i. the stage is set
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I. The Stage is Set. A. The Pursuit of Peace. 1. ALFRED NOBEL. a) Swedish inventor of dynamite. b) Regretted military uses of invention c) Set up Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace. 2. Pacifism. a) Opposition to all war. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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I. The Stage is Set
A. The Pursuit of Peace
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1. ALFRED NOBEL
a) Swedish inventor of dynamite
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b) Regretted military uses of invention
c) Set up Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace
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2. Pacifism
a) Opposition to all war
b) Women’s suffrage organizations supported pacifism
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3. Hague Tribunal
a) In 1899, world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference.
b) A World Court to settle disputes between nation
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B. Aggressive Nationalism
1. France & Germanya) France was bitter about
their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian war
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b) German occupation of the border provinces of Alsace & Lorraine
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2. Eastern Europea) Pan Slavism –
Nationalism shared by all Slavic Nationalities
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b) Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Turkey felt threaten by new nations on their borders
1) joined Central Powers
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C. Rivalries Among European Powers
1. Economic rivalry
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a) Britain felt threatened
b) Germany thought the other great powers did not give them enough respect
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2. Imperialism
a) Competition for colonies brought France & Germany to the “brink of war”
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3. Militarism and the Arms Race
a) Nations made political & national alliances
b) Glorification of the Military was a positive force
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c) “Social Darwinism” – survival of the fittest
d) Fiercest competition was between Britain & Germany
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D. A Tangle of Alliances
1. Distrust led to treaties pledging to defend one another
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2. 1882 – Triple Alliancea) Italyb) Austria – Hungaryc) Germany
1. Joined to protect itself against France
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3. 1914 – Germany & Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers
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4. 1904 – France & Britain signed an Entent
a) Non-binding agreement to follow common policies
b) When Russia joined they become know as the Allies
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II. The Guns of August
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A. Assassination in Sarajevo
1. Serbian Outragea) Viewed Austrians as
foreign oppressors
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b) Members of Unity or Death, a Serbian terrorist group sought revenge
1) “Black Hand”
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2. The Fatal Shots
a) Gavrilo Princip assassinated the tyrants
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(1) The Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife
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(a) Heir to the Austrian throne
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B. The Conflict Widens1. A harsh Ultimatum
a) Austria sent Serbia a final set of demands
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1) All involved must be punished
2) Must end all anti-Austrian agitation
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b) July 28, 1914 Austria Declared war on
Serbia
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2. From Capital to Capital
a) German Kaiser gave full support to Austria
b) Serbia asked Russia for help
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c) Russia began to mobilize for war
d) Russia appeals to Francee) Germany declares war on
France
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3. The Schlieffen Plana) Italy & Britain remained
neutral(1) policy of supporting neither side in a war
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b) General Alfred Von Schlieffen
(1) Avoid a 2 front war(2) Germany had to defeat
France quickly
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(3) Then fight Russia(4) German armies would
march through Belgium & swing south behind French lines
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(5) Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium forced Britain to declare war on Germany
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C. The Historians’ View1. “The Guns of August”
a) A widely read study of the outbreak of war by Barbara Tuchman
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2. People on both sides were equally committed to military action
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3. Militarism was one of the forces that led to the outbreak of war in Europe
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III. A New Kind of Conflict
A. The Western Front
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1. Stalematea) Neither side was able to
defeat the other
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b) Russia mobilized forces more quickly than expected
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c) Germany sent troops to the East creating a 2 front war
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d) The automatic machine gun contributed most to the stalemate on the western front
1) It was difficult to gain an advantage
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2) machine guns made it nearly impossible for troops to advance
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2. Trench Warfarea) An underground network of
linked bunkers, communication trenches & gun emplacements
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Trench Foot
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b) NO MANS LAND – land between opposing trenches
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3. Costly Battlesa) 1916 – Launched
massive offensives1) neither side had an
advantage
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B. Technology of Modern Warfare
1. WWI was more destructive than earlier wars because modern weapons were more dangerous.
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a) Rapid fire machine gun
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b) Armored Tanks
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c) Poison Gas
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d) Zeppelins – large gas-filled balloons to bomb the English coast
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e) U-boats – submarines
(1) Helped turn WWI into a global war
(2) Were sinking merchant ships that carried vital supplies to Britain
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(3) Unrestricted submarine warfare
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f) Convoys (1) Allies organized groups of
merchant ships protected by warships
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The legendary Krupp's Big Bertha, a German 42cm howitzer of the type used to crush the Belgian fortresses in 1914.
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C. A Global Conflict
1. Eastern Europe
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a) Russia was poorly equipped to fight in a Modern War
b) Were pushed back to their own soil
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2. Southern Europea) Italy declared war on
Austria-Hungary
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1) later on Germany2) signed a secret treaty
to gain land
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3. The War Outside Europea) Japan allied with Britain to
seize German outposts in China
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b) Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in 1914
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c) Arab Nationalists declared a revolt against Ottoman rule
(1) British supported the Arab revolt
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4. War and the Coloniesa) Turned colonies into
suppliers of1) troops2) laborers3) supplies
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IV. Winning the War
A. Total War
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1. Economic Impact
a) Channeled ALL of the nation’s entire resources into a war effort
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b) All nations except Britain imposed a military conscription – draft
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c) Governments rationed food, boots, gasoline, etc.
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2. Propaganda Wara) Propaganda
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1) Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
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2) British & French circulated tales of atrocities (horrible acts) against innocent people
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3. Impact on Women
a) Took jobs and kept the national economies going
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B. Collapsing Morale
1. Revolution in Russia
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a) Lack of food & supplies brought down the Russian Monarchy
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b) V.I. Lenin came to power
(1) Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end Russia’s involvement in WWI
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2. Impact on the War
a) Germany could now concentrate forces on the Western Front
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C. The United States Declares War
1. U.S. helped the allies achieve breakthrough they sought
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2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
a) Lusitania – German subs attacked British liner killing American citizens
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3. Cultural Tiesa) Felt ties of culture &
language to Britainb) Sympathized with France
as another democracy
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4. Zimmermann Note a) Early 1917, the British
intercepted a message from the German foreign minister to an ambassador in Mexico
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b) For support, Germany would help Mexico re-conquer lost territory in the U.S.
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5. Declaring Wara) April 1917,
President Woodrow Wilson asked for a “declaration of war”
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1)Make the world “safe for democracy”
2)“A war to end All war”
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6. The Fourteen Pointsa) Developed by President
Wilsonb) End Secret Treaties
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c) Freedom of the Seasd) Free Tradee) Reduction of arms
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f) Eastern Europe granted self-determination(1) the right of the people to
choose their own form of government
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g) Creation of a “General Association of Nations” to keep peace
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D. Campaign to Victory
1. William II, Kaiser of Germany, stepped down & went into exile in the Netherlands
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2. Armisticea) New German
government sought an agreement to end fighting, November 11, 1918
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American railroad artillery detachment posed on a 14in.
rail gun near Bassons, Gironde, France after the war.
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V. Making the PeaceA. The Costs of
War
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1. Human & Material Costs
a) 8.5 million dead
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b) Wounded & Handicapped Twice the death figure
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c) Famine threatened many regions
d) Pandemic of influenza –1) spread of disease across
an entire country, continent or in this case the whole world
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2. Financial Burdens
a) Europe had been reduced to “rubble”
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b) Reparations – payment for war damages
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3. Political Turmoil
a) Governments collapsed in Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman Empire
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b) Unrest swept through Europe’s colonial empires in Africa & Asia
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
1. The Big Three
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a) President Wilson1) United States representative2) Urged “Peace Without
Victory”
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b) David Lloyd George
1) British Prime Minister
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c) George Clemenceau1) French leader2) Wanted to punish
Germany so it would never threaten France again
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2. Difficult Issuesa) Conflicting demands led
to compromises on major issues
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b) Collective Security
(1) A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
(2) League of Nations
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C. The Treaty of Versailles
1. Forced Germany to assume full blame for the war
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2. Imposed huge reparations
3. Limited size of German military
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4. Returned Alsace & Lorraine to France
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5. Removed territory from East & West Germany6. Stripped Germany of its
overseas colonies
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D. Widespread Dissatisfaction
1. Self-determination in Eastern Europe
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2. Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia
3. Poland became independent
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4. Three new republicsa) Czechoslovakiab) Austriac) Hungary
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5. Mandate Systema) Mandates – territories
administered by Western Powers
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(1) Were to be held & modernized until they were able to “stand alone”
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6. Unfulfilled goals
a) Italy was angry because it didn’t get the land it was promised
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b) Japan protested the refusal of Western Nations to recognize claims in China
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c) Russia was excluded from the peace talks
(1) Resented the Polish Nation & 3 independent Baltic States
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7. Hopes for Global Peace
a) League of nations1) Promised to take common
action - economic or military - against any aggressor
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b) United States never joined the League
c) The League was powerless
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