Hydrogen Delivery Analysis Models

Amgad Elgowainy (ANL), Marianne Mintz (ANL), Jerry Gillette (ANL), Matt Ringer (NREL), Bruce Kelly (Nexant), Matt Hooks (TIAX), Daryl Brown (PNNL), and Mark Paster (DOE)

September, 2007

DOE H2A Delivery Models

Spreadsheet model for delivery system component costs and performance: Components Model Delivery scenario model for Urban and Rural /Interstate markets and demand levels (Mkt. Penetration) Scenario ModelEstimates the cost of H2 ($/kg) (and V2: energy and GHG)Assumes 2005 delivery technologiesWe can insert our Research Targets to see the impact

List of Delivery Components

Compressed Hydrogen Gas Truck (Tube trailer)Compressed Hydrogen Gas Truck Terminal Liquid Hydrogen TruckLiquid Hydrogen Truck Terminal H2 Transmission Compressor H2 Forecourt Compressor Hydrogen pipelines H2 LiquefierLH2 Storage TankGaseous H2 Storage “Tank”Gaseous H2 Geologic StorageDispenserRefueling Site: GH2Refueling Site: LH2

Overview of the H2A Delivery Scenario Model

Scenario Definition

Market

Mode

P e n e tra t io n

0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0

P e n e tra t io n

0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0

MarketMarket

Mode

P e n e tra t io n

0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0

P e n e tra t io n

0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0

Packaging

StorageTransport

Capital Operating

Energy

Cumulative Cash Flow

Delivery Cost

Results

Inputs

Components Model

Truck Module

Pipeline Module

Scenario Definition Components and Other Sub-Models Results

5

Delivery Modeling Accomplishments: FY07

Worked with Nexant team to review HDSAM 1.0 and develop improved inputs and approaches

Fuel demand profile

Forecourt design and optimization (TIAX)

Cost functions: (NEXANT)- Pipelines

- Liquefier

- Compressors

- Storage vessels

Supply variations due to plant outages

Components and HDSAM Model enhancements

6

Enhancements Components sized to meet respective demand profile (eliminates capacity factor previously set for the entire pathway)Pathway storage optimization (plant outage, summer peak, Friday peak, hourly peak, HOF peak)Variable size forecourt (50 – 6000 kg/day)Additional pathways (mixed-mode deliveries, combined markets, plant outage/summer peak handling)Cost and characteristics of all components reviewed and improved

HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways

H2 Production

1

2

3

LH Terminal

LH TerminalH2 Production

LH Terminal

Transmission Distribution

Transmission and Distribution

City gate

I. Liquid H2 Distribution:

H2 Production

HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways

4GH Terminal

H2 Production

Transmission and Distribution

5

II. Compressed H2 Distribution:

H2 Production

Transmission and Distribution

GH Terminal

HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways

6

7

GH Terminal

GH Terminal

II. Compressed H2 Distribution (cont’d):

H2 Production

H2 Production

City gate

Transmission Distribution

HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways

H2 Production

H2 Production8

9

Transmission Distribution

City gate

III. Pipeline Delivery:

HDSAM V1.0 & V2.0 Simulate Three Rural Scenarios

H2 Production/

Conditioning

GH2 Tube-Trailer Delivery

LH2 Truck Delivery

Pipeline Delivery

HDSAM V2.0 Delivery Pathways Expansion

Analysis of Market Demand and Supply Variations

Supply Side Variations: Central Production Plant Outages– Scheduled yearly maintenance:

Typically 5 to 10 consecutive days each year

– Unscheduled maintenance outages: Indeterminate time and length

– Natural disasters: A few days?Demand side variations– Hourly at refueling sites– Day to day at refueling sites

• Friday is 8% higher than the average

– Winter/Summer demand variation• Summer is 10% above

average; winter is 10% below average

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

9.0%

0 5 10 15 20

24 hour day

Perc

ent o

f Day

's T

rans

actio

ns

MonFri

Analysis of Storage Options and Costs

Storage ProblemProduction plants operate at constant rate, but demand varies

Storage OptionsGeologic gas storage

Low cost for very large amounts of hydrogenMay not be conveniently located

Liquefaction and liquid storage: Second best for large quantitiesGH2 Tanks: Highest cost, but efficient for small volumes

Storage and compression can add significant cost to hydrogen delivery

Need to find the optimum storage solution

15

Distribution Pipeline Cost Functions

Distribution Pipes

$0

$1,000,000

$2,000,000

$3,000,000

$4,000,000

$5,000,000

$6,000,000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Pipe Diameter [in.]

Cos

t/mile

Old CostNew Cost (Urban)New Cost (Downtown)

Large Compressor Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0

Central Pipeline Compressor

$0

$5,000,000

$10,000,000

$15,000,000

$20,000,000

$25,000,000

$30,000,000

$35,000,000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Rated Power (kWe)

Inst

alle

d C

ost

Old Installed Cost

New Installed Cost

Liquefier Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0

Liquefier Cost

$0

$20,000,000

$40,000,000

$60,000,000

$80,000,000

$100,000,000

$120,000,000

$140,000,000

$160,000,000

$180,000,000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Liquefier Capacity [tonne/day]

Inst

alle

d Co

st

Old CostNew Cost (adjusted)

18

Liquid Storage Costs: HDSAM V1.0 vs.V2.0

LH2 Terminal Storage Installed Cost

$0

$1,000,000

$2,000,000

$3,000,000

$4,000,000

$5,000,000

$6,000,000

$7,000,000

$8,000,000

$9,000,000

$10,000,000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Storage Volume [m3]

Inst

alle

d Co

st

Old CostNew Cost

Gaseous Storage Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0

Lo w-P ressure Sto rage C o st

$0

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

H o lding C apacity (kg)

Tota

l Cos

t

Old CostNew Cost

TIAX: Matt Hooks

Hydrogen Compressors

y = 4.2058x + 18.975R2 = 0.8654

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Capacity (kg/hr)

Tota

l Ins

talle

d C

ost (

$K)

Reciprocating

Diaphragm

Small Forecourt Compressor

Small Compressor Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0

TIAX: Matt Hooks

Forecourt Compressor

$0

$500,000

$1,000,000

$1,500,000

$2,000,000

$2,500,000

$3,000,000

$3,500,000

$4,000,000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

F lo w R ate (kg/ hr)

Inst

alle

d C

ost

Old CostNew Cost (w/Electrical)

22

Comparison of Delivery Modes: Los Angeles

Los Angeles, 850 kg/day Station

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market Penetration

Del

iver

y C

ost [

$/kg

]

Compressed H2 Delivery/GeologicLH2 Delivery/LiquefactionPipeline Delivery/Geologic Storage

23

Los Angeles (cont’d):

Indianapolis, Pipeline Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

Transmission Pipeline[$/kg]

Distribution Pipeline[$/kg]

Central Compressor[$/kg]

Geologic Storage[$/kg]

Gaseous Forecourt[$/kg]

Sum [$/kg]

[$/k

g]

Energy/Fuel

Other O&M

Capital

Indianapolis, Compressed Gas (5000 psi) Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

GH2 Terminal [$/kg] Compressed H2Truck-Tube [$/kg]

Geologic Storage[$/kg]

Gaseous Forecourt[$/kg]

Sum [$/kg]

[$/k

g]

Energy/Fuel

Other O&M

Capital

Indianapolis, LH2 Truck Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

Tractor-Trailer [$/kg] Liquefier [$/kg] Terminal [$/kg] Liquid Forecourt[$/kg]

Sum [$/kg]

[$/k

g]

Energy/Fuel

Other O&M

Capital

24

Comparison of Different Station Sizes

Indianapolis Pipeline Delivery- Geologic Storage

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

$9.00

$10.00

$11.00

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market Penetration

Del

iver

y C

ost [

$/kg

]

300 kg/day Station1000 kg/day Station6000 kg/day Station

25

Indianapolis at 10% Market Penetration

Indianapolis Delivery Modes at 10% Market Penetration

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from Production to City [miles]

Del

iver

y C

ost [

$/kg

]

Compressed gas Delivery/ Geologic for Outage

LH2 Truck Delivery/ Liquefaction for Outage

Pipeline Delivery/ Geologic for Outage

26

Indianapolis Delivery Modes at 20% Market Penetration

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from Production to City [miles]

Del

iver

y C

ost [

$/kg

]

Compressed gas Delivery/ Geologic for Outage

LH2 Truck Delivery/ Liquefaction for Outage

Pipeline Delivery/ Geologic for Outage

Indianapolis at 20% Market Penetration

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

GH2 Term

inal

GH2 Truc

ks

Geolog

ic Stor

age

GH2 Refu

eling

Station

Tota

l

H2 Liqu

efier

LH2 T

ruck

LH2 R

efueli

ng Stat

ion

Total

Centra

l Com

press

or

Geolog

ic Stor

age

GH2 Refu

eling

Station

Tota

lEn

ergy

Use

[MJ/

MJ

of H

2 ou

t of t

he P

athw

ay] On-site

Upstream

27

Energy Use by Delivery Mode- Indianapolis20% Market Penetration, 1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

Tube Trailer Delivery(450 kg/day Station)

LH2 Truck Delivery

Pipeline Delivery

28

GHGs Emissions by Delivery Mode- Indianapolis20% Market Penetration, 1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

GH2 Term

inal

GH2 Truc

ks

Geolog

ic Stor

age

GH2 Refu

eling

Station

Tota

l

H2 Liqu

efier

LH2 T

ruck

LH2 R

efueli

ng Stat

ion

Total

Centra

l Com

press

or

Geolog

ic Stor

age

GH2 Refu

eling

Station

Tota

lG

HG

s Em

issi

ons

[g /

MJ

of H

2 ou

t of t

he P

athw

ay]

On-site

Upstream

Tube Trailer Delivery(450 kg/day Station)

LH2 Truck Delivery

Pipeline Delivery

29

Energy Use by Market Demand- Indianapolis1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market Penetration

Ener

gy U

se [M

J / M

J of

H2

out o

f the

Pat

hway

]

Pipeline

LH2 Truck

30

GHGs Emissions by Market Demand- Indianapolis1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Market Penetration

GH

Gs

Emis

sion

s [g

/ M

J of

H2

out o

f the

Pat

hway

] Pipeline

LH2 Truck

31

Acknowledgements Other members of H2A Delivery team:

Mark Paster, DOEJerry Gillette, ANLMatt Ringer, NRELDaryl Brown, PNNLBruce Kelly and TP Chen, NexantMatt Hooks, TIAX

Nexant, Inc. Partners:TIAXChevronAir LiquideGTINREL