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1. Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

A) algorithmB) heuristicC) cognitionD) universal grammar

2. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)A) algorithm.B) prototype.C) heuristic.D) concept.

3. When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

A) mental set.B) heuristic.C) concept.D) algorithm.

4. A prototype is aA) mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.B) step-by-step procedure for solving problems.C) best example of a particular category.D) simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.

5. In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use ofA) algorithms.B) fixations.C) prototypes.D) telegraphic speech.

6. Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________.A) rose; flowerB) couch; bedC) man; womanD) rope; weapon

7. With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?A) A penguin is a bird.B) A goose is a bird.C) A robin is a bird.D) An ostrich is a bird.

8. After identifying an ethnically blended face as Asian rather than as Caucasian, Belgian students recalled the face as more closely resembling their ________ of an Asian face.

A) algorithmB) heuristicC) prototypeD) fixation

9. Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

A) syntax.B) heuristic.C) algorithm.D) prototype.

10. People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse

A) heuristic.B) prototype.C) algorithm.D) fixation.

11. People are likely to detect male prejudice against females ________ easily than they detect female prejudice against males. They are likely to detect younger people's prejudice against older people ________ easily than they detect older people's prejudice against younger people.

A) more; lessB) less; moreC) more; moreD) less; less

12. Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates

A) confirmation bias.B) the framing effect.C) trial and error.D) belief perseverance.

13. An algorithm is aA) simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently.B) testing method involving trial and error.C) automatic, intuitive judgment.D) methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

14. A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

A) the availability heuristic.B) belief perseverance.C) an algorithm.D) framing.

15. Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

A) fixations.B) heuristics.C) prototypes.D) algorithms.

16. The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely toA) save time in arriving at solutions to problems.B) yield more accurate solutions to problems.C) minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.D) involve greater reliance on language skills.

17. As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself “i before e except after c.” Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

A) trial and error.B) insight.C) an algorithm.D) a heuristic.

18. After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

A) belief perseverance.B) the availability heuristic.C) insight.D) a mental set.

19. The confirmation bias refers to the tendency toA) search for information that supports our preconceptions.B) judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember

examples of them.C) overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.D) make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion.

20. Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.B) confirmation bias.C) framing.D) belief perseverance.

21. Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by

A) an algorithm.B) prototypes.C) the framing effect.D) confirmation bias.

22. Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

A) the framing effect.B) process simulation.C) confirmation bias.D) algorithms.

23. The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is calledA) a critical period.B) a fixation.C) a heuristic.D) framing.

24. Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

A) fixationB) heuristicsC) framingD) overconfidence

25. A mental set is most likely to inhibitA) confirmation bias.B) overconfidence.C) creativity.D) belief perseverance.

26. During prior school years, Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests. Now its not so easy so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's shortsightedness best illustrates the consequences of

A) an algorithm.B) a mental set.C) confirmation bias.D) the availability heuristic.

27. In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

A) mental sets.B) phonemes.C) algorithms.D) intuitions.

28. A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use ofA) telegraphic speech.B) algorithms.C) trial and error.D) heuristics.

29. Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

A) framing.B) confirmation bias.C) belief perseverance.D) the availability heuristic.

30. Just passing by a person who sneezes and coughs heightens our perceptions of various health risks. This best illustrates the impact of

A) the availability heuristic.B) a critical period.C) confirmation bias.D) framing.

31. Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

A) overconfidence.B) framing.C) confirmation bias.D) the availability heuristic.

32. A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

A) belief perseverance.B) an algorithm.C) confirmation bias.D) the availability heuristic.

33. By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

A) belief perseverance.B) a critical period.C) overconfidence.D) the availability heuristic.

34. A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

A) confirmation bias.B) overconfidence.C) belief perseverance.D) the availability heuristic.

35. The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

A) a critical period.B) the availability heuristic.C) confirmation bias.D) framing.

36. Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

A) perceived controlB) fixationC) the framing effectD) insight

37. The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency toA) cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.B) search for information that supports our preconceptions.C) underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate.D) judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence

are remembered.

38. Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

A) a fixation.B) the framing effect.C) the availability heuristic.D) overconfidence.

39. When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug on three different occasions. Larina's experience best illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.B) confirmation bias.C) overconfidence.D) the framing effect.

40. Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to

A) appear credible to their customers.B) find it difficult to decide which stocks to purchase.C) avoid the dangers of belief perseverance.D) use algorithms to generate stock choices.

41. An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

A) the availability heuristic.B) trial and error.C) belief perseverance.D) confirmation bias.

42. People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates

A) the framing effect.B) linguistic determinism.C) belief perseverance.D) the availability heuristic.

43. Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is

A) “Try to justify your positions.”B) “Consider the opposite.”C) “Don't draw hasty conclusions.”D) “Be as objective as possible.”

44. When Quang couldn't find his wallet, he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty. Although Quang later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty. Quang's irrational thinking best illustrates

A) confirmation bias.B) an algorithm.C) belief perseverance.D) framing.

45. The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on

A) overconfidence.B) the framing effect.C) belief perseverance.D) the availability heuristic.

46. In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

A) belief perseverance.B) telegraphic speech.C) a fixation.D) framing.

47. Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called

A) framing.B) confirmation bias.C) belief perseverance.D) telegraphic speech.

48. On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of

A) confirmation bias.B) overconfidence.C) the availability heuristic.D) framing.

49. The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of

A) fixation.B) belief perseverance.C) overconfidence.D) framing.

50. A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of

A) belief perseverance.B) confirmation bias.C) framing.D) the availability heuristic.

51. Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

A) belief perseverance.B) confirmation bias.C) the availability heuristic.D) framing.

52. People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of

A) belief perseverance.B) confirmation bias.C) framing.D) the availability heuristic.

53. People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the default option on their renewable drivers' license forms is yes but they can choose to drop out. They are much less likely to decide to be organ donors if the default option on their license forms is no but they can choose to opt in. This best illustrates the effects of

A) framing.B) overconfidence.C) confirmation bias.D) the availability heuristic.

54. A period of distraction that enables people to process complex information unconsciously can improve decision making. This best illustrates the value of

A) algorithms.B) critical periods.C) intuition.D) trial and error.

55. If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may—without consciously recalling the earlier experience—react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

A) critical periods.B) algorithms.C) intuition.D) overconfidence.

56. Although Kaylee agreed with a particular politician's policies and position statements, her unconscious gut reaction to his slightly high-pitched voice led her to vote for the opposition candidate. This best illustrates the impact of

A) intuition.B) confirmation bias.C) a critical period.D) belief perseverance.

57. Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

A) an algorithm.B) a prototype.C) a process simulation.D) intuition.

58. By learning to classify cats and dogs, monkeys demonstrate a capacity to formA) a universal grammar.B) telegraphic speech.C) rules of syntax.D) concepts.

59. In Wolfgang Köhler's experiments, the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a longer stick, which he then used to reach a piece of fruit. The chimpanzee appeared to display

A) insight.B) a fixation.C) trial and error.D) the availability heuristic.

60. Forest-dwelling chimpanzees use a light, flexible stick for fishing for termites. This illustrates their naturally developed use of

A) sign language.B) tools.C) heuristics.D) outcome simulations.

61. Chimpanzee B watches Chimpanzee A obtain food either by sliding or by lifting a door. Chimpanzee B will then typically do the same to get food. And so will Chimpanzee C after observing Chimpanzee B. This sequence has been said to illustrate

A) syntax.B) an algorithm.C) an outcome simulation.D) cultural transmission.

62. Language refers to theA) smallest distinctive sound units.B) rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.C) spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate

meaning.D) rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes.

63. The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is aA) prototype.B) suffix.C) morpheme.D) phoneme.

64. The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a “t” and an “n” produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different

A) morphemes.B) prototypes.C) phonemes.D) semantics.

65. English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.A) 5B) 6C) 26D) 40

66. Morphemes areA) the smallest speech units that carry meaning.B) the best examples of particular categories of objects.C) the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.D) rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.

67. In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)A) prototype.B) morpheme.C) heuristic.D) algorithm.

68. The word “cats” contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).A) 2; 1B) 4; 1C) 2; 4D) 4; 2

69. The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called

A) an algorithm.B) telegraphic speech.C) grammar.D) a heuristic.

70. Semantics refers to theA) logical and methodical procedures for solving problems.B) orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.C) simple thinking strategies that facilitate quick decision making.D) rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.

71. The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word “hit” in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of

A) syntax.B) semantics.C) morphemes.D) prototypes.

72. To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of

A) semantics.B) syntax.C) simulation.D) phonics.

73. Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty

A) semantics.B) phonemes.C) morphemes.D) syntax.

74. Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for

A) telegraphic speech.B) receptive language.C) fixation.D) productive language.

75. The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.A) babblingB) telegraphic speechC) one-wordD) grammatical

76. Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.A) one-wordB) telegraphicC) babblingD) syntactic

77. At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries “hoy” when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

A) syntacticB) babblingC) telegraphic speechD) one-word

78. Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

A) one-wordB) babblingC) two-wordD) semantic

79. No matter what language we first use, our first words are mostlyA) verbs.B) adverbs.C) adjectives.D) nouns.

80. Noam Chomsky attributed children's ability to pick up language so readily toA) trial-and-error problem solving.B) the availability heuristic.C) belief perseverance.D) a built-in readiness to learn grammar rules.

81. By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of ________ for language acquisition.

A) a critical periodB) an outcome simulationC) the availability heuristicD) linguistic determinism

82. The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact thatA) infants babble sounds that occur in their parents' native language.B) toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate language sounds they have never

heard.C) people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.D) preschoolers typically fail to use proper syntax.

83. Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of

A) pictures.B) Morse code.C) sign language.D) English letters.

84. Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to

A) vocalize the most common vowel sounds.B) acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as most children.C) communicate through the use of symbols.D) do all of these things.

85. Human language appears to have evolved fromA) the availability heuristic.B) gestured communication.C) a process simulation.D) a critical period.

86. Psychologists are most likely to doubt that chimpanzees have the capacity toA) use complex grammar.B) communicate with gestures.C) transmit cultural innovations.D) form concepts.

87. It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates

A) universal grammar.B) the availability heuristic.C) linguistic determinism.D) telegraphic speech.

88. The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of

A) language on thinking.B) algorithms on decision making.C) prototypes on concept formation.D) fixations on problem solving.

89. People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

A) an algorithm.B) a mental image.C) telegraphic speech.D) universal grammar.

Answer Key

1. C2. D3. C4. C5. C6. A7. C8. C9. D

10. B11. C12. C13. D14. C15. B16. A17. D18. C19. A20. B21. D22. C23. B24. A25. C26. B27. D28. D29. D30. A31. D32. D33. D34. D35. B36. A37. C38. D39. C40. A41. C

42. C43. B44. C45. C46. D47. A48. D49. D50. C51. D52. C53. A54. C55. C56. A57. D58. D59. A60. B61. D62. C63. D64. C65. D66. A67. B68. D69. C70. D71. B72. B73. D74. B75. A76. C77. D78. C79. D80. D81. A82. C83. C84. C

85. B86. A87. C88. A89. B

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