In-text citations

• In-text citations – used to put

important ________ information in

_______________________ after a

paraphrase or quote

• NOTE: Should NOT have more than 1/3 of your paper cited

Why Use In-Text Citations?

• Used within your research paper to refer readers to the source in the Works Cited– In case the reader wants to check it out!

• Gives credit where credit is due

– *No in-text citation = __________________

In-Text Citations: Use when…

• ______________ an original idea from a source

• ________________ that is NOT “common knowledge”

• ________________ another person’s idea – For example, Literary criticism!

• ________________

In-Text Citations: MLA• For MLA style, in-text citations should include:

– 1. _________________

– 2. _________________- Citation comes BEFORE the closing punctuation mark.Quotation: “Jem, like Tom, has an injured left arm and a healthy right arm. His hand turns at right angles, signifying his morally

correct perspective” (Champion 234).Paraphrase: The fact that Jem’s left arm is broken demonstrates

that he is a virtuous human being (Champion 234).

Set-Up Line• Set-up Line – a “signal phrase” that uses the

______________ __________ to “set up” the

fact/idea

– If you use a set-up line = do NOT need to put the author’s name in parentheses

- Direct quotation: As Laurie Champion explains, “Jem, like Tom, has an injured left arm and a healthy right arm. His hand turns at right angles, signifying his morally correct perspective (234).

- Paraphrase: According to Laurie Champion, the fact that Jem’s left arm is broken demonstrates that he is a virtuous human being (234).

Your Turn

• 1. Grab a novel from under your desk (NOT a textbook/workbook).

• 2. Open your book and find a sentence that you’d like to quote.

• 3. Write the following on a separate sheet of paper:– A) Direct quotation with in-text citation (_______ #)– b) Paraphrase of the quotation, with in-text citation

(_______ #)– c) Rewrite your paraphrase with a set-up line, and the

proper citation ( # ).

In-Text Citations: MLA• If you’re using an internet source that has no page

numbers, such as an article, then only

include the ______________________________

in the citation.

Example: Adam Cohen writes in his New York Times article that, “Long before there were late-night Abdominizer

infomercials, Gatsby was a fervent believer in the gospel of self-improvement” (Cohen).

In-Text Citations: Author Unknown

• When the author is not known, the first thing

in parentheses should be the ______________

word in your entry for the source in your

_________________________.

– Usually the first word in the title

– In quotes

In-Text Citations: Unique author cases

• Shmoop.com example http://www.shmoop.com/to-kill-a-mockingbird/justice-judgment-theme.html

Paraphrase: In To Kill a Mockingbird, the court system only allows white people to be judged without bias (Shmoop Editorial Team).

ORAccording to interpretations made by the Shmoop Editorial Team, the court system only allows white people to be judged without bias.

Indirect Sources• Indirect source – a source cited within a source

“_____________”= indicates the source you used

Example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).

Activity• 1. Get in groups of 3-4 people. • 2. Each group will read an excerpt from an

article. • 3. As a group, construct a paragraph that cites

evidence using in-text citations to support a given thesis statement. Each paragraph must have:– 5 pieces of supporting evidence• 3 of these use set-up lines• 2 of these use in-text citations

For further information:**Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting and Style Guide (edited 2014) (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/ http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/res5e_ch08_s1-0001.html hackerandbooks.com Research and Documentation Online: 5th editionhttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/res5e_ch08_s1-0001.html Bedford Writing Center: http://www.sinclair.edu/centers/wc/pub/documents/mlaintxt.pdf Portland State University Writing Centerhttp://www.writingcenter.pdx.edu/resources/library.php?step09_detail_3.html