This print version free essay Impact Of Language On Corporate Culture.

Category: Business

Autor: reviewessays 03 March 2011

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Corporations, like any organization, define and are defined by a shared culture. This culture is created through the use of language first in the creation and implementation of a shared vision articulated in a company mission statement. This vocabulary steers the organization toward what will become their shared culture. This culture is then reinforced through all manners of language, evidenced in corporate communications such as press releases and company policy, the semantics of job titles and descriptions, and in everyday jargon that is used around the legendary water cooler, in stockholder meetings, and in every employee office, desk, and cubicle throughout the organization. In order to prove this point we will first define what corporate culture is, we will then explain how language creates and reflects culture and then use examples of how that language is used specifically in an organization to create and reveal culture.

People learn culture. Many qualities of human life are transmitted genetically -- an infant's desire for food, for example, is triggered by physiological characteristics determined within the human genetic code. An adult's specific desire for milk and cereal in the morning, on the other hand, cannot be explained genetically; rather, it is a learned (cultural) response to morning hunger. Culture, as a body of learned behaviors common to a given human society, acts rather like a template, shaping behavior and consciousness within a human society from generation to generation. Culture resides in all learned behavior and in some shaping template or consciousness prior to behavior. In other words, a "cultural template" can be in place prior to the birth of an individual person.

This primary concept of a shaping template and body of learned behaviors might be further broken down into the following categories, each of which is an important element of cultural systems. These include systems of meaning, of which language is primary; ways of organizing society, from kinship groups to states and multi-national corporations; and the distinctive techniques of a group and their characteristic products.

Culture can be explained in many ways. Anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn and writer Aimй Cesair offer two interpretations. Kluckhohn in Mirror for Man has defined culture as:

1. The total way of life of a people

2. The social legacy the individual acquires from his group

3. A way of thinking, feeling, and believing

4. An abstraction from behavior

5. A theory on the part of the anthropologist about the way in which a group of people in fact behave

6. A storehouse of pooled learning

7. A set of standardized orientations to recurrent problems

8. Learned behavior

9. A mechanism for the normative regulation of behavior

10. A set of techniques for adjusting both to the external environment and to other men

11. A precipitate of history

12. A behavioral map, sieve, or matrix (Geertz 1973).

Cesair, speaking to the World Congress of Black Writers and Artists in Paris, summarized this concept stating, “Culture is everything. Culture is the way we dress, the way we carry our heads, the way we walk, the way we tie our ties -- it is not only the fact of writing books or building houses.†In these illustrations it is evident that culture encompasses all aspects of a �given society, whether that of a largest of countries or the smallest of corporations.

There are two dimensions to the impact of culture on corporate performance. In the first instance, since firms are a part of the larger socio-cultural system and they draw their inputs from it, they cannot be isolated from the cultural milieu. The various values of the society which all the stakeholders share, therefore, affect organizational performance for good or bad. When such values are retrogressive, anti-entrepreneurial and, ethically defective, the organization suffers. On the other hand, when the values are progressive, ethically vibrant, promote and reward handwork and encourage meritocracy as against ‘quatacracy’ they rub off positively on the organization (Muo 2002).

The second dimension deals with the culture of the organization itself. Like human societies, organizations have cultures which encapsulate their ways of viewing and handling task and relationship-oriented issues that arise in the work environment, how they view and manage stakeholder relations and how they relate to the external environment. The culture influences and is, in turn, influenced internally by the vision, mission, and objectives and externally by the logo, slogan color, and location. “It also has several dimensions including the degree of sociability, power distribution, the level of formalism, rewards and sanctions, opportunities for growth, tolerance for risk, change and conflict, level of initiative, flexibility and empowerment, emotional bond, language, staff quality and composition (intellectual, physical, gender and background) corporate language (yes; organizations have languages), and ethics†(Muo 2002).�

Organizational culture varies and is a function of history, ownership and industry, external environment and management orientation. It influences the way an organization is run, the type of organizational climate, and even the level of staff commitment and morale. But even then for

a corporate culture to be adjudged as ‘strong’ it has to have certain attributes. These attributes include a widely shared philosophy, belief in ritual and ceremony, such as ‘dressing down’ on Fridays, a well understood sense of informal rules and expectations, a shared commitment and ownership of corporate mission, and a spirit of citizenship amongst the staff.

An organization's culture is the set of norms that create powerful precedents for acceptable behavior within the firm. Culture is a powerful force and can provide an engine to achieve market success or an anchor pulling the firm toward failure. An organization's culture has a significant impact on one’s performance. Defining the informal rules of the road, the culture determines the degree of creativity and risk that are acceptable, the patterns of communication, and even the types of relationships people have with each other. Organizational success depends on the creation of an identity that pulls together the multiple aspects of an organization. The effective management of identity changes would require both strong ties that connect people to their organization and loose ties that prevent them from getting too attached to the status quo.

Language is an important tool for change attempting to manage the highly identified workforce. The process of identification is conducted and expressed primarily with language, which plays a critical role in not only reflecting the product of identification but also in shaping its process. Understanding the dual role of language is important for an organization’s leaders in purposefully identifying and changing the organization’s identity (Cheney 1977:11).

Language may be defined as a collection of words used to communicate a message. More precisely, “Language can be thought of as a collection of signs, symbols, codes and rules which are used to construct and convey messages. These elements form the medium through which we communicate our ideas, desires and feelings†(Infante 1993:220). Simply, members �of a culture use language so that they may coexist and interact, but the implications of that language are much more complex than just a basic system of communication. The same culture that speaks a language also created it. Language, in turn, serves as both a reflection of the history of a society and as means to which the members of that society perceive and relate to their environment (Schermerhorn 2003:44).

Language develops as a result of what is important in one’s cultural environment. For example, the Eskimo language has a number of different words for snow, while Arabic languages have many varied words to describe camels. In each of these cultures, the relative importance of snow or camels is reflected by the structure of their language. This concept is exemplified by the Theory of Linguistic Relativity, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that language records the history and culture of a society. Therefore, “interpreting language within its social-cultural context can help understand not only the social organization of a society but also the beliefs and practices of its members†(Shu 2001: �24).

Benjamin Whorf displayed how language reflects culture when he compared American English and the Native American Hopi language. Each culture perceives time in different ways. Americans view time in a linear fashion while the Hopi view time in a more cyclical fashion. For the Hopi time varies with every individual person and cannot be given a number greater than one, for example, instead of saying, “I stayed for five days†the Hopi say, “I left on the �

fifth day.†The Hopi culture sees time in a psychological sense whereas Americans view time in� a qualitative manner (Whorf 1956).

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also suggests that there is indeed a link between language and behavior. If language affects perception and perception affects behavior, then language, in turn, is a strong determinant of behavior (Infante 1993:224). In a study conducted by Brown and Lenneberg in 1954 they proved that language can affect the way the members of a culture perceive reality by examining the language of color. They found that cultures that use distinguishing words for different hues of a color perceive differences in colors. For example, people from a culture that have many different words for the different shades of blue such as sunflower, azure, royal or sky would be more likely to perceive the differences in shades of blue than people from a culture who had just one word for blue. Brown and Lenneberg found that people with the limited vocabulary could recognize differences in the shades of blue once they were pointed out but they were quite unlikely to perceive these variations because their language did not stimulate them to differentiate between the different hues of a color (Infante 1993:223).

Language, while possessing the power to affect one’s perception of their environment can also shape how the members of a culture relate to that environment. American English proffers only generic terms for brother or sister, aunt or uncle. In Mandarin Chinese, no such generic terms exist; instead there are much more precise words that specify exact relationships, such as ‘first-born older sister’ or ‘eldest uncle on my mother’s side’. These specific words reflect the emphasis in the Chinese culture of family relationships and perpetuate the culture of familial importance (Infante 1993:428).

Although language reflects culture, continued usage of language can also affect culture. The usage of language may start out as a reflection of a deferential attitude, leading to the perpetuation of that sentiment and eventually affect the overall mood and culture of the environment, as it does in the Chinese culture. The same can be said in the instance of an organization. Marlene Fiol explains “language plays a critical role in both articulating identifications [to an organization] and in strengthening or weakening them†(2002:663). It is �important to realize that language is power, with that power we tell others about our culture, but we also shape ourselves with the words we use in our daily lives.

Language plays a critical role within organizations by providing them an outlet through which they define and reflect their unique corporate cultures. Whether it is a firm’s mission statement, job titles, advertisements, or internal lingo and jargon, the language an organization elects to utilize has great impact on both its employees and customers. Externally, a corporation’s language can be used to identify and infer its societal goals and core values. Internally, language helps to motivate employees and provide them with a sense of belonging and a feeling of serving a greater purpose. Thus, an organization’s success is directly linked not only to its corporate culture as a whole, but equally to the language element within that culture.

While various aspects of an organization’s language bring with them specific benefits and consequences, none surpass the importance and weight of the ‘mission statement’, sometimes referred to as the value statement. “Mission statementsâ€, in textbook terms, �

“are written statements of organizational purpose†(Schermerhorn 2003:214). However, this �definition misses something. It ignores a very significant aspect the message wishes to portray. More accurately, mission statements define the organization’s purpose “in terms that embrace the common good†(Mohanbir 2002:103). This concept can be clearly seen in the �mission statement of Lens Crafters, the national eyewear firm, who echoes, “Helping people see better one hour at a time†(LensCrafters.com 2003).�

Organizations do not stand alone. Rather, they interact in an environment with rules, principles, needs, and desires. Although profit is an important dimension for measuring success, companies must measure performance beyond dollars and cents. Strength and nature of relationships, the ability to learn and innovate, internal values, and community contributions, or, in other words, an organization’s ‘culture’, have become an important means for deriving true corporate achievement (Mohanbir 2002:104). “As a result, those companies who are able to effectively utilize their mission statement to ‘inject the positive character of their societal contribution into a favorable image’†(Schermerhorn 2003:213) hold a great advantage over firms who �neglect this sense of purpose. Lucent Technologies clearly reflects an understanding of this demand in its mission statement, “At Lucent, we’re helping transform the way the world communicates, constantly creating new possibilities for connecting people with information, entertainment, and each other†(Lucent.com 2003).�

At the heart of corporate culture lie values and beliefs. It is the role of the mission statement to reveal these values, not only to the public, but more importantly to the organization’s members. Among the most famous of mission statements exemplifying this notion is that made by Hewlett Packard’s founders, who claim, “HP exists to invent the useful and significant.†Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard believe they provide a useful service because their �products free up customer time. More importantly, they wish not only to make a profit, but a difference in the lives of their customers (Mohanbir 2002:105). However, these values must be more than just rhetoric derived from the mission statement. Management and directors must truly practice the values and beliefs they expound. According to Association Management’s Carl Levesque, “Your people watch you; and every action, everything you do, is the embodiment of what you say you believe and what you do believe†(2003:56). Thus, only when language �and behavior are consistent can an organization truly create a vision that empowers and motivates employees.

Nobody gets excited about bigness. You can belong to a very big organization, but the bigness is not what inspires us. But when we can mobilize our people around a powerful mission statement so that the newest secretary or the man on the loading dock-all of us matter-understands that mission and why we do what we do, it brings people together; it mobilizes them. This is when you see a highly motivated workforce or staff with great energy moving the organization forward (Levesque 2003:56).

Unfortunately, while many companies invest a great deal of time and resources developing mission statements, employees do not endorse them as they do not reflect their actual roles (Anonymous 2002:6). These mission statements can be perceived as vague and employees, in turn, fail to connect these visions with their responsibilities. People, by nature, need to have purpose and meaning for doing their work. Only then are they able to fulfill what Abraham

Maslow considers higher order needs within his hierarchy of needs theory. Thus, “a business must fulfill the needs of the human spirit. These include survival, safety, play, celebration, love, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization†(Mohanbir 2002:106). When these needs are� met, a true corporate culture can be created, and it is the mission statement that is the driving force behind this evolution.

We must remember that a corporate culture cannot be accurately conveyed in a mission statement. Rather, it must be experienced for itself (Wheatcroft 2002:33). Although demonstrating an ability to serve as a powerful tool in the attainment of an organization’s overall objective, they cannot provide values themselves. It is actions that will prove to expose one’s true values and beliefs. Instead, a mission statement serves as the expressed path an organization hopes to follow in its pursuit of growth.

At the forefront of corporate action is the language used by its members. Language is the main tool in shaping a corporate culture; corporate communications are instrumental in crafting the corporate vision to the outside world. Corporate communications focus on advertising and public relations. The goal is essentially to inform, promote and ultimately share the company values with the general public and customers. A company produces publicity materials through a wide range of media, press releases, events, sponsorships, and their web sites in order to achieve that goal. This publicity as well as the sold product, in time, will give the public an opinion about the company brand name, therefore, a perception of the corporate culture.

Each action, each word stated by the organization or its members contributes to the overall image projected by the corporation. It is only within the last 20 years that the companies came to realize the importance of controlling and directing the perception of the customers toward a definite vision and decided to take their destiny into their own hands. For some European firms, there are two main goals of corporate communication. First, a company must attract customers, in particular the growing share of environmentally or ethically conscious consumers. Secondly, corporate communications are in place to ease the pain of the shareholders who are constantly suspecting the company of wasting money on unnecessary expenditures (Snafu.com). In the United States corporations have added another goal: the human resource aspect. This internal element attempts to attract, retain, motivate, and “keep happy†company employees. The �importance of this final goal can be witnessed in a Jeffrey Taylor, founder of Monster.com, press release, "We have visitors all the time. And there's been more than one case when someone who had just come in to visit said, 'Wow! I love this place. How can I get a job here?’†�(Fastcompany.com). It is easy to differentiate between the American and European approaches when examining the unemployment ratios. In Europe the jobless rate is above 10% whereas in the United States the average is below 6%. Clearly, retaining employees is not as important for European firms as it is for American companies.

Corporate Communications and Public Relations departments, according to the National Research Foundation or NRF,

must give voice and visibility to the wide range of programs and other activities of the organization. Grant holders, bursars and other stakeholders must be kept informed of new opportunities and developments, while new audiences and funding partners must be attracted to

join the NRF in investing in knowledge and innovation. This is done through a variety of publications, print and electronic releases and special communication projects aimed at reaching new audiences. Media liaison includes hosting press conferences, arranging targeted interviews and developing relationships with key journalists in order to increase media and public awareness of the NRF†(National Research Foundation.com).�

In summary, there are various goals of corporate communication, which include the promotion of a strong corporate culture and a coherent corporate identity through a shared understanding of communication tools and technologies. Corporations internally intend to portray a reasonable corporate philosophy and instill a genuine sense of corporate citizenship while implementing quick, responsible ways of communicating in a crisis. Externally, a corporation must foster an appropriate and professional relationship with the press and create sophisticated approaches to global communications. In other words, how an organization communicates with its employees, its extended audiences, the press, and its customers brings its values to life (Corporate Communication Institute @ FDU.com).

The message that language attempts to communicate in an organization is conveyed through specific words that define the role of each individual. The language used to express one’s job title has the ability to define the culture of an organization. In today’s society one’s title in an organization could be a traditional title such as manager, president, or clerk. Recently, however, some firms are attempting to diversify the language of the job titles. Some job titles reflect the specific role of an individual in the company; other organizations are implementing new titles in order to instill creativity in the workplace. This new wave of different, sometimes nontraditional job titles can help to portray the culture of a business.

In North Smithfield, Rhode Island, the superintendent of the school system altered the descriptions and job titles of top administrative personnel in the middle and high schools so that he may affect change in the culture of the organization. Superintendent, M. Richard Schera, intention was to improve the image of the school system. He said, “The whole effort is meant to be a commitment to the community that the status quo isn’t good enough, and that we are committed to significantly improved student performance at all levels.†In Schera’s plan, �the principal’s title is redefined as “headmaster†and the assistant principals are called �“housemasters.†He foresaw this change as a drive to help improve the performance of the �sub-par school district (ZWire.com).

Other organizations have diversified their job titles for both internal and external reasons. They changed titles internally to create a sense of pride and individualism in the workplace. Some organizations are creating original job titles which entail new duties and create unique roles in the company. One example of an emerging job title according to the Office Team website is a “staffing specialist.†The staffing specialist works as a liaison between the human resources �department and senior executives in a firm. The staffing specialist provides consultative services regarding employment trends and offers his/her service to help the organization allocate their resources in the most effective way (Officeteam.com).

Organizations attempt to inject creativity and fun in their job titles. This trend erupted with the dot.com boom but has entrenched itself into more traditional organizations. Proof of this

evolution is found in the job title of the head of American Online’s matchmaking service, “CEO of Love.†In the 1980’s this move toward creating a fun workplace occurred at �Apple Computers. An executive of Apple computers called himself the “evangelistâ€. He �believed this job title reflected his mission - to recruit people to be enthusiastic about the company’s line of Macintosh computers (Shim 1992:1d).

Job titles can, in essence, shape the culture of an organization both internally and externally because titles define the role of each employee within a firm. Today even more staid organizations are restructuring their culture through the implementation of new job titles. Companies should, however, be aware that steering too far off the beaten track may confuse the customers and employees alike. Organizations should make sure that their job titles properly reflect the culture as intended and propose titles which properly mirror their image in today’s society.

Language plays a significant role in defining and influencing the culture of an organization as exemplified by dissecting job titles. In addition to the language of job titling, many organizations can have own unique and distinct corporate lingo or jargon. With the increasing diversity in the workplace this issue has become much more prevalent and sensitive in today’s society. Corporate language can be made up of words and phrases at two levels of an organization. At higher management levels, language is meant to be a descriptor of how an organization is perceived by the external community consisting of customers, executive board members and shareholders. At the personnel level, the language of a company is revealed in the way words and phrases are spoken and the manner that employees perceive the “real†meaning of the �language. Richard Haymes reflects, “Language drives behaviors and behavior affects language†(Haymes 1995:222). Conversely, corporate lingo can have a negative effect on the �culture of a company. Offensive and foul language in the workplace can have a detrimental effect on both the employees of an organization and on the firm’s perceived image. This trend can lead to the dismissal of employees or even legal issues. Companies should enforce guidelines for ethical behavior to help avoid the potential of a corporate image.

Corporate lingo is unique in the fact that it is defined by each individual business. The culture is influenced by the leaders and to a greater extent by the employees. The employees set the tone of the culture through their daily language and behavior in the workplace.

Corporations, like any other organization, have their own dynamics and culture. While many characteristics build the sum of this culture, it is language that serves as the foundation of a firm’s identity. Corporations invest a great deal of time and resources developing their corporate culture. Companies begin with a vision, which is articulated in the mission statement. This mission statement then becomes the roadmap for the culture of the organization. This aspect of corporate culture can be manipulated to forge the path an organization wishes to travel. If a large corporate change needs to occur, whether to adjust externally to customer demand or internally to employee performance, they may begin with changing the mission statement of the organization. This rearticulating not only reflects their commitment to change, but serves as an incentive to readjust the perception of the culture and values with the organization. Mission statements, however, do not stand alone in shaping culture within an organization.

Each corporation must work to maintain its culture and influence. This maintenance is done through carefully constructed corporate communications. Many companies, as a rule, only permit a few trained members to write press releases or speak to the media. This policy is in place because every word that comes from any member of that organization represents the opinions and beliefs of that firm as a whole. These communications are essential to an organization’s reflection of culture. Firms realize that their use of language is essential in quest for survival. Therefore, they closely monitor all communications that flow through and out of their organization. While external communications are critical, internal corporate communication flow is vital. Evidence of this notion can be seen in careful deliberation and manipulation of job descriptions and titles.

While there are still many organizations that maintain traditional job titling, there are many others that have realized that one’s job title can affect how that person views their position as a member of the corporate culture. As with the mission statement, hierarchy in an organization may choose to alter job titles to affect change in the culture of the corporation. It is this realization that has forged the way for new job titles, such as staffing specialist or team leader. These titles, then, not only affect the culture of the organization in creating a more relationship-oriented work environment, but are also the result of companies’ new emphasis on an employee-focused culture.

One cannot not communicate. Language is a deliberately constructed method for communication. Groups, large and small, use language in everyday communications. This language has both been created by the group and for group. Thus, language becomes the most obvious and pervasive aspect of a culture. Therefore, it is an important tool in understanding not only how an organization views itself, but also in recognizing desires for specific external perception. A corporation begins with a mission statement and progresses into a constantly evolving entity with established rules and norms, which help to create a distinct culture. These rules are then reflected in everything that corporation says and does. If the wrong message is delivered, even in error, it could prove devastating to an organization. Consequently, companies must be mindful of their language.

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