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TRANSCRIPT
II AFR 86-14
TM 5-803-7
NAVFAC P-971
Civil Engineering Programming
AIRFIELD AND HELIPORTPLANNING CRITERIA
12 MAY 1981
DEPARTMENTS OF THE AIR FORCE,
THE ARMY AND THE NAVY
AFR86-14TM 5-803-7
NAVFAC P-97112 May 1981
DEPARTMENTS OF THE AIR FORCE,THE ARMY, AND THE NAVYWashington DC 20330
Civil Engineering Programming
AIRFIELD AND HELIPORT PLANNING CRITERIA
This publication provides standardized criteria for all Department of Defense (DOD) Service components for planningand developing the layout of runways, taxiways, aprons, and related facilities for airfields and heliports. It provides cri-teria for establishing planes and surfaces of navigational airspace surrounding these airfields and heliports. For pur-poses of these standards, an airfield refers to fixed-wing aircraft facilities, and a heliport refers to rotary-wing aircraftfacilities. Criteria in this publication apply to installations in the United States, its territories, trusts, and possessions,and unless otherwise noted, to installations overseas on which the United States has vested base rights.
Part One contains general information, policies, and responsibilities.
Part Two covers airfield layout and airspace criteria for fixed-wing aircraft facilities.
Part Three provides heliport layout and airspace criteria for rotary-wing aircraft facilities.
PART ONE–GENERAL INFORMATION, POLICIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Chapter l—General InformationScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minimum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Implementation of International Military Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Applicability to Existing Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Theater of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Waivers to Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART TWO-FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT
Chapter 2–Airfield Layout CriteriaGeneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Layout Criteria., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3–Airfield Airspace CriteriaSection A–Obstructions to Airspace
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Section B—Standards for Determining Obstructions
Obstructions to Air Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Traverse Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section C–Runway Imaginary SurfacesPlanes and Surfaces Related to Runways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Planes and Surfaces Related to Airfield Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Criteria for Imaginary Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART THREE-ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT
Chapter 4—Helicopter Landing FacilitiesSection A–Helicopter Runways
Layout Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Section B–Helipads
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard VFR Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Limited Use Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IFR Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paragraph
1-11-21-31-41-51-61-7
2-12-2
3-1
3-23-3
3-43-53-6
Page
1-11-11-11-11-11-11-1
2-12-1
3-1
3-13-1
3-13-23-2
4-1 4-1
4-2 4-34-3 4-34-4 4-34-5 4-3
Supersedes chapters l, 2, 3, and 6 0f AFM 86-8, 10 November 1964,and augrnents TM5-803-4, 19 0ctober 1973. (Seesignature page for summary of changes.)
. No. of Printed Pages: 49OPR:LEEV (Forrest R .Henry)Approved by: Major General William D. GilbertWriter-Editor: M. M. GreenDistribution: (See page 5-5)
ii 12 May 1981
Standby Parking Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Layout Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section C–Helicopter Landing LanesGeneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Landing Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Identifying Touchdown Points... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Layout Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section D–Helicopter HoverpointsGeneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Layout Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5-Heliport and Helipad Airspace CriteriaSection A-Obstructions to Airspace
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Section B–Imaginary Surfaces Pertaining to Helicopter Runways and Helipads
Primary Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Horizontal Surface (IFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transitional Surfaces . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (VFR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (Limited Use Helipads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (IFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section C-Imaginary Surfaces Pertaining to Helicopter HoverpointsCriteria for Imaginary Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Attachments
4-64-7
4-84-94-104-11
4-124-13
5-1
5-25-35-45-55-65-7
5-8
I. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. Department of Defense Land Use Compatibility Guidelines for Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zones...
Figures2-1. Typical Airfield Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2. Runway End and Clear Zone Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3. Accident Potential Zone Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4. Runway, Taxiway, and Primary Surface Transverse Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......2-5. Clear Zone Transverse Section Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6. Runway and Overrun Longitudinal Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7. Clear Zone Longitudinal Profile Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1. Imaginary Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2. Class AIFR Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3. Class B Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4. Class AIFR Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5. Class B Runway Imaginary Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1. Helicopter VFR Runway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2. Helicopter IFR Runway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3. Standard VFR Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4. Limited Use VFR Helipad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5. lFR Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6. Helicopter Landing Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7. Helicopter Hoverpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1. Airspace Imaginary Surfaces-Helicopter VFR Runway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2. Airspace Imaginary Surfaces-Helicopter IFR Runway and Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3. Airspace Imaginary Surfaces-VFR Helipad and Limited Use VFR Helipad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables2-1. Runway Classification by Aircraft Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2. Runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3. Taxiways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4. Aprons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5. 0ther Airfield Pavements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6. Overuns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7. Clear Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8. Accident Potential Zones (APZ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
4-64-6
4-104-104-104-10
4-104-10
5-1
5-15-15-15-15-15-1
5-1
A-1A-3A-4
2-9 2-102-112-122-132-142-153-33-43-53-63-74-44-54-74-84-94-114-125-25-35-4
2-12-12-42-52-6 2-62-72-83-1
12 May 1981● ☛✌
111
Page
—
12 May 1981
PART ONE
GENERAL INFORMATION, POLICIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Chapter 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
1-1. Scope. Standards in this part pertain to land-basedmilitary installations under DOD control. DOD tenantorganizations on civil airports use these standards to theextent practical, otherwise, Federal Aviation Administra-tion (FAA) criteria apply. These standards give dimen-sions, clearances, and grades for airfield or heliportoperational areas, as well as geometric configurationsand slopes of the surrounding airspace. Army and Navydesign and planning standards in Army manual TM5-803-4 and Navy documents (NAVFAC DM-21, P-80,and P-272) include the standards in this document andprovide other standards that are essential to planningand designing additional airfield and heliport facilities.Additional criteria and guidance for the Air Force, are inAFM 86-2 and 86-8. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR),part 77, contains supplemental material on objects thataffect navigable airspace. The United States Standard forTerminal Instrument Procedures (TERPs) (TM 95-226,OPNAVINST 3722.16C, AFM 55-9) provides additionalcriteria to be considered when designing or modifyingairfields and facilities on airfields that are used under in-
1-2. Minimum Standards. These criteria are consid-ered to be the basic essential safe standards for planningand developing new airfield and heliport facilities tomeet the sustained operations of assigned missions.These criteria apply to installations in the United States,its territories, trusts, and possessions, and unless other-wise noted, to installations overseas on which the UnitedStates has vested base rights.
1-3. Implementation of International MilitaryStandards. Some of the material in this publication isalso included in standards of the Air Standardization Co-ordinating Committee (ASCC)-known as ASCCStandards-and standards of the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO), known as NATO Standardization
1-1
Agreements (STANAGS). These standards should be re-viewed before proposing significant changes to criteria in
1-4. Applicability to Existing Construction. Thestandards in this document are not intended for existingfacilities located or constructed under previous standardsthat can be continued in use without impairing operation-al efficiency and safety. Existing facilities, constructedunder previous or emergency standards, need not bemodified nor expanded just because they do not conformto these requirements. When existing facilities are modi-fied, and it is feasible to do so, construction must con-form to the standards established in this document.
1-5. Theater-of-Operations. This publication may beused as a guide for designing theater-of-operations facili-ties if prolonged use maybe expected. Standards for thea-ter-of-operations installations are in the following docu-ments of the DOD Service component that applies: ArmyTM 5-330 and Air Force AFM 86-3, volume II.
1-6. Responsibilities. The DOD Service component re-sponsible for planning, designing, and constructing air-fields and heliports must conform with the basic criteriaof this document. DOD Service components may supple-ment or amplify this material, because unique operation-al aspects of an individual Service are not covered in thispublication.
1-7. Waivers to Criteria. Each DOD Service compo-nent is responsible for setting administrative proceduresnecessary to process and grant formal waivers to permitdeviations from criteria in this document. If a waiver tothese criteria affects instrument approach and departureprocedures in (TERPs), the DOD Service component proc-essing the waiver must coordinate its action with the ap-plicable TERP waiver approving authority.
2-112 May 1981
PART TWO
FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT
Chapter 2
AIRFIELD LAYOUT CRITERIA
2-1. General Information. This part uses the same long. Class B runways are all other fixed-wing runways.runway classification system established by the Office of These runway classes are not to be confused with aircraftthe Secretary of Defense as a means of defining accident approach categories in other DOD or FAA documents,potential areas (zones) for the Air Installations Compati- nor pavement traffic areas as designated by the Airble Use Zones (AICUZ) Program. Class A runways (table Force.2-1) are primarily intended for small light aircraft thatdo not have the potential for development to heavy air- 2-2. Layout Criteria. Tables 2-2 through 2-8 give thecraft use or for which no foreseeable requirement for principal airfield dimensional, clearance, and grading cri-such use exists. Ordinarily, these runways have less than teria for airfield layouts used to support fixed-wing air-10 percent of their operations that involve aircraft in the craft operations. These criteria are illustrated in figuresClass B category (table 2-l), and are less than 8,000 feet 2-1 through 2-7.
Class A Runways Class B Runways
.
ItemNo.
1
2
ItemDescription
Length
Width
Class A Runway Class B Runway
Requirement RequirementRemarks
I
2-2 12 May 1981.
.
ItemNo.
3
4
5
6
7
8
ItemDescription
Widthof
shoulders
Longitudinalgrades ofrunway
and shoulders
Longitudinalrunwaygrade
changes
Transversegrade ofrunway
Transversegrade ofshoulder
Runwaylateral
clearancedistance(primarysurface)
Class A Runway Class B Runway
Requirement Requirement Remarks
Adjacent to the longitudinal edges of run-ways.
Navy and Marine Corps installations.
Air Force installations.
Hold to minimum practical. Exception forshoulders: A 3.0 percent maximum is per-mitted where arresting barriers are in-stalled.Exceptions: 0.4 percent for edge of run-ways at runway intersections. Maximumrate of longitudinal grade change is pro-duced by vertical curves having 600 footlengths for each percent of algebraic dif-ference between the two grades. If morethan one grade change occurs, the dis-tance between two successive points of in-tersection (PI) will be no less than 1,000feet and two successive distances betweenPIs will not be the same. No grade changeis to occur less than 3,000 feet from therunway end for Class B runways and noless than 1,000 feet for Class A runways.
From centerline of runway.
Selected slope is to remain constant forlength of runway, except at runway inter-sections where pavement surfaces must bewarped.
Slope from runway pavement.
Measured perpendicularly from centerlineof runway. This distance is to be clear offixed and mobile obstacles. New construc-tion will comply with these criteria. How-ever, at airfields where the lateral clear-ance distance has been established accord-ing to the previous 750 foot criteria, the750-foot distance may remain. In additionto the lateral clearance criterion, the ver-tical height restriction on structures andparked aircraft as a result of the 7 to 1transitional slope must be taken into ac-count. See chapter 3, section C.
(1) Fixed obstacles include manmade ornatural features such as buildings, trees,rocks, terrain irregularities and any otherfeatures constituting possible hazards tomoving aircraft. Siting exceptions fornavigational aids and meteorological fa-cilities are in documents of the appr-
12 May 1981 2-3
2-4
Table 2-2. Runways Continued.
Item ; Class A RunwayRemarksItem
No. Description Requirement
Min 5,000 ftAny two points
8 ft abovethe pavement
must bemutuallyvisible for
the distanceindicated
Sightdistance
Min 3,000 ftAny two points
5 ft abovethe pavement
must bemutuallyvisible for
the distanceindicated
12
Table 2-3. Taxiways.
RemarksItem
DescriptionClass A Runway I Class B RunwayItem
No. Requirement Requirement
40 ft 75 ftWidth May be modified for particular mission re-quirements (that is, high speed and endturn-off taxiwavs).
1
2
3
Width ofshoulders
25 ft 50 ft
For Navy and Marine Corps airfields, amaximum of 2.0 percent is recommendedwhen jet aircraft are required to accele-rate from a standing position.For Air Force airfields other than multi-mission, a gradient exception of 5.0 per-cent is permitted for a distance of notmore than 400 feet. The exception doesnot apply within 600 feet of a runway en-trance. Here the 3.0 percent maximum ap-plies.For Air Force multimission airfields, thegradient is limited to 1.5 percent.
Longitudinalgrade of
taxiway andshoulders
The minimum distance between two suc-cessive points of intersection (PI) is 500feet. Changes are to be accomplished bymeans of vertical curves.
4 Rate oflongitudinal
gradechange per
100 feetFrom centerline of taxiway.5
6
7
Transversegrade oftaxiway
Grades for unpaved taxiway shoulders forTransversegrade of
shouldersClass B runways maybe increased to 5.0percent for the first 10 feet. Paved shoul-ders for B-52 aircraft will have a mini-mum grade of 1.5 percent and a maximumgrade of 2.0 percent.
For Air Force taxiways, 1,000 feet be-tween any two points 10 feet above taxi-way pavement.
Sightdistance
12 May 1981 2-5
Table 2-2. Taxiways Continued.
ItemNo. Description
Class A Runway Class B RunwayRemarks
1
8 Clearancefrom taxiway
centerlineto fixed
or mobile
Air Force aiflelds.
obstacles(taxiwayclearance
line)
9 Grade(area between
taxiwayshoulder
and taxiwayclearance
line)
‘Bad of channel maybe flat.
Any direction. Rough grade to the extentnecessary to prevent damage to aircraft inthe event of erratic performance.
Table 2-4. Aprons.,
Item -
No.Item Class A Runway Class B Runway
Description Requirement Requirement Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
Size andconfiguration
VariableFor apron types and space
requirements, see documentsof the appropriate DOD Servicecomponent: Army TM 5-803-4,
Navy NAVFAC P-80, andAir Force AFM 86-2
As a general rule there are no standardsizes for aprons. They are individually de-signed to support specific aircraft uses.The detailed dimensions are determinedby the number and type of aircraft in-volved, the function of the apron, themaneuvering characteristics of the air-craft and the degree of unit integrity to bemaintained. Other determinates are thephysical characteristics of the site, rela-tionship of the apron area to other airfieldfacilities and the objective of the compre-hensive plan.
Grades in Min 0.5%the Max 1.5%
directionof drainage
Avoid surface drainage patterns withnumerous or abrupt grade changes thatcan produce excessive flexing of aircraftand structural damage.
Widthof
shoulders
50 ft For Navy and Marine Corps airfields andAir Force installations that accommodateB-52, C-5, E-4, and Boeing 747 aircraft.
25 ft Army airfields and Air Force installationsother than designated above.
Longitudinalgrade of
shoulders
Variable Conform to longitudinal grade of the abut-ting primary pavement.
Transversegrade of
shoulders
5.0% first10 feet
followedby 2.0% minto 4.0% max
Min 2.0%Max 4.0%Unpavedshoulders
Paved shoulders for B-52 aircraft willhave a minimum grade of 1.5 percent anda maximum grade of 2.0 percent.
may be in-creased to
5.0% for thefirst 10 ft
2-6 12 May 1981
Table 2-4. Aprons Continued.
ItemNo.
Class A Runway Class B RunwayRemarks
Requirement RequirementDescription
6 Clearanceto fixed
or mobileobstaclesGrades in
cleared
75 ft I I
I 100 ft I Navy and Marine Corps airfields.
125 ft Air Force airfields.
7
Max 10.0%areabeyond
shouldersto fixed
or mobileobstacles
Table 2-5. Other Airfield Pavements.
ItemNo.
Class A Runway Class B Runway
Requirement Requirement
VariableFor specific requirements,
see documents of theappropriate DOD Service
component. Army TM 5-803-4,Navy NAVFAC P-80, and
Air Force AFM 86-2.
ItemDescription Remarks
These pavements are relatively smallareas, such as hangar access apron andstub aircraft parking apron, and othersthat serve such functions as aircraft pow-er checks, arming and dearming, enginerun-ups and compass calibration.
1 Size,configuration
andclearances
Same as for apronstable 2-4
3 Width ofshoulders
Unless a particular mission requirement isotherwise.
4 Grade ofshoulders
Table 2-6. Overruns.
ItemNo.
ItemDescription
Class A Runway Class B Runway- Requirement Requirement Remarks
Length 200 ft I 1,000 ft Length and width of stabilized or pavedarea to conform to criteria of the individ-ual DOD Service component.
1
2 Width Sum of runway and shoulders
First 300 ftsame as last3,000 ft of
runwayRemainder1.5°/0 Max
3 Longitudinalcenterline
grade
Same as last In order to avoid abrupt changes in gradebetween the first 300 feet and remainderof overrun of a Class B runway, the maxi-mum change of grade is 2.0 percent per100 linear feet.
From centerline of overrun. Transitionfrom the runway and runway shouldergrades to the overrun grades to be madewithin the first 150 feet of overrun.
1,000 ft ofrunway
Transversegrade
4
12 May 1981
Table 2-7. Clear Zones. *
2-7
Item I Item I Class A Runway I Class B RunwayNo. Description
,
[ Requirement Requirement
1 Length 3,000 ft 3,000 ft
2 Width
3 Longitudinalgrade
of area tobe graded
Transversegrade of
area to begraded (indirectionof surfacedrainageprior to
channel-ization
1,000 ft 3,000 ft
Remarks
Measured along the extended runway cen-terline beginning at the runway end.**
Centered on and measured at right anglesto the extended runway centerline. Excep-tions to these widths are permissiblebased on individual service analysis ofhighest accident potential area for specificrunway use and acquisition constraints.Refer to figure 2-3. Accident PotentialZone Guidelines.
I
2-8 12 May 1981
Item Item Class A Runway Class B RunwayNo. Description Requirement Requirement
1 APZ I 2,500 ft 5,000 ftLength
2 APZ I 1,000 ft 3,000 ftWidth
3 APZ II 2,500 ft 7,000 ftLength
4 APZ II 1,000 ft 3,000 ft
overseae, other than in locations designated, follow-guidance of the individual Service component.* For guidance on land use within the APZ’S, see DOD Air Installations Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) guidelines (attachment 3).
.-.
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12 May 1981
Chapter 3
AIRFIELD AIRSPACE CRITERIA
3-1
SECTION A–OBSTRUCTIONS TO AIRSPACE
3-1. General Information. This chapter sets standardsfor determining whether an object or structure is an ob-struction to air navigation. It applies to existing and pro-posed man-made objects, objects of natural growth, and.terrain.
SECTION B–STANDARDS FOR DETERMINING OB-STRUCTIONS
3-2. Obstructions to Air Navigation. An existing ob-ject (including a mobile object) is, and a future objectwould be, an obstruction to air navigation if it is higherthan any of the following heights or surfaces:
a. A height of 500 feet above ground level at the site ofthe object.
b. A height that is 200 feet above ground level orabove the established airfield elevation, whichever ishigher, within 3 nautical miles of the established ref-erence point of an airfield. This height increases in theproportion of 100 feet for each additional nautical mile ofdistance from the airfield up to a maximum of 500 feet.
c. A height that results in raising an established orproposed minimum descent altitude (MDA) within theinitial approach segment or the intermediate approachsegment; that which raises the decision height (DH) forprecision approach radar (PAR) or instrument landing
. system (ILS) glide slopes within the final approach seg-ment; that which affects a departure or missed approachclimb gradient within the departure area or missed ap-proach segment; or that which affects the MDA withinthe circling approach area.
d. A height within an en route obstacle clearance area,including turn and termination areas, of a federal airwayor approved off-airway route that would increase theminimum obstacle clearance altitude.
e. The surface of a takeoff and landing area of an air-field or any imaginary surface established under para-
graphs 3-4 and 3-5. However, no part of the takeoff orlanding area itself is considered an obstruction.
3-3. Traverse Ways. The minimum vertical clearancegiven in table 3-1 must be maintained between thetraverse way and imaginary surfaces given in paragraph3-4 except when:
a. The traverse way is controlled. Control in this senseis exercised by an air traffic control (ATC) facility orthrough an agreement between the responsible ATC facil-ity and another agency with the capability to exercisecontrol.
b. An existing traverse way is physically limited tolesser heights. For example, an overpass over a publichighway or a roadway has a clearance of 13 feet, butwarning signs are posted before the point where the high-way enters the obstacle clearance area.
SECTION C–RUNWAY IMAGINARY SURFACES
3-4. Planes and Surfaces Related to Runways:a. Primary Surface. A surface on the ground or water
centered lengthwise on the runway and extending 200feet beyond each end of that runway. The width of theprimary surface is:
(1) One thousand feet for a Class A runway.(2) Two thousand feet for a Class B runway.
NOTE: Exceptions to the above widths are the same asspecified in table 2-2, item 8.
b. Clear Zone Surface. A surface on the ground orwater beginning at the runway end and symmetricalabout the runway centerline extended. Dimensions forthe length and width are the same as for clear zonesspecified in table 2-7.
c. Approach-Departure Clearance Surface. An in-clined plane or combination inclined and horizontalplane, symmetrical about the runway centerline ex-tended. The inclined plane flares outward and upward
Table 3-1. Highway, Railroad and Waterway Clearances.
Item Item DescriptionNo.
5
Class A and Class B
Traverse Way RunwaysDimension
Interstate highway that is part of theNational System of Military and Inter-state Highways. 17 ft
Other public highways not covered initem 1. 15 ft
Private or military road. 10 ft minimum, or height ofhighest mobile object that wouldusually traverse them, whicheveris greater.
Railroad. 23 ft
Waterway or traverse may not previous- A distance equal to the height ofly covered. the highest mobile object that
3-2 AFR 86-14/TM 5-803-7/NAVFAC P-971 12 May 1981
from the primary surface, having the same width as theprimary surface, and begins with the centerline elevationof the runway end. The slope ratio and dimensions of theinclined plane and dimensions of the horizontal planevary with the type of runway prescribed. For:
(1) A VFR Class A runway, the slope ratio of the in-clined plane is 40 to 1. It extends a horizontal distance of10,000 feet with an outer width of 2,500 feet.
(2) An IFR Class A runway, the slope ratio of the in-clined plane is 40 to 1 until it reaches an elevation of 500feet above the established airfield elevation. It then con-tinues horizontally at this elevation to a point 50,000 feetfrom the point of beginning. The outer width is 16,000feet.
(3) A Class B runway (VFR and IFR), the slope ratioof the inclined plane is 50 to 1 until it reaches an eleva-tion of 500 feet above the established airfield elevation.It then continues horizontally at this elevation to a point50,000 feet from the point of beginning. The outer widthis 16,000 feet.
3-5. Planes and Surfaces Related to Airfield Ref-erence Points:
a. Inner Horizontal Surface. An oval-shaped plane ata height of 150 feet above the established airfield eleva-tion. It is constructed by scribing an arc with a radius of7,500 feet about the centerline at each end of each run-way and interconnecting these arcs with tangents.
b. Conical Surface. An inclined plane that extendsfrom the periphery of the inner horizontal surface out-ward and upward at a slope of 20 to 1 for a horizontal di-tance of 7,000 feet to a height of 500 feet above the estab- lished airfield elevation.
c. Outer Horizontal Surface. A plane located 500feet above the established airfield elevation, extendingoutward from the outer periphery of the conical surfacefor a horizontal distance of 30,000 feet.
d. Transitional Surface. Inclined planes that connectthe primary surface and the approach-departure clear-ance surfaces to the inner horizontal surface, conical sur-face, outer horizontal, or other transitional surfaces. Theslope is 7 to 1 outward and upward at right angles to therunway centerline and runway centerline extended. Todetermine the elevation for the beginning of the transi-tional surface slope at any point along the lateral bound-ary of the primary surface, draw a line from the point,perpendicular to the runway centerline or to the runwaycenterline extended. The elevation of the runway or ofthe runway centerline extended at that intersection is theelevation for the beginning of the 7 to 1 slope.
3-6. Criteria for Imaginary Surfaces. The imaginarysurfaces defined above are illustrated in figures 3-1through 3-5.
12 May 1981 3-3
3-4
A B c D
3-6
12 May 1981
PART THREE
ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT
Chapter 4
HELICOPTER LANDING FACILITIES
4-1
SECTION A–HELICOPTER RUNWAYS helicopter runways and supporting helicopter operational
4-1. Layout Criteria. Tables 4-1 through 4-6 set the facilities usually located at heliports. These standards are
principal dimensional criteria, clearances, and grades for illustrated in figures 4-1 and 4-2.
Table 4-1. Helicopter Runways.
Item Item Description Requirement RemarksNo.
1 Basic Length 450 ft Basic length to be corrected for elevation and tempera-ture. Increase 10.0 percent for each 1,000 feet in eleva-tion above 2,000 feet M.S.L. and add 4.0 percent foreach 10°F, above 59 ‘F for the average daily maximumtemperature for the hottest month. For a special mis-sion or proficiency training such as autorotation opera-tions, the length may be increased up to 1,000 feet, inwhich case make no additive corrections.
2 Width 75 ft A minimum of 100 feet on airfields which regularly ac-commodate H-53 aircraft.
3 Longitudinal Max 1.0%grade
4 Transverse Min 1.0% From centerline of runway.grade Max 1.5%
5 Shoulders See table 4-4.
6 Runway lateral VFR: 150 ft Measured from centerline of runway to fixed and mobileclearance IFR: 375 ft obstacles.distance (1) Fixed obstacles include manmade or natural fea-
(corresponds to tures constituting possible hazards to moving aircraft.width of pri- Navigational aids and meteorological equipment aremary surface possible exceptions. Criteria for siting these facilities
area) are in documents of the appropriate DOD Service com-ponent. Army: TM 5-803-4, Navy: NAVFAC P-80,and Air Force: AFM 86-8.
(2) Mobile obstacles include parked aircraft, parkedand moving vehicles, railroad cars and similar equip-ment.
(3) Taxiing aircraft are exempt from this restriction.
7 Grades within Max 5.0?! Exclusive of pavement and shoulders. For Air Force in-the primary stallations, a minimum of 2.0 percent before channeliza-surface area tion.
in anydirection
Table 4-2. Helicopter Taxiways.
Item Item Description Requirement RemarksNo.
1 Width 40 ft Basic width applicable to taxiways that support heli-copter operations only. When dual use taxiways supportfixed-wing aircraft operations, use the appropriate
4-2
Table 4-2. Helicopter Taxiways Continued.
12 May 1981
2 I LongitudinalI grade
3 I TransverseI grade
4 Shoulders
5 Clearancefrom centerline
to fixed andmobile obstacles
(taxiwayclearance line)
6 Grades withinthe clear
I area
Requirement
Max 2.0%
Min 1.0%Max 1.5%
Min 100 ft
Max 5.0%
Remarks
See table 4-4.
Basic helicopter clearance. Increase as appropriate fordual use taxiways, See table 4-1, item 6 for definitionsof fixed and mobile obstacles.
Clear area is the area between the taxiway shoulder andthe taxiway clearance line.
Table 4-3. Helicopter Aprons.
Item Item DescriptionNo.
1 Size andConfiguration
2 Grades in thedirection
of drainage
3 Clear taxilane(interior)
4 Clear taxilanewidth
(perimeter)
5 Hoverlane
6 Shoulders
7 Clearance tofixed and
mobile obstacles
Requirement
Variable
2.5 X
rotor dia
1.5 xrotor dia
to centerlineof taxiway,
plus anadditional20 ft fromcenterlineof taxiway
to apron edge
2.5 X
rotor dia
75 ft
100 ft
Remarks
Aprons are determined by the types and quantities ofhelicopters to be accommodated. Other determinateare the physical characteristics of the site and the objec-tive of the master plan.
Engineering analysis occasionally may indicate a needto vary these limits. However, arbitrary deviation is notintended. Avoid surface drainage with numerous orabrupt grade changes that can cause adverse flexing inthe rotor blades.
Use rotor diameter of largest helicopter generally usingthe apron. When a taxilane on an apron area has a dualuse with fixed-wing aircraft, adjust the width accord-ingly.
Diameter of largest helicopter generally using the apron.
See table 4-4.
Measured from rear and side of apron. Distance to otheraircraft operational pavements may require a greaterclearance.For amens regularly servicing-H-53 helicopters.
12 May 1981 4-3
Table 4-4. Helicopter Shoulders.
ItemNo.
1
2
3
Item Description
Shouldersadjacent to all
operationalpavements
Longitudinalgrade
Transversegrade
Table 4-5. Helicopter Overruns.
Requirement Remarks
25 ft May be increased when necessary to accommodate dualoperations with fixed-wing aircraft.
Variable
5.00/0 first10 ft
followed by2.0% min4.0% max
Conform to the longitudinal grade of the abutting pri-mary pavement.
Slope from pavement.
Item Item Description RequirementNo.
Remarks
1 I Length I 75 ft I2 I Width I 125 ft I Width of runway plus shoulders.
3 Longitudinal Same ascenterline last 100
grade ft of runway
4 I Transverse Min 2.0% Warp to meet runway and shoulder grades.made Max 3.0%
1 Length
2 Width(inner edge)
3 Width(outer edge)
4 Grades inany direction
Requirement I Remarks
400 ft I
SECTION B–HELIPADS
4-2. General Information. Criteria for three types ofhelipads are provided. The type to be developed dependson the operational requirements. These types are des-cribed in paragraphs 4-3 through 4-7.
4-3. Standard VFR Helipad. VFR standards are usedwhen no requirement exists or will exist in the future foran IFR facility. Criteria for this type of helipad permitsthe accommodation of all helipad lighting systems.
4-4. Limited Use Helipad. This is a VFR facility usedat sites where only occasional operations are conducted.
headquarters areas, missile sites, and at established air-fields or heliports where it may be used to provide sep-arate landing facilities in order to preclude mixing heli-copter and fixed-wing traffic. It may also be used to sep-arate small helicopter traffic (OH, UH, and AH heli-copters) from medium and heavy helicopter traffic. Thesize of this helipad and its primary surface permits insetand perimeter lighting only.
4-5. IFR Helipad. IFR standards are used when an in-strument capability is essential to the mission and noother instrumented landing facilities, either fixed-wingor rotary-wing, are located within acceptable commutingdistance of the site
4-4
4-6 12 May 1981
4-6. Standby Parking Pad. At individual helipad sites 4-7. Layout Criteria. The principal dimensional cri-where it is necessary to have one or more helicopters on teria, clearances, and grades for helipad layouts to sup-standby, an area adjacent to the helipad but clear of the port rotary-wing aircraft operations are in table 4-7.landing, approach and transitional surfaces should be These standards are illustrated in figures 4-3 throughdesignated: 4-5.
—
Table 4-7. Helipads.
I
4-10 12 May 1981
Table 4-8. Helicopter Landing Lanes.
Item Item Description Requirement RemarksNo.
1 Length 1,600 ft Provide a number of equally spaced “touchdown” orto 2,000 ft holding points with adequate separation, usually not
less than 400 feet from center to center. Multiple lanesare to be spaced a minimum of 200 feet from centerlineto centerline of lanes.
2 Width 75 ft
3 Shoulders See table 4-4.
SECTION C–HELICOPTER LANDING LANES 4-10. Identifying Touchdown Points. Multiple“touchdown” areas on landing lanes should be identified
4-8. General Information. At times there are situa- by numerical markings.tions at airfields or heliports when a high density of heli-copters are parked on mass aprons. When this occurs, 4-11. Layout Criteria. The principal dimensional cri-there is usually a requirement to provide landing and teria, and clearances for a landing lane layout are in tabletakeoff facilities that permit more rapid launch and re- 4-8. These criteria are illustrated in figure 4-6.covery operations than otherwise can be provided by asingle runway or helipad. This increased efficiency can be SECTION D–HELICOPTER HOVERPOINTSattained by providing one or more of the following, but isnot necessarily limited to a: 4-12. General Information. A hoverpoint is a pre-. . . . .
Multiple number of helipads or hoverpoints. pared and marked surface used as a reference or control
Rotary-wing runway in excess of 800 feet in length.point for arriving or departing helicopters.
Landing lane. 4-13. Layout Criteria. A hoverpoint consists of apaved area 30 feet in diameter, domed to a 6-inch height
4-9. Landing Lanes. Except for use as an autorotation at the center. If a hoverpoint is established on existinglane, these lanes permit efficient simultaneous use by a pavement, the 6-inch dome need not be constructed. Anumber of helicopters (in most cases, up to four at one typical layout of a hoverpoint is illustrated in figure 4-7.time) while additional helicopters are in a designatedtraffic pattern.
4-11
4-12
12 May 1981
Chapter 5
HELIPORT AND HELIPAD AIRSPACE CRITERIA
5-1
SECTION A–OBSTRUCTIONS TO AIRSPACE
5-1. General Information. Standards for determiningobstructions to air navigation for helicopter facilities arethe same as the standards specified for fixed-wing air-craft facilities in chapter 3. The following airspace sur-faces are illustrated in figures 5-1 through 5-3.
SECTION B–IMAGINARY SURFACES PERTAININGTO HELICOPTER RUNWAYS AND HELIPADS
5-2. Primary Surface. A horizontal plane sym-metrically centered on the helicopter runway or helipadat the established elevation of the landing surface. Thearea beneath the primary surface (referred to as the pri-mary surface area) must be free of obstructions except asnoted in table 4-1, Item 6. The dimensions of the primarysurface for the following facilities are:
Type Facility Length WidthVFR Runway Runway length plus
75 ft at each end 300 ftIFR Runway or Helipad 1,550ft 750 ftVFR Helipad 300 ft 300 ftVFR Limited Use Helipador Hoverpoint 150ft 150 ft
5-3. Horizontal Surface (IFR). A circular level plane,located 150 feet above the established heliport or helipadelevation, defined by scribing an arc with a 4,600-footradius from the ground point of intercept (GPI) of therunway or helipad.
5-4. Transitional Surfaces. Planes that connect theprimary surface and the approach-departure clearancesurface at a prescribed height. They may also join a hori-zontal surface at a prescribed horizontal distance beyondthe limits of the horizontal surface. Each surface is out-ward and upward at a specified slope measured per-pendicular to the runway centerline or helipad longi-tudinal centerline (or centerlines) extended.
a. VFR facilities. The slope ratio is 2 to 1. It rises to150 feet above the established elevation of the landingsurface.
b. IFR facilities. The slope ratio is 4 to 1. It rises 150feet to the horizontal surface. At the intersection of thehorizontal surface and the approach-departure clearancesurface, it continues adjacent to the approach-departureclearance surface for the entire length, at which point anelevation of 375 feet above the approach-departure clear-ance surface is reached.
c. VFR Limited-Use facilities. The slope ratio is 2 to1 rising from the primary surface until it reaches a dis-
tance of 250 feet from the centerline, it then rises ver-tically to an elevation of 150 feet above the establishedelevation of the landing surface.
5-5. Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (VFR).An inclined plane above the limits of the approach-depar-ture zone, symmetrical about the runway or helipadlongitudinal centerline extended. It starts at the end ofthe primary surface with the same width and at the es-tablished elevation of the landing surface. It extends out-ward and upward at a slope ratio of 8 to 1 until an eleva-tion of 150 feet above the established helicopter runwayor helipad elevation is reached. The outer width at theend of the 1,200 foot length is 600 feet, and it continuesat this width until the minimum en route altitude isreached.
a. When the helicopter runway or helipad is collocatedon a fixed-wing airfield, and the approach-departure zoneends within the limits of the horizontal surface of an air-field, the approach-departure clearance surface meets theairfield horizontal surface at a point 150 feet above theestablished airfield elevation.
b. When helicopter facilities are located separately,from fixed-wing runways, the approach-departure clear-ance surface extends horizontally to the limits of thatsurface and then continues on an 8 to 1 slope ratio untilminimum en route altitude is reached.
5-6. Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (Limit-ed Use Helipads). This surface is similar to the ap-proach-departure clearance surface for a VFR helicopterrunway or helipad, except for the inner and outer widths.
5-7. Approach-Departure Clearance Surface (IFR).This is an inclined plane above the limits of the approach-departure zone, symmetrical about the helicopter runwayor helipad longitudinal centerlines extended. It begins atthe end of the primary surface, with the same width andat the established elevation of the landing surface. It ex-tends outward and upward at a slope ratio of 25 to 1 for ahorizontal distance of 24,225 feet. The width at the outerend of the approach-departure clearance surface is 8,000feet.
SECTION C–IMAGINARY SURFACES THAT PER-TAIN TO HELICOPTER HOVERPOINTS
5-8. Criteria for Imaginary Surfaces. The width ofthe primary surface and layout criteria for approach-de-parture zones and transitional surfaces are the same asspecified for a VFR limited use helipad.
5-2
5-4 12 May 1981
12 May 1981
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE AIR FORCE, THE ARMY, AND THE NAVY
OFFICIAL LEW ALLEN, JR., General, USAFChief of Staff
VAN L. CRAWFORD, JR., Colonel, USAFDirector of Administration
5-5
OFFICIAL E. C. MEYERGeneral, United States ArmyChief of Staff
J. C. PENNINGTONMajor General, United States ArmyThe Adjutant General
W. M. ZOBELRear Admiral, CEC, U.S. NavyCommander, Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command
Attachment 1 12 May 1981
GLOSSARY
A-1
AICUZ (Air Installations Compatible Use Zones). (1)Land areas on which certain uses may obstruct the air-space or otherwise be hazardous to aircraft operations,and (2) land areas that are exposed to the health, safety,or welfare hazards of aircraft operations.
Accident Potential Zone I (APZ I). The area beyond theclear zone that possesses a significant potential for acci-dents.
Accident Potential Zone H (APZ II). The area beyondAPZ I that has a measurable potential for accidents.
Airfield. An area prepared for the accommodation (in-cluding any buildings, installations, and equipment),landing, and takeoff of aircraft.
Airfield, Heliport, or Helipad Elevation. The estab-lished elevation, in terms of the nearest foot above meansea level, of the highest point of the usable landing area.
Airfield Reference Point. The designated geographicallocation of an airfield. It is given in terms of the nearestsecond of latitude and longitude. The position of the ref-erence point must be as near to the geometric center ofthe landing area as possible, taking future developmentof the airfield into account.
Apron. A designated area on an airfield intended to ac-commodate aircraft for loading or unloading passengersor cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance.
Autorotation Lane. A helicopter landing lane or desig-nated area on a runway used for practicing landings un-der simulated engine failure or certain other simulatedemergency conditions.
Approach-Departure Clearance Surface. Defined inparagraph 3-4c (for airfields) and paragraph 5-5 (forheliports and helipads).
Approach-Departure Clearance Zone. An area onground or water located beneath the approach-departureclearance surface. The boundaries are identical to thehorizontal dimensions of the approach-departure clear-ance surface.
Clear Zone Surface. Defined in paragraph 3-4b (forfixed-wing facilities) and tables 4-6 and 4-7 (for rotary-wing facilities).
Conical Surface. Defined in paragraph 3-5b.
Fixed-Wing Aircraft. A powered aircraft that has wingsattached to the fuselage so that they are either rigidlyfixed in place or adjustable, as distinguished from air-craft with rotating wings, like a helicopter.
Glide Path. The line to be followed by an aircraft as itdescends from horizontal flight to land upon the surface.Also called glide slope.
Glide Slope. Same definition as for glide path.
Grade. Also gradient. A slope expressed in percent offeet per hundred. For example, 0.5 percent means a 0.5-foot slope in 100 feet.
Ground Point of Intercept (GPI). A point in the verticalplane of the runway centerline or center of a helipad atwhich it is assumed that the straight line extension of theglide slope intercepts the approach surface baseline.
Helicopter. An aircraft deriving both lift and controlfrom one or more power driven rotors rotating on substantially vertical axes.
Helipad. A prepared area designated and used for thetakeoff and landing of helicopters.
Heliport. A facility designated for operating, basing,servicing, and maintaining helicopters.
Heliport or Helipad Elevation. See airfield elevation.
Hover. A term applied to helicopter flight when the air-craft: (1) Maintains a constant position over a selectedpoint usually within “ground-effect” (3 to 10 feet aboveground), and (2) Is taxiing (airborne) (3 to 10 feet aboveground) from one point to another.
Hoverlane. A designated aerial traffic lane for the di-rected movement of helicopters between a helipad orhoverpoint and the servicing and parking areas of theheliport or airfield.
Hoverpoint. A prepared and marked surface at a heli-port or airfield used as a reference or control point for ar-riving or departing helicopters.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Rules that govern theprocedure for conducting instrument flight.
Inner Horizontal Surface. Defined in paragraph 3-5a.
Landing Lane. One of four to six parallel surfaced lanesat a stage field, used for landing, takeoff, and autorota-tion training. Except for the autorotation lane, theselanes permit efficient simultaneous use by more than onehelicopter. A single landing lane may sometimes be estab-lished at an airfield or helipad in order to support a highdensity of helicopters parked on a mass apron. (See para-graph 4-9 and figure 4-6.)
Limited Use Helipad. A VFR facility, sited to supportonly occasional operations at special locations such ashospitals, headquarters buildings, missile sites, and simi-lar situations. Other locations include airfields where oneor more helipads may be required for separating opera-tions of numerous small helicopters (OH, UH and AHtype aircraft) from fixed-wing or medium and heavy heli-copter traffic.
A-2 Attachment 1 12 May 1981
Limited Use Runway. A runway for which standardrunway clearances cannot be obtained, but due to missionrequirements for low density air traffic under VFR, it isessential to provide a minimum type operating facility.See Army manual TM 5-803-4 and Navy documentNAVFAC P-80.
Noninstrument Runway. A runway intended for oper-ating aircraft that use visual flight rules.
Obstacle. A natural or manmade object that violates air-field or heliport clearances, or projects into imaginaryairspace surfaces.
Obstacle Clearance. The vertical distance between thelowest authorized flight altitude and a prescribed surfacewithin a specified area.
Outer Horizontal Surface. Defined in paragraph 3-5c.
Primary Surface (Airfield). Defined in paragraph 3-4a.
Primary Surface (Heliport or Helipad). Defined inparagraph 5-2.
Runway. A designated rectangular area, on an airfield orheliport prepared for the landing and takeoff run of air-craft along its length.
Runway (Class A). Explained in paragraph 2-1. A list ofaircraft that determine the classification of a Class Arunway is in table 2-1.
Runway (Class B). All runways other than Class A run-ways, for example, runways that accommodate heavy air-craft or have the potential for development to heavy air-craft use. A list of aircraft that determine the classifica-tion of a Class B runway is in table 2-1.
Runway End. As used in this document, the runway endis the end of a runway where a normal threshold is locat-ed. When the runway has a displaced threshold, the usingService will evaluate each individual situation and, basedon this evaluation, will determine the point of beginningfor runway and airspace imaginary surfaces.
Runway Approach Threshold. The beginning of thatpart of the runway usable for landing airplanes.
Shoulder. An area adjacent to the edge of an operationalpavement so prepared as to keep the probability of seri-ous damage to an aircraft to a minimum in case it runsoff the operational area.
Slope Ratio. A slope expressed in feet as a ratio of thehorizontal to the vertical distance. For example, 50:1means 50 feet horizontally to 1 foot vertically.
Takeoff Safety Zone. A clear graded area within thelimits of the first 400 feet of the approach-departure zoneof all VFR rotary-wing facilities. The land use of this areais comparable to the clear zone area applied to fixed-wingfacilities.
Taxilane. A designated path through parking, mainte-nance or hangar aprons, or on the perimeter of suchaprons to permit the safe ground movement of aircraftoperating under their own power.
Taxiway. A designated path, on an airfield or heliportother than apron areas, selected or prepared for taxiingaircraft.
Towlane. A prepared path for towing aircraft. It pro-vides minimum lateral clearance and is generally locatedon an airfield or heliport. It maybe a connecting route be-tween airfield or heliport facilities and an aircraft sup-porting facility nearby.
Touchdown Point. A designated location on a landinglane, taxiway, or runway for permitting more rapidlaunch or recovery of helicopters in a high density area.
Transitional Surfaces. Defined in paragraph 3-5d (forfixed-wing facilities) and paragraph 5-4 (for rotary-wingfacilities).
Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Rules that govern the proce-dures for conducting flight under visual conditions.
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Attachment 2 12 May 1981
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A-3
A-4 Attachment 3 12 May 1981
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSELAND USE COMPATIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR CLEAR ZONE
AND ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONES
YES 5 YES YESNO YES YESYES 5 YES YESYES 5 YES 4 Y E SYES 5 YES YES
NONONONONONONONONO
NONONONONONONONO
NONO
Attachment 3
Land Use Category
12 May 1981
NONONONONONONONONO
A-5