I. The Roman Republic I. The Roman Republic

Senatus Populusque Romanus

A.A. Geography & ResourcesGeography & Resources

a. Italy & Sicily: crossroads of the Mediterranean…

link between Africa & Europe

b. natural resources: rivers, forests, iron, mild climate,

arable land

-writing-religion-art-the arch

B. Influence of Etruscans:B. Influence of Etruscans:

Etruscan MilitaryEtruscan Military

Etruscan ArtEtruscan Art

C. A Republic of Farmers (753–31 C. A Republic of Farmers (753–31 BCE)BCE)

2. Kingship eliminated (507 BCE): representatives of landholders overthrew king & established a republic

-2 Consuls (governed)-the Senate (made laws)-Assemblies (less power)

3. paterfamilias: family controlled by oldest living male

1. Romulus & Remus nursed by a she-wolf...

753 BCE: Romulus kills Remus became 1st Roman king

D. Patricians & D. Patricians & PlebeiansPlebeians

Two hereditary social classes:

patricianspatricians: political power & provided military

plebiansplebians: shopkeepers & artisans

toga: garment of the roman citizen

Patrician Order

Plebian Order

Slaves (33%)

EE. Res publica Romana. Res publica Romana

1. 2 Consuls (executive branch), one chief of civil affairs and one military leader ; one year terms

2. Senate: created “decrees of the senate” and composed of heads of patrician families

3. Tribal Assembly: made up of plebian tribes

Roman GovernmentRoman Government:

Queastor

Aedile

Praetor

Consul

Tribune of Plebeians

Military service and Lieutenants Rank

All offices are one year terms

DictatorMaius Imperium

Plebeian Path

Patrician Path

WHAP

-laws providing political & social rights for plebeians

The 12 Tables (450 BCE)The 12 Tables (450 BCE)

The Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

1. patron-client relationships

2. Roman women had more freedom than Greek women, but legal status that of a child (subordinate to paterfamilias)

3. Worshiped supernatural spirits

4. Large amount of slaves

F. Roman SocietyF. Roman Society

Spartacus and the Great Slave Spartacus and the Great Slave RevoltRevolt

The revolt began in 73 BCE, when seventy gladiators escaped in southern Italy, not far from Naples.

With each raid their number grew, until there were more than 120,000 escaped slaves, trained by Spartacus and the gladiators and armed with captured weapons.

G. Expansion in the G. Expansion in the MediterraneanMediterranean

1. Rome conquered Italy: granted people Roman citizenship

-citizens had to provide soldiers for military

2. Sack of Rome (390 BCE)

-GaulsGauls loot, burn, & kill civilians

-Roman army replaced Greek phalanx spear with…the gladius sword!

3. Punic Wars: Rome defeated Carthage to gain Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, & N. Africa

1st Punic War: (Carthage seizes

Sicily)

2nd Punic War: (Hannibal vs. Scipio)

3rd Punic War: (Battle of Carthage)

Legion

Ala

CavalryThe legion was the basic unit of the Roman army (about 5,000 soldiers).

Divided into mandibles and centuries (led by a centurion)

The ala were auxiliary troops.

Cavalry units were usually supplied by allies. The cavalry was less important in the early Republic than in the Imperial army.

4. Rome defeated Hellenistic kingdoms; Gaius Gaius Julius CaesarJulius Caesar conquered Celts of Gaul (59-51 BCE)

5. PraetorPraetor: Roman governor that supervised local administrators in provinces (one year terms)

Roman Roman ExpansionExpansion

II. II. Mare NostrumMare Nostrum::The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire

““Lords of the world, the toga-wearing Lords of the world, the toga-wearing Romans” Romans”

-Virgil, The Aeneid

A. Failure of the Republic:A. Failure of the Republic:1.1. Roman expansion caused social & economic changes:Roman expansion caused social & economic changes:

-small farming families forced to military service-latifundias: large landowners bought up small

farms-decline soldiers & food

2.2. slave labor cheap…effect on peasants?slave labor cheap…effect on peasants?

-driven off land-unemployed-moved to cities

3.3. Roman commanders built their armies from underclass Roman commanders built their armies from underclass menmen

-loyal to commander, not the Roman state-generals entering politics

Major Figures of the Roman Revolution

Tiberius Gracchus 168-133 BCE

Gaius Gracchus 154-121 BCE (not shown)

Gaius Marius 157-86 BCE

Sulla 138-78 BCE

Pompey 106-48 BCE

Julius Caesar 100-44 BCE

Octavian 63 BCE-14 CE

1. Gracchi Brothers Gracchi Brothers (Tiberius & Gaius):

-reformers-limited land holdings of patricians-both assassinated

2. Private armies made up of landless peasants:

– Gaius Marius (with reformers)– Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

3. Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out

- reign of terror follows24

B. The Roman B. The Roman RevolutionRevolution

C. Julius CaesarC. Julius Caesar

1. Caesar (nephew of Marius) escapes Sulla’s terror

2. Caesar rises to popularity:

- public spectacles, victories in Gaul

3. First Triumvirate:

- Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

4. Caesar attacks Rome 49 BCE… “the die is cast”

-names himself “Dictator for LifeDictator for Life”

5. Reforms of Caesar:

- redistribution of land to war veterans- reduced urban unemployment- extended citizenship to provinces- assassinated in 44 BCE

The “Real” Julius The “Real” Julius CaesarCaesar

“Beware the Ides of March…” 44 BCE

D. Augustus Caesar: D. Augustus Caesar: Pax Pax RomanaRomana

1. civil war after Caesar’s death

2. Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate: Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus

3. Octavian takes title AugustusAugustus 27 BCE…end of Republic, start of principate

“Roman PeaceRoman Peace”:

– Imported goods (silk, spices from China/India)

– Road system: Appian WayAppian Way– Postal service–Underground pipes– Circus Maximus Circus Maximus (250,000 spectators)– ColiseumColiseum (“bread & circuses”)– AqueductsAqueducts– Gladitorial Games– Praetorian Guard

BothCrazy!

Appian Way

Circus Maximus

E. An Urban EmpireE. An Urban Empire

1. 50 to 60 million people in empire (80% farmers)

- empire administered through cities- Rome: a million residents

2. Provincial towns imitated Rome (aqueducts, baths, theatres, gardens, entertainment)

3. Rural countryside had little contact with government

4. RomanizationRomanization: spread of Latin, Roman clothing, & Roman lifestyle

F. The Rise of F. The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

1. JesusJesus: Jewish prophet

- belief a Messiah would liberate the Jews- Jesus sought to Jewish reforms- executed by Romans

2. After execution: teachings spread

3. Development of Christianity

- spread throughout Provinces

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

G. Technology & DeclineG. Technology & Decline1. Romans expert military & civil engineers:

-bridges, ballistic weapons, aqueducts, arches/domes, concrete

2. After Augustus’ death: army organized for defense

3. The “33rdrd-century crisis-century crisis”: frequent change of rulers & nomadic invasions (Germanic tribes)

4. Economic crises:

- high cost of defense- currency devaluation- inflation- nomadic attacks (Vandals sack R0me, 455) - moved capital to ConstantinopleConstantinople

Diocletian Splits Empire in Two: Diocletian Splits Empire in Two: 294 CE294 CE

““Barbarian” Invasions: 4Barbarian” Invasions: 4thth & 5 & 5thth centuriescenturies