycas, Northumbrian copper alloy coins, 80,

175styli, 117, 126, 137sub-Ringerike-style, 238sugar, 258Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 232Sugny (Ardenne), embryonic castle, castle,

220–1, 287sulphur, 319sunken foundations, 221sunken-featured buildings, 62, 89–90, 126

See also Grubenhäuser

Index 461






Sutton Courtenay (formerly Berkshire, nowOxfordshire)

principal residential building, 130settlement, estate centre, 130

Sutton Hoo (Suffolk)barrow cemetery, ship burials, 94, 104drinking-horn terminals, 192

swans, 263sword-burials, 101sword-guards, 205swords, 100–1, 103, 121, 143, 195, 203, 267votive deposition of, 268

symbolic space, 7Syria, 120Sysele, 341

tables, game played with counters, 256,289

ivory counters with figurative relief carving,256

played in elite and urban contexts, 257tablewares, 252taifa kingdoms of Spain, 235, 258Taillebourg (Charente-Maritime)log-boats, 203riverside landing place, 195, 203

Tamworth (Staffordshire), watermill, royalestate centre, 147

Tating ware, 117, 184, 195 See also potterypitchers, 196

Tattershall Thorpe (Lincolnshire), smith'sgrave, 208, 311, 362

Tavigny (Ardenne), cemetery, mortuarychapel, 44

taxation, 18–19, 28, 181, 203of goods passing through sea and river ports,

333taxation-in-kind, 69, 125, 144

Teinfrith, church-wright of Edward theConfessor

overseer of construction of Westminsterabbey, 349

possession of rural estate at Shepperton(Middlesex), 349

terp, 191raised settlement mound, 53

terra preta, 157terres noires, 164, 167test-pitting approaches, 13Teulet (Hérault), small donjon, 234Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire), Benedictine

priory built by Robert Fitz Haimo,295

textile production, 42, 52, 60, 70, 91, 93, 111,129, 137, 144, 198, 309

thegns, 11, 279Thetford (Norfolk)diocesan centre, 173

moved to Norwich, 345lack of linked rural territory for the town/

burh, 345Theuws, Frans, 154Thomas Becket, Archbishop of CanterburyChancellor of England, 327son of immigrant Norman merchant in

London, 327three orders, the, 22, 25Thwing (East Yorkshire), settlement, cemetery,

wooden tower, 221, 81tidal creeks, 54, 78–9, 183, 196Tidenham (Gloucestershire), estate centre, 128,

207Tijtsma-Wijnaldum (Westergo), terp

settlement, 191tin, 315, 319Tintagel (Cornwall), settlement, fortifed centre

on promontory, 106Tintern (Gwent), Cistercian monastery, 300Tissø (Sjælland), polyfocal settlement, central

place, 131tolls, 168, 204collection, 168, 179, 192, 204, 207, 358

Tongres (prov. Limburg)cathedral group, 108town, Roman town, 18

tools, 129, 134top-down models, 3, 16Torcello, island, Venice, 20Tournai (prov. Hainaut)Merovingian palace, 105, 117stone, 339town, 104, 117

tournament, 270Tours (Indre-et-Loire)burgus of artisans and merchants, monastery

of St Martin, 337cathedral group, 108Château excavations, 166development of the town, c. 900–1150,

336donjon, comital residence, 227, 337

ground-floor cooking, 254mint, 168Romanesque stone town-houses, 337St Julien, church of, 167

excavations at, 21

462 Index






suburbium civitatis, 154town, 21, 26

Tower of London, White Tower, donjon ofWilliam the Conqueror, 228, 236

town and country relationship of the centralMiddle Ages, 308

town walls, 151towns, 4, 6, 9, 14–15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 149, 177,

179, 277growth of towns from rural estate centres,

331judicial concept of a town, 330supplying goods and services to rural

hinterlands, 277townscapes, 25–6, 151trade, 4, 6, 14, 19, 28, 121, 126, 168, 182

east–west, 258networks, 15salt, 168, 203, 210wine, 203

traders, 205trading places, 182Transformation of the Roman World, The

research project, 5translators, 358transport, 14, 17, 94, 182, 190travel, 19travellers, 208tremissis, gold coin, 18, 153, 191, 195.

See also coinsTrent, River, 184Trewiddle hoard (Cornwall), coin and silver

hoard, 201Tritsum (Westergo), terp settlement, 191Trondheim (Norway), walrus ivory workshop,

256Trowbridge (Wiltshire)

settlement, 82small ring-work castle, 244

‘twelfth-century Renaissance’, 26Tyne, River, 221

Umayyad, 123Unur, Emir of Damascus, 263uplands, 33, 77, 79, 81Uppåkra (Skåne), polyfocal settlement, rural

central place, votive deposition, 107urban

cemeteries, 349churches

construction and rights over/tithes from,349

dedications, 350

community, 118decline, 163fabric, 151growth, 333hierarchy, 25life, 14, 20patricians, 25–6, 230, 302, 365as a political force, 367

residences of rural landowners, 312world, 26–7

Usama ibn Munqidh, Islamic scholar, warriorand hunter, 263

utilitarian goods, 16Utrecht, diocesan centre, monastery, polyfocal

settlement, 194

Vadum Jacob, castle of the Knights Templar,257

Valkenburg De Woerd (Holland)church founder-burial, 64settlement, church, estate centre, 58, 69,

74–5, 192valkyries, 107Valle Crucis (Denbighshire), 301Valsgärde (Mälaren), barrow cemetery, ship

burials, 104, 107Varangian guard, 357vegetables, 67Vejle fjord, 195Velzeke (East Flanders), St Martin, church of,

230Vendel (Mälaren), barrow cemetery, ship

burials, 104, 107Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher), development of the

town, 338Veneto region, 183Venice

Ca'Vendramin Calergi, 252maritime urban republic of, 303merchants from, 315port, town, 183Venetians, 15

Verberie (Aisne), Carolingian palace,118

Verhaeghe, Frans, 21Verhulst, Adriaan, 18vermilion, red pigment

indicator of trade with Spain, 323made from mercury sulphide,

323Verneuil-sur-Avre (Eure)

borough founded by Henry I of England,242

Index 463






Verneuil-sur-Avre (Eure) (cont.)English influences in Romanesque

architecture, 242provision of houses and churches for

burgesses by Henry I of England, 360Vert-Saint-Denis ‘Les Fourneaux’ (Seine-et-

Marne), settlement, iron ore mine,58, 71

Veurne (West Flanders), ringfort, 216vicus, 59villa, 47–8, 134Alnith, 135Karloburg, 138Pettingaheim, 135

village, 11, 24–5, 78, 91, 274belt in central England, 274development in England, 284formation, 11, 364‘greens’, 78

villani, 27Villare, 71Villiers-le-Bacle (Essonne), settlement, 34, 57Villiers-le-Sec (Val-d'Oise)cemetery, 65estate of Saint-Denis, 286principal residential building from tenth

century, 286settlement, cemetery, estate centre,

58–9, 67wild fauna consumed, 67, 94

Vireux-Molhain (Ardenne)Notre-Dame-Saint-Ermel, church of, 215settlement, 215

Vireux-Wallerand (Ardenne), community ofironworkers, 215

Vismarest-sur-Canche (Pas-de-Calais), village,16

Vitry-en-Artois (Pas-de-Calais), settlement,estate centre, 58–9

Viuz-Faverges (Haute-Savoie), settlement,mortuary church, 102

vluchtburgen, 197, 216Vorbasse (Jutland), 86Vorgebirge, region, middle Rhineland, 72votive depositions, 45, 107

walled episcopal cores, 152, 154walls, symbolic interpretation of, 154walnuts, 211, 232Walraversijdegold tremissis, 193

Walter Espec, 299Walter Fitz Richard de Clare, 300

Waltham (Essex), Abbey of Holy Cross, 271Walwyn's Castle (Pembrokeshire)church of St James, 353ring-work castle, 295

warfare, 132, 206, 259, 266, 269, 278waste streams, 8water channel. See Saint-Deniswatermills, 60, 63, 70, 93–4, 146–7, 191, 282horizontal-wheeled, 146technology, 146tidal, 146vertical-wheeled, 146

Waverley (Surrey) Cistercian monastery, 299Weald, the, iron mining and smelting, 291wealthy peasant families, 274weaponsarrowheads, 90, 266, 289axes, 195, 289bows and arrows, 266among coastal and maritime-oriented

communities, 83, 188, 195, 203, 361crossbows, 263, 266

bolt, 221, 289quarrel, 266

discardedin castles, 221, 255, 293at ports and river landing places, 203, 205,207, 212

on rural settlements, 83, 90, 131, 134, 143,278, 289

in towns, 310, 350as grave-goods, 49, 103, 110hunting as weapons training, 266lances, 266reflection

of military role as much as status,221, 286

of right to bear arms by freemen, 11, 23,28, 55, 132, 286

seax, 161, 195, 208spearhead(s), 90, 97, 143, 195, 221spears, 266, 289sword(s), 100–1, 103, 121, 143, 195, 203, 267

votive deposition of, 268sword guard/hilts, 205trade in, 315votive deposition, 107, 143, 268

Weber, Max, 21Welham Bridge (East Yorkshire), log-boat,

190Wellington (Herefordshire), watermill, 147wells, 60, 62Wenceslas of Bohemia, 269

464 Index






Wenduine (West Flanders), settlement, 193West Halton (Lincolnshire), monastery, 137West Heslerton (North Yorkshire), settlement,

34, 84, 86, 91West Stow (Suffolk), settlement, 33West Walton (Norfolk), settlement, 79, 184Westergo (Friesland), 191western French cream ware (E-ware), 203western Roman provinces, 100Westminster, London

Abbey, 236, 271, 329palace, 236, 245St Peter’s monastery, Thorney Island, 172

whale vertebrae, 90, 93whales, 90, 93, 96, 128, 202, 211, 251Wharram Percy (North Yorkshire),

settlement, 91wheat, 67, 92, 94–5Whitby (North Yorkshire)

monastery, 104, 190Synod of, 171White Tower, Tower of London, 227, 236

Whitehall, London, palace site?, estate centre,173

Whithorn (Dumfries and Galloway)monastery, 94, 104, 123

whiting, 96, 186, 199Whitland (Pembrokeshire), Cistercian

monastery, 300Whittlewood (Northamptonshire)

area, 84research project, 13

Wicken Bonhunt (Essex), settlement, estatecentre, 76, 88

Wigford, Lincoln, St Mark, church of, 350Wigmund, Archbishop of York, 175

gold solidus issue, 175Wigod of Wallingford, urban estates in Oxford,

348Wihtred of Kent, law code of, 208wild

animals, 68birds, 55fruits, 67geese, 263, 313species, 47, 67–8, 90, 93, 106, 125, 128, 131,

145, 166, 187, 250, 275, 289wildfowling, 68, 128, 131, 134, 187, 207, 239,

260, 263Wilfrid, Abbot and Bishop, 113, 123, 171William de Albini, 243William I ‘the Conqueror’ of England, Duke of

Normandy, 23, 222, 229, 335, 342

William II of Sicily, 259William II Rufus of England, 236

killed while hunting in the New Forest, 261William IV ‘the Pious’, Duke of Aquitaine,

271William V ‘the Great’, Duke of Aquitaine, 233William FitzOsbern, 235, 239William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester, 299William de Londres, 294William Longsword, Duke of Normandy, 332,

334–5William de Warenne I, Earl of Surrey, 243wills (testaments), 267, 357Wilskerke-Haerdepollemswal (West Flanders),

geochemical survey, 53, 193Winchester (Hampshire)

burh, town, 218, 329paramount centre of royal government in

England, c. 950–1150, 329polyfocal settlement, 329

Winchester ware, 347window glass, 64, 117, 158, 275Windsor (Berkshire)

courtyard palace of Henry II within Windsorcastle, 247

Romanesque stone town-house, 358shell-keep, castle, 241small river port, 358

wine, 203, 252, 315, 319, 324trade, 203

Wirral peninsula, 194Wiso, the Fleming, locator, 24, 294Wiston (Pembrokeshire)

borough, 360motte and ring-work castle, 293

Witney (Oxfordshire), manorial estate centrewith solar tower, 247

wizards, 45woad, 316Woensdrecht (East Flanders), settlement,

landing place, 192wolf, 67, 132women

of seafaring-merchant households, 207as urban landowners, 326

woodcock, 313woodlands, 33, 93, 166, 252, 260, 291

farming and industrial landscapes, 291Woodstock (Oxfordshire), palace, 245woodworking, 70, 89, 91, 93, 129, 137,

278wool, 92

garments, 194

Index 465






woollen cloth, 315Worcester (Worcestershire), diocesan centre, 173wright, 349Wuffingas, 105Wulfhere, Archbishop of York, 175Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, coinage

of, 175Wulfsige, Archbishop of York, 175Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 237

Yarnton (Oxfordshire), settlement, estatecentre, 86, 125

Yeavering (Northumberland), 125Northumbrian royal estate centre, 85–6, 112

Yemen, 122York. See also Coppergate, excavations

FishergateAlma Sophia, monastery of 172

Anglo-Scandinavian transformation of,303

Archbishops of, 364sculptures associated with key estatecentres of, 176

bishopric of, 171citizenry of, 179Eorforwic, town, port, emporium, 16Frisian merchant colony, 179, 190mint, 145

for series Y sceattas, 209of the Archbishops, 175

moneyers, tenth-century, 308polyfocal settlement, 174port town, 303

Yorkshire Wolds, 80, 83, 91

Zengid dynasty of Aleppo, 264

466 Index






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