independence movement of latin america
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Independence Movement of Latin America. Presentation created by Robert Martinez Primary Content Source: A Short History of the World Images as cited. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Independence Movement of Latin America
Presentation created by Robert MartinezPrimary Content Source: A Short History of the WorldImages as cited.
In the late 18th century, Spain’s Bourbon
monarchs sought ways of increasing the flow of revenue from their American colonies. Spain needed more money to defend its
empire from European rivals, particularly Britain and France.
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Pressure was placed on the colonies to increase production in agriculture and
mining; and equally to reduce administration and defense costs, and
expand frontiers.
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This led to discontent among the creole population (those of Spanish descent, born in the
colonies), made worse by Spain’s attempts to monopolize commerce with European and
American markets at the expense of creole traders, and by increasing creole exclusion
from positions within the colonial administration in favor of peninsulares (Spanish-born
Spaniards.)mediarumba.com
By the late 18th century, many creoles had grown resentful of Spanish authority.
Influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions,
they began to desire independence from Spain.
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However, few creoles rebelled because of fear that without Spanish protection, they would be unable to defend themselves from uprisings by
the African, indigenous and mixed-race communities, which together comprised some 80 percent of Spanish America’s population.
withfriendship.com
Their fear was reinforced by two events: the 1780
Inca uprising in Peru, led by Tupac Amaru; and the 1791 slave revolt in the
French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue, which
led to the foundation of the Africa-Caribbean republic
of Haiti in 1804.
bloglavozdelreservista.blogspot.com
The event that changed creole attitudes and accelerated moves towards independence was
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808. Napoleon replaced the Spanish Bourbon king Ferdinand with his own older brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, causing a major conflict of loyalties throughout Spanish America.
creaciondeunanacion2a.blogspot.com
Did they recognize the new king, pledge
allegiance to Ferdinand, or form self-ruling governments? In
most cases, creoles preferred the third
option – as a temporary measure at least – until
Bourbon rule was restored.
royaltyguide.nl
A war of independence
began in Mexico in 1810, led by the
priest Miguel Hidalgo. After
Hidalgo’s execution the following year, the movement was led by the military
commander Agustin de Iturbide.
Miguel Hidalgocommons.wikimedia.org
By 1822, Iturbide had driven the Spanish royalists from the country and founded
the Mexican Empire, with himself as emperor.
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Around this time, Spain’s Central American colonies also declared their independence,
forming themselves into the United Provinces of Central America. The union lasted until 1838, when it separated into the independent states
of today.
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Two figures dominated the story of South American Independence. In the north, Simon Bolivar led the struggle to free
present-day Venezuela,
Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
filosofiayeducacion.uncu.edu.ar
Bolivar began his fight against Spain royalist forces in 1811. After many fierce battles, he
established the independent republic of Gran Columbia in 1822. In 1830-1831, Gran Columbia separated to form Venezuela, Ecuador and New
Granada.
taringa.net
In 1816, Argentina declared its
independence from Spain. Jose de San
Martin realized that if Argentina was to
remain a free state, the rest of the
continent would have to be liberated
as well. latinamericanstudies.org
In 1817, he invaded Peru over the high Andean passes, surprising royalists and defeating
them at the Battle of Chacabuco.
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Inspired by San Martin’s example, Chilean patriot Bernado O’Higgins invaded Chile
in 1818, defeating the royalists at the Battle of Maipu and securing the
country’s independence.
encontrarte.aporrea.org
By 1821, San Martin had taken Peru’s capital Lima and proclaimed
independence, although most of the countryside and highlands remained
under royalist control.
historiadenuestroperuydelmundo.blogspot.com
San Martin asked Simon Bolivar to complete the liberation of Peru, which he and his general Antonio Jose de Sucre
achieved at the Battles of Junin and Ayachucho in 1824-1825.
patriagrande.com.ve
Upper Peru, which
declared its independence
in 1825, renamed itself
Bolivia, in honor of Bolivar.
es.wikipedia.org
Paraguay, in northern Argentina, achieved liberation in 1811. In Uruguay, which lay
between Brazil and Argentina, independence was proclaimed in 1816, but the country was
then occupied by Brazil in 1820 and only managed to liberate itself in 1828.
every-day-is-special.blogspot.com
By 1826, the last royalists had been driven out of South America, and the
once-mighty Spanish-American Empire consisted merely of Cuba and Puerto
Rico.
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The U.S. government’s Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which declared U.S. hostility to
any European attempts to re-colonize the Americas, guaranteed the continued independence of Central and South
America.
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