improved postharvest technologies for reducing postharvest
TRANSCRIPT
Presentation Title Goes Here…presentation subtitle.
Improved Postharvest Technologies for reducing postharvest losses and increasing of farmers incomes form
their rice harvests.
Martin Gummert
Postharvest Section, GQNPC, IRRIPost Production Workgroup,
Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, IRRC
Contents
• Introduction• Postharvest problems and options for better
postharvest managemento Harvestingo Dryingo Storageo Millingo Market information
• Lessons learned• Key issues
Problems faced by Asian rice farmers?
• Farmers income has been eroded• Farmers are price takers and sell
most at harvest because:indebtnesspoor storagelack of market knowledge
• Rural labor shortage• Little chance to add value
Options to increase rice farmers’incomes1. Increase crop yields and
reduce production costs2. Reduce losses especially
in post harvest3. Reduce cost of
postharvest operations4. Find higher value
markets5. Diversify into other crops
Postharvest losses add up• Grain loss• Loss in quality• Farmers don’t add value to their rice
Combined losses
Weight: 10-20% Value: 25-50%
Grain value
IRRI’s Postharvest Projects• Postharvest Unit of GQNPC in Los Baños
o Research on principles (hermetic storage), coordination
• Postproduction Workgroup of IRRC (SDC funded)o Phase IV: 2009-2012o Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnamo Focus on out-scaling postharvest technologies
• Reduction of postharvest losses and increasing farmers’incomes (ADB funded)
o Follow-up of ADB/JFPR funded project 2005-2008o Implementation: 2009-2013o Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippineso Out-scaling PH technologies verified in the ADB/JFPR project
Postproduction Partnerships 2007
ICAPRD
BLSC
PPD NAFRI
NLU
IRRC MembersADB-IFPR Partners
MRPTAHUAF
Postharvest trainees
CARDI
SME
BPTP
BPTP
ABC
VIAEP
SIAEP
SSFFMP / BPTP
MarketingMillingStorageDryingHarvesting
Approach for improving postharvest
Postharvest Value Chain
Machine Harvesting Machine Drying Hermetic Storage Rice mill improvement
MarketingAssistance
Understanding Quality Training Policy
Farmers: reduce losses / cost; more participation in the value chain –> increased income
Commercial sector: reduce losses / increase quality –> increased profit
Policy: food security, poverty reduction, health
Harvesting ProblemsPhysical losses (2-5%)
o Shattering in fieldo Over dryingo Transporting
Quality losseso Grain Discolorationo Fungal infestation
Migration leads to labor shortage in rural areas
o High harvesting cost (Cambodia up to 75$/ha)
Stripper harvesting• Reduce harvesting cost• Reduce losses• Failed in the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand
Promotion through ATIAMI in South Sulawesi (Sulsel)
1997-20011994-1996 Initial testing of IRRI prototype in Indonesia
Manufacturing in SurabajaIn 2005 local production in Sulsel
3 ManufacturersChandue: 210 units in 2005
Mechanized harvesting, Cambodia• Manual harvesting
o US$ 75/hao Delays
• Mini combineo 1ha/dayo US$ 4,000o Loss 1-3%o Cost: US$ 35/ha
• Benefit for farmerso Lower costo Timely harvesto Better qualityo Less losses
Mechanizing Harvesting• Lessons learned
o In areas with labor shortage highly beneficialo Introduction takes time (4-10 years) o Some organizations have difficulties to source
technologies abroad (Lao, Myanmar)• Key issues
o Often too little involvement of private sector in government driven development programs
o Support to manufacturers, after sales serviceso Financingo Do not re-invent the wheel
Drying ProblemsDouble cropping systems:
o One harvest in the wet season
o Sun drying often not feasible
• Discoloration, fungal infestation
• Sprouted grain • 10-30% reduction in
head rice yield
Traditional drying systemsOver drying in field (1-4%)
Farm level dryers• Vietnamese farm level
dryer (UAF-IRRI-GTZ)o 1t capacityo Cost: < $ 150o 1.000 + sales by 1997
• Testing by ATIAMI and CREMNET failed
o Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia…
o 1kW electric motoro Investmento Benefit?
Vietnamese Flat bed dryer• Continuous increase of capacity
o 1t in 70tieso 4t in mid 80tieso 8t in late 90tieso Reversible air-flow in 2002
• Status 2007o 6,000 dryers in Mekong Delta
• Farmers benefito Safe dryingo Low cost (<5% of paddy value)o Option for sale of wet paddy
• Technology transfer through IRRCo Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao (2005..)o Optimization in Indonesia (2006)
Drying Systems Transfer
Use
rsM
anuf
actu
rers
Source country (Vietnam) Target countries (LAO, MMR, CAM)
Production know-how Manufacturing
potentialCambodia
Farmer processing center
IRRI / NARES facilitated technology transfer process
Lao
Proven commercial options 2007: 40 dryers installed in Myanmar
Current problems / needs
Tech. assistance
User training
Drying systems training at NLU, Vietnam
• Manufacturing• Testing• System integration
TechnologyParticipants start local production
Need assessmentsTechnology evaluation
Scientific Principles
Dryer components made by manufacturers in
Demo,Promotion,
Training
Rice hull furnace,NLU, Vietnam• Features
o Automatic feeding and ash removal
o Clean burning, Low emissions o No fly asho Saves ~ 10l kerosene/t
(CO2 neutral)• Results
o Low cost (< US$ 3,000 for dryer, blower, and furnace)
o Saves laboro Long term monitoring
underwayo Can produce carbonized rice
husk
Commercial furnaces in Vietnamo Tray Ninho Farmers at Cat Tien Districto Nhon Hinh Cooperativeo Hau Thanh Dong Cooperative
Lessons learned• Mechanical dryers have better performance than sun drying
o 10-30% more head rice in mechanical dryers compared to sun drying (Indonesia, Ramchandra, 2007)
o Sun drying cheapest option• Manufacturers modify on users’ request
-> negative effect on performance• Successful introduction where research institutions stayed
involved and adapted dryers to users’ needs• Size and complexity:
o Simple, locally produced dryers get adoptedo Small dryers economically not attractive -> trend towards
bigger dryers -> commercial and contract drying for farmerso Farmers benefit from better quality, eliminated weather risk,
safe storage (benefits are not very visible)
Dryers, key issues
• Local production (local workshops will copy)
• Adaptation (up scaling)• Performance testing• Financing (users)
Storage ProblemsWeight loss (3-5%)
RespirationConsumed by pests
Quality (10-15%)Spoilage by pestsYellowingHead riceCooking quality
Farmers’ seedsLoss of Germination after a few months
Hermetic sealed storage systems
5 t Volcani cube
0
6
12
18
0 20 40 60 80Storage time, days
O2
conc
entra
tion,
% ClaypotPVC drum lrgPVC drum sml
Principle• Special plastic - low oxygen
permeability• Respiration of grains and insect
activity reduce oxygen quickly• Plastic prevents moisture
adsorption
50 kg “Super bag”
Life insects after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
Inse
cts
/ kg
initial
hermetic
control
• Effective control over time
• No pesticides needed
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Germination after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
Ger
min
atio
n (%
)
initial
hermetic
control
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Higher returns in milling
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
Hea
d R
ice
Yiel
d (%
)
initial
hermetic
control
• 8 months of storage
• 4 varieties• Hermetic: IRRI
super bags• Control: Woven
PVC bags• Conducted in
2005
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Other crops: MaizeMyanmar: 5 months of storage with an initial MC of 17% w.b
Source: IRRI-MAS research, Plant Protection Division, Myanmar, 17 May 2005
Conventional bag
Hermetic super bag
Hermetic bag made in Indonesia (Kantong Semar)
• Supplier: Agri Business Club Jakarta
• Cheaper, minimum order 10,000 pieces
• Slightly better performance
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 7 14 21 28 35
No. of days
Oxy
gen,
%
Super bag
Kantong Semar
Source: IRRI, 2005
Farmer’s benefit, Battambang, Cambodia
• Farmers use 80-90% own seeds
• Germination drops quickly• Traditional seed storage:
3 bags @ 70kg• Hermetic storage:
o Germination above 90%o Seed rate reduced by 1/3o Additional sale of 70 kg =
US$ 9o Investment: US$ 2.00
Key issues, hermetic storage
• Private sector started to buy hermetic systemso INO: Seed producers in Java, PT Effem South
Sulawesio PHI: Bayer International, local hybrid rice seed
producers• So far no product champion for farmers’ bags• No dissemination channels to farmers
(minimum order 5,000-6,000 bags) • How to ensure that users get training?
Rice milling (in %)
25271715Broken kernels
40384655Head rice
65636370Milled rice
1181110Bran
76757480Brown rice
24242620Husk
CambodiaPhilippinesIndonesiaTheoretical Yield
Source: IRRI
Rice Mill Improvement
• Objectives o Baseline on milling
industryo Improved qualityo Reduced losseso Increased incomes
• Target groupso Village rice millso Commercial mills
in selected countries
Farmers processing center, Cambodia
• Benefit of drying (higher quality) realized after milling (sale of higher quality milled rice)
• Dryer and mill used by farmers groupso Less over-millingo Bran stays with groupo Sale of under-milled
rice to health conscious markets
Lessons learned and key issues
• Lessons learnedo Millers can deliver extension and input to farmers
if they realize the importance of good quality raw materials (MRPTR, Myanmar)
o Organizing farmers groups is beyond our mandateo Financing schemes for investment are essential
• Key issueso Networking with millers / millers associationso Partnerships needed for financing schemes,
assistance to groups
Village market information systems
Village Market, Kabupaten Subang - 2004
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Month
Rice
pric
e, R
p
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
Extension Service
Info Board Manager
Village market
Capital market
Decision making:• Where to sell?• When to sell?• What quality to
produce?
ADB / JFPR Postharvest Project
ADB/JFPR 9036: Cambodia and VietnamIrrigated Rice Research Consortium
Provincial market
Market info boards
Lessons learned, key issues• Lessons learned
o Farmers need to understand the value of market info, then they make decision on sales increasingly based on market information
o Official information often has to be approved –delays
o Farmers participation important• Key issues
o How to institutionalize MIS?o How to finance it?
Grain Quality Test Kit
Temperature
Moisture content
Milling degree
Head rice, brokens
DimensionsCracks, Insects Weight Volume
• Better understanding of grain quality• Better decision making in post harvest
management• Affordable, for farmer intermediaries and
processors
Lessons learned and key issues
• Lessons learnedo Demand for low-cost moisture meter and quality
kit increases (weekly inquiries)o Local production of MM in Philippines o “Privatization” of quality kit difficult because of
economics of scale, capital requirements for batch purchase
• Key issueso Support to manufacturers, commercialization
Capacity building from IRRI1. Hands-on
training2. Training
materialso Fact sheetso Reference
manualso Videoso Included in
RKB3. E-learning
courses• English• Khmer• (Vietnamese)
Open e-learning prototype
Summary: Key lessons learned• Capacity building most important component for Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia• Farmers benefit from reducing losses, better quality and the ability to sell later• Users need to understand the benefits before they adopt -> extension is
essential but weak in some countries• Locally produced technologies have higher potential for adaptation to local
conditions and therefore sustainable adoption is more likely• Adapt commercially available technologies to local conditions• A technology champion is essential for successful introduction • Involvement of the private sector at an early stage is essential for
commercialization• Most successful were technologies were researchers stayed involved in the
commercialization process and helped manufacturers to make the modifications users wanted (linear TOT process chain in some countries)
• Systems approach: Non technical issues need to be addressed (in partnership with suitable public and private organizations or projects)
o Training of users, marketing of PH technologieso Industrial extension for local production and adaptationo Financing (investment, working capital)o Advise to policy level
Key questions• How to ensure more participation of farmers and the industry in
technology selection, adaptation and impact assessments?• How to ensure more and earlier private sector participation
o Suppliers: Manufacturers, traderso Partners: e.g. millers who provide extensiono Financing institutions
• Linking of organizations with postharvest mandate • What is the role of the government in postharvest development?
o Supply of equipment through government programs? Or..o ..generating favorable frame conditions for the local industry to
develop?o How can we advise the policy level accordingly?
• How to ensure sufficient allocation of resources?
Thank You
Major PartnersAgribusiness Club Jakarta, IndonesiaBLSC, VietnamBPRE, PhilippinesBPTBs in Sumbar, Sulsel, Jatim, Sumut, IndonesiaCARDI, CambodiaCRMA, CambodiaDISIMP, IndonesiaGrainpro Inc., PhilippinesHue UAF, VietnamICAPRD, IndonesiaICRR, IndonesiaMAS-PPD, MyanmarNAFC, PhilippinesMMRPTA, MyanmarNAFRI, Lao PDRNFA, PhilippinesNLU, VietnamPDA Battambang and Prey Veng, CambodiaPhilRice, PhilippinesProRice, Lao PDRPRPC, PhilippinesSIAEP, VietnamSSFFMP, IndonesiaUPLB, PhilippinesVIAEP, Vietnam
Thank You
Benefits of PH technologies
Higher incomes from better quality (markets?)
More returns from village mills Interest conflict with millers
Rice mill improvement
Higher incomes from: market oriented production, storage, production of better quality
Market information
Higher head rice recovery (~10%)Less losses to pests and humidity, no deterioration
Hermetic storage, grains
Safe storage, higher germination, no pesticide needed
Reduced seed rate, more grain to sell, better crop establishment
Hermetic storage, seeds
Income (s.a.)Better quality (millers)Safe storage
Insurance (weather risk), increased value of paddy, safe storage
Mechanized drying
Income (machine owners, manufacturers)Better quality (rice mills)
Reduction of harvesting costPhysical loss reduction 2-5%Better quality (no delays)
Mechanized harvesting
Benefits for commercial sector
Potential benefit for farmersOperation