hvac equations, data, and rules of thumb, 2nd ed

Introduction

1PA R T1

h vA c e q u AT i o n s , d ATA , A n d R u l e s o f T h u m b

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Source: HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Part 1

1.01 Background

A. Theheating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC)equations,data,rulesofthumb,andotherinformationcontainedwithinthisreferencemanualwereassembledtoaidthebeginningengineeranddesignerinthedesignofHVACsystems.Inaddition,theexperiencedengineerordesignermayfindthismanualusefulasaquickdesignreferenceguide,fieldmanual,andteachingtool.

B. ThefollowingpagescompileinformationfromvariousreferencesourceslistedinPart52ofthismanual,fromcollegeHVACclassnotes,fromcontinuingeducationdesignseminarsandclasses,fromengineers,andfrompersonalexperience.Thisdocumentwasputtogetherasanencyclopedictypereferenceincontractspecificationoutlineformatwhereinformationcouldbelookedupquickly,inlieuofsearchingthroughvolumesoftextbooks,referencebooksandmanuals,peri-odicals,tradearticles,andproductcatalogs.

1.02 rules of thumb

A. Rulesofthumblistedhereinshouldbeusedconsideringthefollowing

1. Buildingloadsarebasedonbuildinggrosssquarefootage.2. Buildingloadsgenerallyincludeventilationandmake-upairrequirements.3. These rules of thumbmay be used to estimate system loads during the preliminary

designstagesofaproject.4. Building loads for construction documents should be calculated using theASHRAE

Handbook of Fundamentalsorsimilarcomputationalprocedure in lieuofusingtheserules of thumb for final designs.When calculatingheating and cooling loads, actualoccupancy,lighting,andequipmentinformationshouldbeobtainedfromtheOwner,Architect,ElectricalEngineer,otherdesignteammembers,orfromtechnicalpublica-tionssuchas ASHRAE.

B. Manyoftherulesofthumblistedwithinthisreferencemanualweredevelopedmanyyearsago.Ihavereceivedmanyquestionswhenconductingseminarsregardingtheserulesofthumb.ThemostoftenaskedquestionisArethecool-ingandheatingloadrulesofthumbstillaccuratewiththemandateofenergycodesandtighterandimprovedbuildingenvelopeconstruction?Theanswertothisquestionisyes.Thereasonthecoolingrulesofthumbarestillaccurateisthattheinternalloadshaveincreasedsubstantiallyandcoolingloadshaveswitchedfrombuilding-envelope-dependent,tolighting-dependant,andnowtopeople-and-equipment-dependent(morepeopleandequipmentplacedinthesamearea).Thereasontheheatingloadrulesofthumbarestillreasonablyaccu-rateisthattheventilationair(outdoorairloaddictatedbycode)hasincreased.

1.03 Codes and Standards

A. Codeitemscontainedhereinwereincludedmoreforcomparisonpurposesthanforuseduringdesign.Allcodeitems(i.e.,ICC,ASHRAE,NFPA)aresubjecttochange,andfederal,state,andlocalcodesshouldbeconsultedforapplicableregulationsandrequirements.

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Introduction

Introduction

1.01 Background

A. Theheating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC)equations,data,rulesofthumb,andotherinformationcontainedwithinthisreferencemanualwereassembledtoaidthebeginningengineeranddesignerinthedesignofHVACsystems.Inaddition,theexperiencedengineerordesignermayfindthismanualusefulasaquickdesignreferenceguide,fieldmanual,andteachingtool.

B. ThefollowingpagescompileinformationfromvariousreferencesourceslistedinPart52ofthismanual,fromcollegeHVACclassnotes,fromcontinuingeducationdesignseminarsandclasses,fromengineers,andfrompersonalexperience.Thisdocumentwasputtogetherasanencyclopedictypereferenceincontractspecificationoutlineformatwhereinformationcouldbelookedupquickly,inlieuofsearchingthroughvolumesoftextbooks,referencebooksandmanuals,peri-odicals,tradearticles,andproductcatalogs.

1.02 rules of thumb

A. Rulesofthumblistedhereinshouldbeusedconsideringthefollowing

1. Buildingloadsarebasedonbuildinggrosssquarefootage.2. Buildingloadsgenerallyincludeventilationandmake-upairrequirements.3. These rules of thumbmay be used to estimate system loads during the preliminary

designstagesofaproject.4. Building loads for construction documents should be calculated using theASHRAE

Handbook of Fundamentalsorsimilarcomputationalprocedure in lieuofusingtheserules of thumb for final designs.When calculatingheating and cooling loads, actualoccupancy,lighting,andequipmentinformationshouldbeobtainedfromtheOwner,Architect,ElectricalEngineer,otherdesignteammembers,orfromtechnicalpublica-tionssuchas ASHRAE.

B. Manyoftherulesofthumblistedwithinthisreferencemanualweredevelopedmanyyearsago.Ihavereceivedmanyquestionswhenconductingseminarsregardingtheserulesofthumb.ThemostoftenaskedquestionisArethecool-ingandheatingloadrulesofthumbstillaccuratewiththemandateofenergycodesandtighterandimprovedbuildingenvelopeconstruction?Theanswertothisquestionisyes.Thereasonthecoolingrulesofthumbarestillaccurateisthattheinternalloadshaveincreasedsubstantiallyandcoolingloadshaveswitchedfrombuilding-envelope-dependent,tolighting-dependant,andnowtopeople-and-equipment-dependent(morepeopleandequipmentplacedinthesamearea).Thereasontheheatingloadrulesofthumbarestillreasonablyaccu-rateisthattheventilationair(outdoorairloaddictatedbycode)hasincreased.

1.03 Codes and Standards

A. Codeitemscontainedhereinwereincludedmoreforcomparisonpurposesthanforuseduringdesign.Allcodeitems(i.e.,ICC,ASHRAE,NFPA)aresubjecttochange,andfederal,state,andlocalcodesshouldbeconsultedforapplicableregulationsandrequirements.

B. Thefollowingcodeswereusedunlessotherwisenoted.

1. 2003InternationalCodeCouncilSeriesofCodes(ICC): a. 2003InternationalBuildingCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IBC). b. 2003InternationalMechanicalCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IMC). c. 2003InternationalEnergyConservationCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IECC). d. 2003InternationalPlumbingCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IPC). e. 2003InternationalFireCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IFC). f. 2003 InternationalElectricCode (herein referred to as 2003 IEC) (Administrative

ProvisionsReferencestheNationalElectricCodeNFPA70). g. 2003InternationalFuelGasCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IFGC). h. 2003InternationalResidentialCode(hereinreferredtoas2003IRC). i. 2003InternationalExistingBuildingCode. j. 2003InternationalPerformanceCode. k. 2003InternationalPrivateSewageDisposalCode. l. 2003InternationalPropertyMaintenanceCode. m. 2003InternationalZoningCode. n. 2003InternationalWildland-UrbanInterfaceCode.2. 2006InternationalCodeCouncilSeriesofCodes(ICC): a. 2006InternationalBuildingCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IBC). b. 2006InternationalMechanicalCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IMC). c. 2006InternationalEnergyConservationCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IECC). d. 2006InternationalPlumbingCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IPC). e. 2006InternationalFireCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IFC). f. 2006 InternationalElectricCode (herein referred toas2006 IEC)(Administrative

ProvisionsReferencestheNationalElectricCodeNFPA70). g. 2006InternationalFuelGasCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IFGC). h. 2006InternationalResidentialCode(hereinreferredtoas2006IRC). i. 2006InternationalExistingBuildingCode. j. 2006InternationalPerformanceCode. k. 2006InternationalPrivateSewageDisposalCode. l. 2006InternationalPropertyMaintenanceCode. m. 2006InternationalZoningCode. n. 2006InternationalWildland-UrbanInterfaceCode.3. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers

(ASHRAE): a. ASHRAEStandard152004(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE15-2004). b. ASHRAEStandard55(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE55-2004). c. ASHRAEStandard622001(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE62-2004). d. ASHRAEStandard622004(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE62-2004). e. ASHRAEStandard90.12001(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE90.1-2004). f. ASHRAEStandard90.12004(hereinreferredtoasASHRAE90.1-2004).4. NationalFireProtectionAssociationCodes(NFPA):

a. NFPA90A2002InstallationofAir-ConditioningandVentilatingSystems.b. NFPA962004VentilationControl and Fire Protection ofCommercialCooking

Operations.

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Introduction

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Introduction

Definitions

2PA R T2


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Part 2

2.01 General

A. Furnish. Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,thetermfurnishisusedtomeansupplyanddelivertotheprojectsite,readyforunloading,unpacking,assembly,installation,andsimilaroperationsasapplicabletoeachinstance.

B. Install.Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,theterminstallisusedtodescribeoperationsattheprojectsiteincludingactualunloading,unpacking,assembly,erection,placing,anchoring,connecting,applying,workingtodimen-sion,finishing,curing,protecting,testingtodemonstratesatisfactoryoperation,cleaning,andsimilaroperationsasapplicableineachinstance.

C. Provide.Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,thetermprovidemeanstofurnishandinstall,completeandreadyforintendeduseandsuccessfullytestedtodemonstratesatisfactoryoperationasapplicableineachinstance.

D. Remove.Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,thetermremovemeanstodisassemble,dismantle,and/orcutintopiecesinordertoremovetheequip-mentfromthesiteandtoproperlydisposeoftheremovedequipmentandpayforallassociatedcostsincurred.

E. Replace.Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,thetermreplacemeanstoremovetheexistingequipmentandtoprovidenewequipmentofthesamesize,capacity,electricalcharacteristics,function,etc.,astheexistingequipment.

F. Relocate.Exceptasotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,thetermrelocatemeanstocarefullyremovewithoutdamagingitemandtoinstallwhereshownonthecontractdocumentsand/orasdirectedbytheDesignProfessionaland/orOwner.

G. Shall. ShallindicatesactionthatismandatoryonthepartoftheContractor.

H. Will. WillindicatesactionthatisprobableonthepartoftheContractor.

I. Should. ShouldindicatesactionthatisprobableonthepartoftheContractor.

J. May. MayindicatesactionthatispermissibleonthepartoftheContractor.

K. Indicated.Thetermindicatedisacross-referencetographicrepresentations,details,notes,orschedulesonthedrawings;tootherparagraphsorschedulesinthespecifications;andtosimilarmeansofrecordingrequirementsintheCon-tractDocuments.Wheretermssuchasshown, noted, scheduled,andspecifiedareusedinlieuofindicated,itisforthepurposeofhelpingthereaderlocatethecross-reference,andnolimitationisintendedexceptasspecificallynoted.

L. Shown.Thetermshownisacross-referencetographicrepresentations,details,notes,orschedulesontheContractDrawingsandtosimilarmeansofrecordingrequirementsinthecontractdocuments.

M. Detailed.Thetermdetailedisacross-referencetographicrepresentations,details,notes,orschedulesontheContractDrawingsandtosimilarmeansofrecordingrequirementsinthecontractdocuments.

N. Specified.Thetermspecifiedisacross-referencetoparagraphsorschedulesinthespecificationsandtosimilarmeansofrecordingrequirementsinthecontractdocuments.Thespecificationsincludethegeneralprovisions,specialprovisions,andthetechnicalspecificationsfortheproject.

O. Including, Such as.Thetermsincludingandsuch asshallalwaysbetakeninthemostinclusivesense,namelyincluding,butnotlimitedtoandsuchas,butnotlimitedto.

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Definitions

Definitions

P. Supply, Procurement.Thetermssupplyandprocurementshallmeantopur-chase,procure,acquire,anddelivercompletewithrelatedaccessories.

Q. At No Additional Cost.Thephraseatnoadditionalcostshallmeanatnoadditionalcosttotheownerandatnoadditionalcosttothedesignprofes-sionalorconstructionmanager.

R. Approved, Accepted.Whereusedinconjunctionwiththedesignprofessionalsresponsetosubmittals,requests,applications,inquiries,reports,andclaimsbythecontractor,themeaningofthetermsapprovedandacceptedshallbeheldtothelimitationsofthedesignprofessionalsresponsibilitiestofulfillrequire-mentsofthecontractdocuments.Thetermsapprovedandacceptedshallalsomeantopermittheuseofmaterial,equipment,ormethodsconditionaluponcompliancewiththecontractdocuments.

S. Approved Equal, Approved Equivalent.Thetermsapproved equalandapproved equivalentshallmeanpossessingthesameperformancequalitiesandcharacteristicsandfulfillingthesameutilitarianfunctionandapprovedbythedesignprofessional.

T. Directed, Requested, Required, etc.Wherenototherwiseexplained,termssuchasdirected, requested, required, authorized, selected, approved, accepted, designated, prescribed, ordered,andpermittedmeandirectedbythedesignprofessional,requestedbythedesignprofessional,requiredbythedesignprofessional,andsimilarphrases.However,nosuchimpliedmean-ingwillbeinterpretedtoexpandthedesignprofessionalsresponsibilityintothecontractorsareaofconstructionsupervision.

U. Review.Thetermreviewshallmeanlimitedobservationorcheckingtoascer-taingeneralconformancewiththedesignconceptoftheWorkandwithinfor-mationgiveninthecontractdocuments.Suchactiondoesnotconstituteawaiveroralterationofthecontractdocumentrequirements.

V. Suitable, Reasonable, Proper, Correct, and Necessary.Suchtermsshallmeanassuitable,reasonable,proper,correct,ornecessaryforthepurposeintendedasrequiredbytheContractDocuments,subjecttothejudgmentoftheDesignProfessionalortheConstructionManager.

W. Option.Thetermoptionshallmeanachoicefromthespecifiedproducts,manu-facturers,orprocedureswhichshallbemadebytheContractor.ThechoiceisnotwhethertheWorkistobeperformed,butwhichproduct,whichmanu-facturer,orwhichprocedureistobeused.TheproductorprocedurechosenbytheContractorshallbeprovidedatnoincreaseoradditionalcosttotheOwner,DesignProfessional,orConstructionManager,andwithnolesseningoftheContractorsresponsibilityforitsperformance.

X. Similar.Thetermsimilarshallmeangenerallythesamebutnotnecessarilyidentical;detailsshallbeworkedoutinrelationtootherpartsofthework.

Y. Submit.Thetermsubmitshallmean,unlessotherwisedefinedingreaterdetail,transmittotheDesignProfessionalforapproval,information,andrecord.

Z. Project Site, Work Site.Thetermproject siteshallbedefinedasthespaceavailabletotheContractorforperformanceoftheWork,eitherexclusivelyorinconjunctionwithothersperformingotherWorkaspartoftheprojectoranotherproject.Theextentoftheprojectsiteisshownonthedrawingsorspecifiedandmayormaynotbeidenticalwiththelanduponwhichtheprojectistobebuilt.Theprojectsiteboundariesmayincludepublicstreets,highways,roads,

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Definitions

Part 2

interstates,etc.,publiceasements,andpropertyunderownershipofsomeoneotherthantheClientandarenotavailableforperformanceofWork.

AA. Testing Laboratories.Thetermtesting laboratoriesshallbedefinedasaninde-pendententityengagedtoperformspecificinspectionsortestsoftheWork,eitherattheprojectsiteorelsewhere,andtoreportand,ifrequired,interprettheresultsofthoseinspectionsortests.

BB. Herein.Thetermhereinshallmeanthecontentsofaparticularsectionwherethistermappears.

CC. Singular Number.Inallcaseswhereadeviceorpartofequipmentorsystemishereinreferredtointhesingularnumber(suchasfan,pump,coolingsystem,heat-ingsystem,etc.),itisintendedthatsuchreferenceshallapplytoasmanysuchitemsasarerequiredbytheContractDocumentsandtocompletetheinstallation.

DD. No Exception Taken.Thetermno exception takenshallmeanthesameasapproved.

EE. Approved as Noted, Make Corrections Noted, or ReviseNo Resubmittal Required.Thetermsapproved as noted, make corrections noted,andrevise no resubmittal requiredshallmeanthesubmittalessentiallycomplieswiththeContractDocumentsexceptforafewminordiscrepanciesthathavebeenanno-tateddirectlyonthesubmittalthatwillhavetobecorrectedonthesubmittalandtheWorkcorrectlyinstalledinthefieldbytheContractor.

FF. Revise and Resubmit.Thetermrevise and resubmitshallmeantheContractorshallrevisethesubmittaltoconformwiththeContractDocumentsbycorrect-ingmoderateerrors,omissions,and/ordeviationsfromtheContractDocumentsandresubmititforreviewpriortoapprovalandbeforeanymaterialand/orequipmentcanbefabricated,purchased,orinstalledbytheContractor.

GG. Disapproved/Resubmit.Thetermdisapproved/resubmitshallmeantheCon-tractorshallrevisethesubmittaltoconformwiththeContractDocumentsbycorrectingseriouserrors,omissions,and/ordeviationsfromtheContractDocumentsandresubmititforreviewpriortoapprovalandbeforeanymaterialand/orequipmentcanbefabricated,purchased,orinstalledbytheContractor.

HH. Disapproved or Rejected.ThetermsdisapprovedandrejectedshallmeantheContractorshalldiscardandreplacethesubmittalbecausethesubmittaldidnotcomplywiththeContractDocumentsinamajorway.

II. Submit Specified Item.Thetermsubmit specified itemshallmeantheCon-tractorshalldiscardandreplacethesubmittalwithasubmittalcontainingthespecifieditemsbecausethesubmittalcontainedimpropermanufacturer,modelnumber,material,etc.

JJ. Acceptance.TheformalacceptancebytheOwnerorDesignProfessionaloftheWork,asevidencedbytheissuanceoftheAcceptanceCertificate.

KK. Contract Item, Pay Item, Contract Fixed Price Item.AspecificallydescribeditemofWorkthatispricedintheContractDocuments.

LL. Contract Time, Time of Completion.ThenumberofCalendarDays(notwork-ingdays)setforthintheContractDocumentsforcompletionoftheWork.

MM. Failure.Anydetectedinabilityofmaterialorequipment,oranyportionthereof,tofunctionorperforminaccordancewiththeContractDocuments.

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Definitions

Definitions

NN. Substantial Completion. Substantial completionshallbedefinedasthesuf-ficientcompletionandaccomplishmentbytheContractorofallWorkordesig-natedportionsthereofessentialtofulfillmentofthepurposeoftheContract,sotheOwnercanoccupyorutilizetheWorkordesignatedportionsthereoffortheuseforwhichitisintended.

OO. Final Completion, Final Acceptance.FinalcompletionorfinalacceptanceshallbedefinedascompletionandaccomplishmentbytheContractorofallWorkinclud-ingcontractualadministrativedemobilizationWork,allpunchlistitems,andallotherContractrequirementsessentialtofulfillmentofthepurposeoftheContract,sotheOwnercanoccupyorutilizetheWorkfortheuseforwhichitisintended.

PP. Pre-Final Inspection or Observation.Thetermpre-final inspection or observa-tionshallbeheldtothelimitationsoftheDesignProfessionalsresponsibili-tiestofulfilltherequirementsoftheContractDocumentsandshallnotrelievetheContractorfromContractobligations.Thetermpre-final inspectionshallalsomeanallinspectionsconductedpriortothefinalinspectionbytheOwner,theDesignProfessional,orboth,verifyingthatalltheWork,withtheexceptionofrequiredcontractualadministrativedemobilizationwork,inconsequentialpunchlistitems,andguarantees,hasbeensatisfactorilycompletedinaccor-dancewiththeContractDocuments.

QQ. Final Inspection or Observation.Thetermfinal inspection or observationshallbeheldtothelimitationsoftheDesignProfessionalsresponsibilitiestofulfilltherequirementsoftheContractDocumentsandshallnotrelievetheContractorfromContractobligations.Thetermfinal inspectionshallalsomeantheinspectionconductedbytheOwner,theDesignProfessional,orboth,verifyingthatalltheWork,withtheexceptionofrequiredcontractualadminis-trativedemobilizationwork,inconsequentialpunchlistitems,andguarantees,hasbeensatisfactorilycompletedinaccordancewiththeContractDocuments.

RR. Reliability.Theprobabilitythatasystemwillperformitsintendedfunctionswithoutfailureandwithindesignparametersunderspecifiedoperatingcondi-tionsforwhichitisdesignedandforaspecifiedperiodoftime.

SS. Testing.Thetermtestingmaybedescribedastheinspection,investigation,analysis,anddiagnosisofallsystemsandcomponentstoassurethatthesys-temsareoperable,meettherequirementsoftheContractDocuments,andarereadyforoperation.Includedaresuchitemsas:

1. Verificationthatthesystemisfilledwithwaterandisnotairbound.2. Verificationthatexpansiontanksofthepropersizeareconnectedatthecorrectloca-

tionsandthattheyarenotwaterlogged.3. Verification that all system components are in proper working order and properly

installed.Checkforproperflowdirections.4. Checkingofallvoltagesforeachmotorinthesystem.5. Checkingthatallmotorsrotateinthecorrectdirectionandatthecorrectspeed.6. Checkingallmotorsforpossibleoverload(excessamperagedraw)oninitialstart-up.7. Checkingofeachpumpforproperalignment.8. Checkingallsystemsforleaks,etc.9. Checking all systems and components to assure theymeet the Contract Document

requirements as far as capacity, system operation, control function, and other itemsrequiredbytheContractDocuments.

TT. Adjusting.Thetermadjustingmaybedescribedasthefinalsettingofbalancingdevicessuchasdampersandvalves,establishingandsettingminimumvariablefrequencycontrollerspeed,inadditiontoautomaticcontroldevices,suchasthermostatsandpressure/temperaturecontrollerstoachievemaximumsystem

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Definitions

10 Part 2

performanceandefficiencyduringnormaloperation.Adjustingalsoincludesfinaladjustmentsforpumpsbyregulationofmotorspeed,partialclose-downofpumpdischargevalveorimpellertrim(preferredoverthepartialclose-downofpumpdischargevalve).

UU. Balancing.Thetermbalancingisthemethodicalregulationofsystemfluidflow-rates(airandwater)throughtheuseofworkableandindustry-acceptedproceduresasspecifiedtoachievethedesiredorspecifiedflowquantities(CFMorGPM)ineachsegment(main,branch,orsubcircuit)ofthesystem.

VV. Commissioning.Thetermcommissioningisthemethodicalproceduresandmethodsfordocumentingandverifyingtheperformanceofthebuildingenve-lope,HVAC,plumbing,fireprotection,electrical,lifesafety,andtelecom/datasystemssothatthesystemsoperateinconformitywiththedesignintent.Commissioningwillincludetesting;adjusting;balancing;documentationofoccupancyrequirementsanddesignassumptions;documentationofdesignintentforusebycontractors,owners,andoperators;functionalperformancetestinganddocumentationnecessaryforevaluatingallsystemsforaccep-tance;adjustingthebuildingsystemstomeetactualoccupancyneedswithinthecapabilityofthesystems.Thepurposeofcommissioningofbuildingsystemsistoachievetheendresultofafullyfunctional,fine-tuned,andopera-tionalbuilding.

WW. Functional Performance Testing.Thetermfunctional performance testingshallmeanthefullrangeofchecksandtestscarriedouttodetermineifallcomponents,subsystems,systems,andinterfacesbetweensystemsfunctioninaccordancewiththecontractdocuments.Inthiscontext,functionincludesallmodesandsequencesofcontroloperation,allinterlocksandconditionalcontrolresponses,andallspecifiedresponsestoabnormalemergencyconditions.

XX. Confined Spaces. Confined spaces(accordingtoOSHARegulations)arespaceswhichmusthavethesethreecharacteristics:

1. Thespacemustbelargeenoughandconfiguredtopermitpersonneltoenterandwork.2. Thespaceisnotdesignedforcontinuoushumanoccupancy.3. Thespacehaslimitedorrestrictedmeansofentryandexit.4. Twocategoriesofconfinedspacesexist: a. Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces (NRCS).Spacesthatcontainnophysicalhaz-

ardsthatcouldcausedeathorseriousphysicalharm,andcannotpossiblycontainanyatmospherichazards.

b. Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS). Spaces that containormay contain ahazardousatmosphere(atmospherichazardsoxygendeficiencyorenrichment19.5 percent acceptableminimum and 23.5 percent acceptablemaximum; flam-mable contaminants; and toxic contaminantsproduct, process, or reactivity); aliquidorfinelydividedsolidmaterialsuchasgrain,pulverizedcoal,etc.,thatcouldsurroundorengulfaperson;orsomeotherrecognizedserioussafetyorhealthhaz-ardsuchastemperatureextremesormechanicalorelectricalhazards(boilers,opentransformers,tanks,vaults,sewers,manholes,pits,machineryenclosures,vats,silos,storagebins,railtankcars,andprocessorreactorvessels).

YY. HazardousLocationClassifications

1. Hazardous locations are those areas where a potential for explosion and fire existbecauseofflammablegases,vapors,ordustintheatmosphere,orbecauseofthepres-enceofeasilyignitablefibersorflyingsinaccordancewiththeNationalElectricCode(NECNFPA 70).

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Definitions

Definitions 11

2. Class I Locations.ClassIlocationsarethoselocationsinwhichflammablegasesorvaporsare,ormaybe,presentintheairinquantitiessufficienttoproduceexplosiveorignitablemixtures.

a. Class I, Division 1 Locations.TheseareClassIlocationswherethehazardousatmo-sphereisexpectedtobepresentduringnormaloperations.Itmaybepresentcontinu-ously,intermittently,periodically,orduringnormalrepairormaintenanceoperations.Division1locationsarealsothoselocationswhereabreakdownintheoperationofprocessing equipment results in the releaseofhazardous vaporswhileproviding asourceofignitionwiththesimultaneousfailureofelectricalequipment.

b. Class I, Division 2 Locations.TheseareClassIlocationsinwhichvolatileflammableliquidsorgasesarehandled,processed,orused,butinwhichtheycanescapeonlyinthecaseofaccidentalruptureorbreakdownofthecontainersorsystems.Thehaz-ardousconditionswilloccuronlyunderabnormalconditions.

3. Class II Locations.ClassIIlocationsarethoselocationsthatarehazardousbecauseofthepresenceofcombustibledust.

a. Class II, Division 1 Locations.TheseareClassIIlocationswherecombustibledustmaybeinsuspensionintheairundernormalconditionsinsufficientquantitiestopro-duceexplosiveorignitablemixtures.Thismayoccurcontinuously,intermittently,orperiodically.Division1locationsalsoexistwherefailureormalfunctionofmachineryorequipmentmightcauseahazardouslocationtoexistwhileprovidingasourceofignitionwiththesimultaneousfailureofelectricalequipment.Includedalsoareloca-tionsinwhichcombustibledustofanelectricallyconductivenaturemaybepresent.

b. Class II, Division 2 Locations.TheseareClassIIlocationsinwhichcombustibledustwillnotnormallybeinsuspensionintheair,andnormaloperationswillnotputthedustinsuspension,butwhereaccumulationofthedustmayinterferewiththesafedissipationofheatfromelectricalequipmentorwhereaccumulationsnearelectricalequipmentmaybeignitedbyarcs,sparks,orburningmaterialfromtheequipment.

4. Class III Locations.ClassIIIlocationsarethoselocationsthatarehazardousbecauseofthepresenceofeasilyignitablefibersorflyings,butinwhichthefibersorflyingsarenotlikelytobeinsuspensionintheairinquantitiessufficienttoproduceignitablemixtures.

a. Class III, Division 1 Locations.Thesearelocationsinwhicheasilyignitablefibersormaterialsproducingcombustibleflyingsarehandled,manufactured,orused.

b. Class III, Division 2 Locations.These locationsarewhereeasily ignitable fibersarestoredorhandled.

2.02 Systems

A. Mechanical Systems.Thetermmechanicalsystemsshallmeanforthepur-posesoftheseContractDocumentsallheating,ventilating,andairconditioningsystemsandallpipingsystemsasspecifiedandasshownontheMechanicalDrawingsandallservicesandappurtenancesincidentalthereto.

B. Plumbing Systems.Thetermplumbing systemsshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallplumbingfixtures,plumbingsystems,pipingsystems,medicalvacuum,medicalcompressedair,medicalgas,laboratoryvacuum,laboratorycompressedair,andalllaboratorygassystemsasspecifiedandasshownonthePlumbingDrawingsandallservicesandappurtenancesincidentalthereto.

C. Fire Suppression Systems.Thetermfire suppression systemsshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallfireprotectionpipingsystems,standpipe,wet-pipe,dry-pipe,preaction,foamsuppression,andallfireprotec-tionsystemsasspecifiedandasshownontheFireProtectionDrawingsandallservicesandappurtenancesincidentalthereto.

performanceandefficiencyduringnormaloperation.Adjustingalsoincludesfinaladjustmentsforpumpsbyregulationofmotorspeed,partialclose-downofpumpdischargevalveorimpellertrim(preferredoverthepartialclose-downofpumpdischargevalve).

UU. Balancing.Thetermbalancingisthemethodicalregulationofsystemfluidflow-rates(airandwater)throughtheuseofworkableandindustry-acceptedproceduresasspecifiedtoachievethedesiredorspecifiedflowquantities(CFMorGPM)ineachsegment(main,branch,orsubcircuit)ofthesystem.

VV. Commissioning.Thetermcommissioningisthemethodicalproceduresandmethodsfordocumentingandverifyingtheperformanceofthebuildingenve-lope,HVAC,plumbing,fireprotection,electrical,lifesafety,andtelecom/datasystemssothatthesystemsoperateinconformitywiththedesignintent.Commissioningwillincludetesting;adjusting;balancing;documentationofoccupancyrequirementsanddesignassumptions;documentationofdesignintentforusebycontractors,owners,andoperators;functionalperformancetestinganddocumentationnecessaryforevaluatingallsystemsforaccep-tance;adjustingthebuildingsystemstomeetactualoccupancyneedswithinthecapabilityofthesystems.Thepurposeofcommissioningofbuildingsystemsistoachievetheendresultofafullyfunctional,fine-tuned,andopera-tionalbuilding.

WW. Functional Performance Testing.Thetermfunctional performance testingshallmeanthefullrangeofchecksandtestscarriedouttodetermineifallcomponents,subsystems,systems,andinterfacesbetweensystemsfunctioninaccordancewiththecontractdocuments.Inthiscontext,functionincludesallmodesandsequencesofcontroloperation,allinterlocksandconditionalcontrolresponses,andallspecifiedresponsestoabnormalemergencyconditions.

XX. Confined Spaces. Confined spaces(accordingtoOSHARegulations)arespaceswhichmusthavethesethreecharacteristics:

1. Thespacemustbelargeenoughandconfiguredtopermitpersonneltoenterandwork.2. Thespaceisnotdesignedforcontinuoushumanoccupancy.3. Thespacehaslimitedorrestrictedmeansofentryandexit.4. Twocategoriesofconfinedspacesexist: a. Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces (NRCS).Spacesthatcontainnophysicalhaz-

ardsthatcouldcausedeathorseriousphysicalharm,andcannotpossiblycontainanyatmospherichazards.

b. Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS). Spaces that containormay contain ahazardousatmosphere(atmospherichazardsoxygendeficiencyorenrichment19.5 percent acceptableminimum and 23.5 percent acceptablemaximum; flam-mable contaminants; and toxic contaminantsproduct, process, or reactivity); aliquidorfinelydividedsolidmaterialsuchasgrain,pulverizedcoal,etc.,thatcouldsurroundorengulfaperson;orsomeotherrecognizedserioussafetyorhealthhaz-ardsuchastemperatureextremesormechanicalorelectricalhazards(boilers,opentransformers,tanks,vaults,sewers,manholes,pits,machineryenclosures,vats,silos,storagebins,railtankcars,andprocessorreactorvessels).

YY. HazardousLocationClassifications

1. Hazardous locations are those areas where a potential for explosion and fire existbecauseofflammablegases,vapors,ordustintheatmosphere,orbecauseofthepres-enceofeasilyignitablefibersorflyingsinaccordancewiththeNationalElectricCode(NECNFPA 70).

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Definitions

12 Part 2

D. Ductwork.Thetermductworkshallincludeducts,fittings,flanges,dampers,insu-lation,hangers,supports,accessdoors,housings,andallotherappurtenancescomprisingacompleteandoperablesystem.

1. Supply Air Ductwork.The term supplyair ductwork shallmean for thepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingairfromafanorairhandlingunittotheroom,space,orareatowhichitisintroduced.Theairmaybeconditionedorunconditioned.Supplyairductworkextendsfromthefanorairhandlingunittoallthediffusers,registers,andgrilles.

2. Return Air Ductwork.The termreturn air ductwork shallmean for thepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingairfromaroom,space,orareatoafanorairhandlingunit.Returnairductworkextendsfromtheregisters,grilles,orotherreturnopeningstothereturnfan(ifused)andtheairhandlingunit.

3. Exhaust Air Ductwork.The term exhaust air ductwork shallmean for thepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingairfromaroom,space,area,orequipmenttoafanandthendischargedtotheoutdoors.Exhaustairductworkextendsfromtheregisters,grilles,equipment,orotherexhaustopeningstothefan,andfromthefantotheoutdoordischargepoint.

4. Relief Air Ductwork.Thetermrelief air ductworkshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingairfromaroom,space,orareawithouttheuseofafanorwiththeuseofareturnfantobedischargedtotheoutdoors.Reliefairductworkextendsfromtheregisters,grilles,orotherreliefopeningstotheoutdoordischargepoint,orfromthereturnfandischargetotheoutdoordischargepoint.

5. Outside Air Ductwork.Thetermoutside air ductworkshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingunconditionedairfromtheoutsidetoafanorairhandlingunit.Outdoorairductworkextendsfromtheintakepointorlouvertothefan,airhandlingunit,orconnectiontothereturnairductwork.

6. Mixed Air Ductwork.The termmixed air ductwork shallmean for thepurposes oftheseContractDocumentsallductworkcarryingamixtureofreturnairandoutdoorair.Mixedairductworkextendsfromthepointofconnectionofthereturnairandoutdoorairductworktothefanorairhandlingunit.

7. Supply Air Plenum.Thetermsupply air plenumshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkinwhichthedischargesofmultiplefansorairhandlingunitsconnectformingacommonsupplyheader,orallductworkorceilingconstructionformingacommonsupplyboxwheresupplyairductworkdischargesintotheboxatlim-itedlocationsforairdistributiontosupplydiffuserswhicharedirectlyconnectedtotheplenum.

8. Return Air Plenum.Thetermreturn air plenumshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseCon-tractDocumentsallductwork inwhichthesuctionsofmultiplereturnfansorthedis-chargesofmultiplereturnfansconnectformingacommonsuctionordischargereturnheaderorthespaceabovethearchitecturalceilingandbelowthefloororroofstructureusedasreturnairductwork.

9. Exhaust Air Plenum.Thetermexhaust air plenum shallmeanfor thepurposesof theseContractDocumentsallductworkinwhichthesuctionsofmultipleexhaustfansorthedis-chargesofmultipleexhaustfansconnectformingacommonsuctionordischargeexhaustheaderortheductworkformedaroundsingleormultipleexhaustairdischargeopeningsorlouverstocreateaconnectionpointforexhaustairductwork.

10. Relief Air Plenum.The term relief air plenum shallmean for thepurposesof theseContractDocumentsallductworkinwhichmultiplereliefairductworkconnectionsaremadeformingacommonreliefairheader.

11. Outdoor Air Plenum.Thetermoutdoor air plenumshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkinwhichthesuctionsofmultiplefansorairhandlingunitsconnecttoformacommonoutsideairheaderortheductworkformedaroundsingleormultipleoutside airopeningsor louvers to create a connectionpoint foroutsideairductwork.

12. Mixed Air Plenum.Thetermmixed air plenumshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallductworkinwhichmultiplereturnairandmultipleoutdoorairductworkconnectionsaremadeformingacommonmixedairheader.

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Definitions

Definitions 13

13. Vents, Flues, Stacks, and Breeching.Thetermsvents, flues, stacks, and breeching shallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsductworkconveyingtheprod-uctsofcombustiontoatmosphereforsafedischarge.

E. Piping.Thetermpipingshallincludepipe,fittings,valves,flanges,unions,traps,drains,strainers,insulation,hangers,supports,andallotherappurte-nancescomprisingacompleteandoperablesystem.

F. Wiring.Thetermwiringshallincludewire,conduit,raceways,busduct,fittings,junctionandoutletboxes,switches,cutouts,receptacles,andallotherappurte-nancescomprisingacompleteandoperablesystem.

G. Product.Thetermproductshallincludematerials,equipment,andsystemsforacompleteandoperablesystem.

H. Motor Controllers.Thetermmotor controllersshallbemanualormagneticstart-ers(withorwithoutswitches),variablefrequencycontrollers,individualpushbut-tons,orhand-off-automatic(HOA)switchescontrollingtheoperationofmotors.

I. Control Devices.Thetermcontrol devicesshallbeautomaticsensingandswitchingdevicessuchasthermostats,floatandelectro-pneumaticswitchescontrollingtheoperationsofmechanicalandelectricalequipment.

J. Work, Project.Thetermsworkandprojectshallmeanlabor,operations,mate-rials,supervision,services,machinery,equipment,tools,supplies,andfacilitiestobeperformedorprovidedincludingWorknormallydoneatthelocationoftheprojecttoaccomplishtherequirementsoftheContractincludingallaltera-tions,amendments,orextensionstotheContractmadebyChangeOrder.

K. Extra Work.Thetermextra workshallbeanyitemofWorknotprovidedforintheawardedContractaspreviouslymodifiedbychangeorder(changebulle-tin)orsupplementalagreement,butwhichiseitherrequestedbytheOwnerorfoundbytheDesignProfessionaltobenecessarytocompletetheWorkwithintheintendedscopeoftheContractaspreviouslymodified.

L. Concealed.Thetermconcealedshallmeanhiddenfromnormalsight;includesWorkincrawlspaces,aboveceilings,inchases,andinbuildingshafts.

M. Exposed.Thetermexposedshallmeannotconcealed.

N. Below Ground.Thetermbelow groundshallmeaninstalledunderground,bur-iedintheearth,orburiedbelowthegroundfloorslab.

O. Above Ground.Thetermabove groundshallmeannotinstalledunderground,notburiedintheearth,andnotburiedbelowthegroundfloorslab.

P. Conditioned.ThetermConditionedshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseCon-tractDocumentsrooms,spaces,orareasthatareprovidedwithmechanicalheatingandcooling.

Q. Un-Conditioned and Non-Conditioned.Thetermsun-conditionedandnon- conditionedshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsrooms,spaces,orareasthatarenotprovidedwithmechanicalheatingorcooling.

R. Heated.ThetermheatedshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocu-mentsrooms,spaces,orareasthatareprovidedwithmechanicalheatingonly.

S. Air Conditioned.Thetermair conditionedshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsrooms,spaces,orareasthatareprovidedwithmechanicalcoolingonly.

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Definitions

14 Part 2

T. Unheated.ThetermunheatedshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDoc-umentsrooms,spaces,orareasthatarenotprovidedwithmechanicalheating.

U. Ventilated Spaces.Thetermventilated spacesshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsrooms,spaces,orareassuppliedwithoutdooraironacontinu-ousorintermittentbasis.Theoutdoorairmaybeconditionedorun-conditioned.

V. Indoor.ThetermindoorshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocu-mentsitemsordevicescontainedwithintheconfinesofabuilding,structure,orfacilityanditemsordevicesthatarenotexposedtoweather.Thetermindoorshallgenerallyreferenceductwork,piping,orequipmentlocation(indoorduct-work,indoorpiping,indoorequipment).

W. Outdoor.ThetermoutdoorshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsitemsordevicesnotcontainedwithintheconfinesofabuilding,structure,orfacilityanditemsordevicesthatareexposedtoweather.Thetermoutdoorshallgenerallyreferenceductwork,piping,orequipment(outdoorduc-twork,outdoorpiping,outdoorequipment).

X. Hot.ThetermhotshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsthetemperatureofconveyedsolids,liquids,orgasesthatareabovethesur-roundingambienttemperatureorabove100F(hotsupplyairductwork,heatingwaterpiping).

Y. Cold.ThetermcoldshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsthetemperatureofconveyedsolids,liquids,orgasesthatarebelowthesurroundingambienttemperatureorbelow60F(coldsupplyairductwork,chilledwaterpiping).

Z. Warm.ThetermwarmshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsthetemperatureofconveyedsolids,liquids,orgasesthatareatthesurroundingambienttemperatureorbetween60Fand100F(condenserwaterpiping).

AA. Hot/Cold.Thetermhot/coldshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsthetemperatureofconveyedsolids,liquids,orgasesthatcanbeeitherhotorcolddependingontheseasonoftheyear(heatingandaircondi-tioningsupplyairductwork,dualtemperaturepipingsystems).

BB. Removable.Thetermremovableshallmeandetachablefromthestructureorsystemwithoutphysicalalterationordisassemblyofthematerialsorequip-mentordisturbancetootherconstruction.

CC. Temporary Work.WorkprovidedbytheContractorforuseduringtheperfor-manceoftheWork,butwhichistoberemovedpriortoFinalAcceptance.

DD. Normally Closed (NC).Thetermnormally closedshallmeanthevalve,damper,orothercontroldeviceshallremainin,orgoto,theclosedpositionwhenthecontrolairpressure,thecontrolpowerorthecontrolsignalisremoved.Thepositionthedevicewillassumewhenthecontrolsignalisremoved.

EE. Normally Open (NO).Thetermnormally openshallmeanthatthevalve,damper,orothercontroldeviceshallremainin,orgoto,theopenpositionwhenthecon-trolairpressure,thecontrolpower,orthecontrolsignalisremoved.Theposi-tionthedevicewillassumewhenthecontrolsignalisremoved.

FF. Traffic Level or Personnel Level.Thetermtraffic level or personnel levelshallmeanforthepurposesoftheseContractDocumentsallareas,includingpro-cessareas,equipmentrooms,boilerrooms,chillerrooms,fanrooms,air

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Definitions

Definitions 15

handlingunitrooms,andotherareaswhereinsulationmaybedamagedbynormalactivityandlocalpersonneltraffic.Theareaextendsverticallyfromthewalkingsurfaceto80abovewalkingsurfaceandextendshorizontally50beyondtheedgeofthewalkingsurface.Thewalkingsurfaceshallincludefloors,walkways,platforms,catwalks,ladders,andstairs.

2.03 Contract Documents

A. Contract Drawings.Thetermscontract drawingsanddrawingsshallmeanalldrawingsorreproductionsofdrawingspertainingtotheconstructionorplans,sections,elevations,profiles,anddetailsoftheWorkcontemplatedanditsappurtenances.

B. Contract Specifications.Thetermscontract specificationsandspecificationsshallmeanthedescription,provisions,andotherrequirementspertainingtothemethodandmannerofperformingtheWorkandtothequantitiesandqualitiesofmaterialstobefurnishedundertheContract.Thespecificationsshallincludethegeneralprovisions,thespecialprovisions,andthetechnicalspecifications.

C. Contract Documents.Thetermcontract documentsshallincludeContractDrawings,ContractSpecifications,Addendums,Amendments,shopdrawings,coordinationdrawings,GeneralProvisions,SpecialProvisions,theexecutedAgreementandotheritemsrequiredfor,orpertainingto,theContract,includ-ingtheexecutedContract.

D. Addendums.Addendumsareissuedaschanges,amendments,orclarificationstotheoriginalorpreviouslyissuedContractDocuments.Addendumsareissuedinwrittenand/ordrawingformpriortoacceptanceorsigningoftheConstruc-tionContract.

E. Amendments (Change Orders, Change Bulletins).Amendments(changeorders,changebulletins)areissuedchangesoramendmentstotheContractDocuments.Amendmentsareissuedinwrittenand/ordrawingformafteracceptanceorsigningoftheContract.

F. Submittals or Shop Drawings.Thetermsubmittals or shop drawingsshallincludedrawings,coordinationdrawings,diagrams,schedules,performancecharacteristics,charts,brochures,catalogcuts,calculations,certifieddrawings,andothermaterialspreparedbytheContractor,Subcontractor,Manufacturer,orDistributorthatillustratesomeportionoftheWorkaspertherequirementsoftheContractDocumentsusedbytheContractortoorder,fabricate,andinstallthegeneralconstruction,mechanical,plumbing,fireprotection,andelec-tricalequipmentandsystemsinabuilding.

ThecorrectionsorcommentsannotatedonashopdrawingduringtheDesignProfessionalsreviewdonotrelievetheContractorfromfullcompliancewiththeContractDocumentsregardingtheWork.TheDesignProfessionalscheckisonlyareviewoftheshopdrawingsgeneralcompliancewiththeinfor-mationshownintheContractDocuments.TheContractorremainsresponsibleforcontinuingthecorrelationofallmaterialandcomponentquantitiesanddimensions,coordinationoftheContractorsWorkwiththatofothertrades,selectionofsuitablefabricationandinstallationtechniques,andperformanceofWorkinasafeandsatisfactorymanner.

G. Product Data.Illustrations,standardschedules,performancecharts,instruc-tions,brochures,diagrams,andotherinformationfurnishedbytheContractortoillustrateamaterial,product,orsystemforsomeportionoftheWork.

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Definitions

1 Part 2

H. Samples.Physicalexamplesthatillustratematerial,equipment,orworkman-shipandestablishstandardstowhichtheWorkwillbejudged.

I. Coordination Drawings.Thetermscoordination drawingsandcomposite drawingsaredrawingscreatedbytherespectiveContractorsshowingWorkofallContractorssuperimposedonthesepiaorMylarofthebasicshopdrawingofoneoftheContractorstocoordinateandverifythatallWorkinacongestedareawillfitinanacceptablemanner.

J. Contract.AsetofdocumentsissuedbytheOwnerfortheWork,whichmayincludetheContractDocuments,theAdvertisement,FormofProposal,FreeCompetitiveBiddingAffidavit,AffidavitastoTaxes,CertificationofBidder,BuyAmericaRequirements,DisadvantagedBusinessEnterpriseForms,BidBond,Agreement,WaiverofRighttoFileMechanicsLien,PerformanceBond,LaborandMaterialmansBond,MaintenanceBond(s),CertificationRegard-ingLobbying,DisclosureFormtoReportLobbying,andotherformsthatformpartoftheContractasrequiredbytheOwnerandtheContractDocuments.

K. Labor and Materialmans Bond.TheapprovedformofsecurityfurnishedbytheContractoranditsSuretyasaguaranteetopaypromptly,orcausetobepaidpromptly,infull,suchitemsasmaybedueforallmaterialfurnished,laborsup-pliedorperformed,rentalofequipmentused,andservicesrenderedinconnec-tionwiththeWork.

L. Maintenance Bond.TheapprovedformofsecurityfurnishedbytheContractoranditsSuretyasaguaranteeonthepartoftheContractortoremedy,withoutcosttotheOwner,anydefectsintheWorkthatmaydevelopduringaperiodoftwelve(12)monthsfromthedateofSubstantialCompletion.

M. Performance Bond.TheapprovedformofsecurityfurnishedbytheContractoranditsSuretyasaguaranteeonthepartoftheContractortoexecutetheWork.

N. Working Drawings.DrawingsandcalculationspreparedbytheContractor,Subcontractor,Supplier,Distributor,etc.,thatillustrateWorkrequiredfortheconstructionof,butwhichwillnotbecomeanintegralpartof,theWork.Theseshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,drawingsshowingContractorsplansforTemporaryWorksuchasdecking,temporarybulkheads,supportofexcavation,supportofutilities,groundwatercontrolsystems,formingandfalse-work,erec-tionplans,andunderpinning.

O. Construction Drawings or Coordination Drawings.DetaileddrawingspreparedbytheContractor,Subcontractor,Supplier,Distributor,etc.,thatillustrateinexactandintricatedetail,WorkrequiredfortheconstructionContract.Thesedrawingsoftenshowhangerlocations,vibrationisolators,ductworkandpipefittings,sections,dimensionsofductsandpipes,andotheritemsrequiredtoconstructtheWork.

P. Project Record Documents.AcopyofallContractDrawings,ShopDrawings,WorkingDrawings,Addendum,ChangeOrders,ContractDocuments,andotherdatamaintainedbytheContractorduringtheWork.TheContractorsrecord-ing,onasetofprints,ofaccurateinformationandsketchesregardingtheexactdetailandlocationoftheWorkasactuallyinstalled,recordingsuchinformationastheexactlocationofallundergroundutilities,Contractchanges,andCon-tractdeviations.TheContractorsinformationisthentransferredtotheoriginalContractDocumentsbytheDesignProfessionalfortheOwnerspermanentrecordunlessotherwisedirectedorspecified.

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Definitions

Definitions 1

Q. Proposal Guarantee.Cashierscheck,certifiedcheck,orBidBondaccompanyingtheProposalsubmittedbytheBidderasaguaranteethattheBidderwillenterintoaContractwiththeOwnerfortheperformanceoftheWorkindicatedandfileacceptablebondsandinsuranceiftheContractisawardedtoit.

R. Project Schedule.TheschedulefortheWorkaspreparedandmaintainedbytheContractorinaccordancewiththeContractDocuments.

S. Certificate of Substantial Completion.CertificateissuedbytheOwnerorDesignProfessionalcertifyingthatasubstantialportionoftheWorkhasbeencompletedinaccordancewiththeContractDocumentswiththeexceptionofcontractualadministrativedemobilizationwork,inconsequentialpunchlistitems,andguarantees.TheCertificateofSubstantialCompletionshallestab-lishtheDateofSubstantialCompletion,shallstatetheresponsibilitiesoftheOwnerandtheContractorforsecurity,maintenance,heat,utilities,damagetotheWork,andinsurance,andshallfixthetimewithinwhichtheContractorshallcompletetheitemslistedtherein.WarrantiesrequiredbytheContractDocu-mentsshallcommenceontheDateofSubstantialCompletionoftheWorkoradesignatedportionthereofunlessotherwiseprovidedintheCertificateofSub-stantialCompletionortheContractDocuments.

T. Certificate of Final Completion (Final Acceptance).CertificateissuedbytheOwnerorDesignProfessionalcertifyingthatalloftheWorkhasbeencompletedinaccordancewiththeContractDocumentstothebestoftheOwnersorDesignPro-fessionalsknowledge,information,andbelief,andonthebasisofthatpersonsobservationsandinspectionsincludingcontractualadministrativedemobilizationworkandallpunchlistitems.TheCertificateofFinalCompletionshallestablishtheDateofOwneracceptance.WarrantiesrequiredbytheContractDocumentsshallcommenceontheDateofFinalCompletionoftheWorkunlessotherwiseprovidedintheCertificateofSubstantialCompletionortheContractDocuments.

U. Acceptance Certificate.CertificatetobeissuedbytheOwnerorDesignProfes-sionalcertifyingthatalltheWorkhasbeencompletedinaccordancewiththeContractDocuments.

V. Award.TheacceptancebytheOwneroftheBidfromtheresponsibleBidder(sometimesthelowestresponsibleBidder)asevidencedbythewrittenNoticetoAwardtotheBiddertenderingsaidbid.

W. Bid (Proposal).TheProposaloftheBidderfortheWork,submittedonthepre-scribedBidForm,properlysigned,dated,andguaranteed,includingAlternates,theUnitPriceSchedule,Bonds,andotherbiddingrequirementsasapplicable.

X. Certificate of Compliance.CertificateissuedbytheSuppliercertifyingthatthematerialorequipmentfurnishedisincompliancewiththeContractDocuments.

Y. Agreement.TheinstrumentexecutedbytheOwnerandtheContractorincon-formancewiththeContractDocumentsfortheperformanceoftheWork.

Z. Field Order.AnoticeissuedtotheContractorbytheDesignProfessionalspeci-fyinganactionrequiredoftheContractor.

AA. Request for Information or Request for Interpretation (RFI).AnoticeissuedbytheContractortotheDesignProfessionalorOwnerrequestingaclarificationoftheContractDocuments.

BB. Notice to Proceed.AwrittennoticefromtheOwnertotheContractororDesignPro-fessionaldirectingtheContractororDesignProfessionaltoproceedwiththework.

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Definitions

1 Part 2

CC. Advertisement, Invitation to Bid.Thepublicorprivateannouncement,asrequiredbylawortheOwner,invitingBidsfortheWorktobeperformed,mate-rialtobefurnished,orboth.

2.04 Contractors/Manufacturers/authorities

A. Contractor.Thetermcontractorshallmeantheindividual,firm,partnership,corpo-ration,jointventure,oranycombinationthereofortheirdulyauthorizedrepresen-tativeswhohaveexecutedaContractwiththeclientfortheproposedWork.

B. Subcontractor or Trade Contractor.Thetermssubcontractorandtrade contrac-torshallmeanallthelower-tiercontractors,materialsuppliers,anddistributorsthathaveexecutedacontractwiththeContractorfortheproposedWork.

C. Furnisher, Supplier.Thetermsfurnisherandsuppliershallbedefinedastheentity(individual,partnership,firm,corporation,jointventure,oranycombina-tionthereof)engagedbytheContractor,itsSubcontractor,orSub-Subcontractor,tofurnishaparticularunitofmaterialorequipmenttotheprojectsite.Itshallbearequirementthatthefurnisherorsupplierbeexperiencedinthemanufactureofthematerialorequipmenttheyaretofurnish.

D. Installer.Theterminstallershallbedefinedastheentity(individual,partner-ship,firm,corporation,jointventure,oranycombinationthereof)engagedbytheContractor,itsSubcontractor,orSub-SubcontractortoinstallaparticularunitofWorkattheprojectsite,includinginstallation,erection,application,andsimilarrequiredoperations.Itshallbearequirementthattheinstallerbeexperiencedintheoperationstheyareengagedtoperform.

E. Provider.Thetermprovidershallbedefinedastheentity(individual,part-nership,firm,corporation,jointventure,oranycombinationthereof)engagedbytheContractor,itsSubcontractor,orSub-Subcontractortoprovideapar-ticularunitofmaterialorequipmentattheprojectsite.Itshallbearequire-mentthattheproviderbeexperiencedintheoperationstheyareengagedtoperform.

F. Bidder.Anindividual,firm,partnership,corporation,jointventure,oranycombi-nationthereofsubmittingaBidfortheWorkasasinglebusinessentityandact-ingdirectlyorthroughadulyauthorizedrepresentative.

G. Authority Having Jurisdiction.Thetermauthority having jurisdictionshallmeanfederal,state,and/orlocalauthoritiesoragenciesthereofhavingjurisdictionoverWorktowhichreferenceismadeandauthoritiesresponsibleforapprov-ingequipment,installation,and/orprocedures.

H. Surety.Thecorporatebodythatisboundwith,andfor,theContractorforthesatisfactoryperformanceoftheWorkbytheContractor,andthepromptpaymentinfullformaterials,labor,equipment,rentals,andservices,asprovidedinthebonds.

I. Acceptable Manufacturers.Thetermacceptable manufacturersshallmeanthespecifiedlistofmanufacturersconsideredacceptabletobidtheprojectforaspecificpieceofequipment.Onlytheequipmentspecifiedhasbeencheckedforspatialcompatibility.IftheContractorelectstouseanoptionalmanufacturerfromtheacceptablemanufacturerslistinthespecifications,itshallbetheCon-tractorsresponsibilitytodetermineandensurethespatialcompatibilityofthemanufacturersequipmentselected.

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Definitions

Equations

3PA R T3


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20 Part 3

3.01 airside System Equations and Derivations

A.Equations

HS = 1.08 CFM THS = 1.1 CFM THL = 0.68 CFM WGR. HL = 4840 CFM WLB. HT = 4.5 CFM hHT = HS HL

SHRH

H

H

H HS

T

S

S L

= =+

HS = Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)HL = Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)HT = Total Heat (Btu/hr.)T = Temperature Difference (F)WGR. = Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)WLB. = Humidity Ratio Difference (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)h = Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)CFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)SHR = Sensible Heat Ratiom = Mass flow (lbs.DA/hr.)ca = Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lbs.DA F)DA = Dry Air

B.Derivations

1. Standard air conditions: a. Temperature: 60 F b. Pressure: 14.7 psia (sea level) c. Specific volume: 13.33 ft.3/lbs.DA d. Density: 0.075 lbs./ft.3

e. L V = Latent heat of water @60F: 1060 Btu/lbs.2. Sensible heat equation: HS = m ca T cP = 0.24 (Btu/lbs.DA . F) 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 60 min./hr. = 1.08 Btu min./hr. ft.3 F HS = 1.08 (Btu min./hr. ft.3 F) CFM (ft.3/min.) T (F) HS = 1.08 CFM T 3. Latent heat equation: HL = m L V WGR L V = 1060 Btu/lbs.H2O 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 60 min./hr. 1.0 lbs.H2O/7,000 Gr.H2O = 0.68 Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O HL = 0.68 (Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O) CFM (ft.3/min.) WGR (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA) HL = 0.68 CFM WGR 4. Total heat equation: HT = m h Factor = 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 60 min./hr. = 4.5 lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 HT = 4.5 (lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3) CFM (ft.3/min.) h (Btu/lbs.DA) HT = 4.5 CFM h

aterside System Equations and Derivations

Equations

GPM TTONS

TP.= 24

TONS

TD.= 30

= Total Heat (Btu/hr.)= Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)= Temperature Difference (F)= Air Conditioning Load (Tons)

AP. = Evaporator Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute) COND. = Condenser Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)

= Specific Heat of Water (1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O)

Derivations

Standard water conditions:mperature: 60 Fessure: 14.7 psia (sea level)nsity: 62.4 lbs./ft.3

equation m cw T 1.0 Btu/Lb H2O F 62.4 lbs.H2O/ft3 1.0 ft3 / 7.48052 gal. 60 min./hr. 500 Btu min./hr. F gal. 500 Btu min./hr. F gal. GPM (gal./min.) T (F) 500 GPM T

rator equation:VAP = H/(500 T)

r = 12,000 Btu/hr./1.0 tons 500 Btu min./hr. F gal.= 24F gal./tons min.

VAP = tons (tons) 24 (F gal./tons min.) / T (F)VAP = tons 24 / T

enser equation:COND = 1.25 GPMEVAP = 1.25 tons 24 / TCOND = tons 30 / T

r Change rate Equations

FM

OLUME

60

AC

HRVOLUME

60

= Air Change Rate per Hour= Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)

UME = Space Volume (Cubic Feet)

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Equations

Equations 21

3.02 Waterside System Equations and Derivations

A.Equations

H = 500 GPM T

GPMTONS

TEVAP.= 24

GPMTONS

TCOND.= 30

H = Total Heat (Btu/hr.)GPM = Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)T = Temperature Difference (F)TONS = Air Conditioning Load (Tons)GPM EVAP. = Evaporator Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)GPM COND. = Condenser Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)cw = Specific Heat of Water (1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O)

B.Derivations

1. Standard water conditions: a. Temperature: 60 F b. Pressure: 14.7 psia (sea level) c. Density: 62.4 lbs./ft.3

2. Water equation H = m cw T cw = 1.0 Btu/Lb H2O F 62.4 lbs.H2O/ft3 1.0 ft3 / 7.48052 gal. 60 min./hr. = 500 Btu min./hr. F gal. H = 500 Btu min./hr. F gal. GPM (gal./min.) T (F) H = 500 GPM T3. Evaporator equation: GPMEVAP = H/(500 T) Factor = 12,000 Btu/hr./1.0 tons 500 Btu min./hr. F gal. = 24F gal./tons min. GPMEVAP = tons (tons) 24 (F gal./tons min.) / T (F) GPMEVAP = tons 24 / T4. Condenser equation: GPMCOND = 1.25 GPMEVAP = 1.25 tons 24 / T GPMCOND = tons 30 / T

3.03 air Change rate Equations

AC

HR

CFM

VOLUME= 60

CFM

AC

HRVOLUME

=

60

AC/HR. = Air Change Rate per HourCFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)VOLUME = Space Volume (Cubic Feet)

Bell_ch03.indd 21 8/17/07 6:51:05 PM



Equations

22 Part 3

3.04 English/Metric airside System Equations Comparison

A.SensibleHeatEquations

H .Btu min

Hr ft FCFM TS = 1 08 3

.

H .kJ min

hr m CCMM TSM M= 72 42 3

.

.

B. LatentHeatEquations

H .Btu min Lb DA

hr ft Gr H OCFM WL = 0 68 3

2

.

.

H , .kJ min kg DA

hr m kg H OCLM = 177 734 8 3

2

.

.MMM WM

C. TotalHeatEquations

H .lb min.

hr. ft.CFM hT = 4 5 3

H .kg min

hr. mCMM hTM M= 72 09 3

.

HT = HS HLHTM = HSM HLM

HS = Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)HSM = Sensible Heat (kJ/hr.)HL = Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)HLM = Latent Heat (kJ/hr.)HT = Total Heat (Btu/hr.)HTM = Total Heat (kJ/hr.)T = Temperature Difference (F)TM = Temperature Difference (C)W = Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)WM = Humidity Ratio Difference (kg.H2O/kg.DA)h = Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)hM = Enthalpy Difference (kJ/lbs.DA)CFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)CMM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.05 English/Metric Waterside System Equation Comparison

HBtu min.

hr. gal. FGPM T= 500

H .kJ min.

hr. Liters CLPM TM M= 250 8

Total Heat (Btu/hr.)Total Heat (kJ/hr.)Temperature Difference (F)Temperature Difference (C)Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)Water Flow Rate (Liters per Minute)

nglish/Metric air Change rate Equation Comparison

FMmin.

hr.VOLUME

60

CMMmin.

hr.VOLUMEM

60

= Air Change Rate per Hour EnglishM = Air Change Rate per Hour Metric

= AC/HR.MUME = Space Volume (Cubic Feet)UMEM = Space Volume (Cubic Meters)

= Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)= Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

glish/Metric temperature and Other Conversions

C 32

.

328

= degrees Fahrenheit= degrees Celsius= Btu/hr. 1.055= CFM 0.02832= GPM 3.785= Btu/lbs. 2.326= ft. 0.3048

rs = sq. ft. 0.0929rs = cu. ft. 0.02832

= lbs. 0.45361.0 GPM = 500 lbs. steam/hr.

m. / hr. = 0.002 GPM2O / hr. = 1.0 lbs. steam/hr.

meter = lbs. / cu. ft. 16.017 (Density)rs / kg = cu. ft. / lbs. 0.0624 (Specific Volume)

O / kg DA = Gr.H2O / lbs.DA / 7,000 = lbs.H2O/lbs.DA

Bell_ch03.indd 22 8/17/07 6:51:10 PM



Equations

Equations 23

H = Total Heat (Btu/hr.)HM = Total Heat (kJ/hr.)T = Temperature Difference (F)TM = Temperature Difference (C)GPM = Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)LPM = Water Flow Rate (Liters per Minute)

3.06 English/Metric air Change rate Equation Comparison

AC

HR

CFMmin.

hr.VOLUME

= 60

AC

HR

CMMmin.

hr.VOLUMEM M

= 60

AC/HR. = Air Change Rate per Hour EnglishAC/HR.M = Air Change Rate per Hour MetricAC/HR. = AC/HR.MVOLUME = Space Volume (Cubic Feet)VOLUMEM = Space Volume (Cubic Meters)CFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)CMM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.07 English/Metric temperature and Other Conversions

F = 1.8 C 32

CF

.= 32

1 8

F = degrees FahrenheitC = degrees CelsiuskJ/hr. = Btu/hr. 1.055CMM = CFM 0.02832LPM = GPM 3.785kJ/kg = Btu/lbs. 2.326meters = ft. 0.3048sq. meters = sq. ft. 0.0929cu. meters = cu. ft. 0.02832kg = lbs. 0.45361.0 GPM = 500 lbs. steam/hr.1.0 lb. stm. / hr. = 0.002 GPM1.0 lb. H2O / hr. = 1.0 lbs. steam/hr.kg / cu. meter = lbs. / cu. ft. 16.017 (Density)cu. meters / kg = cu. ft. / lbs. 0.0624 (Specific Volume)kg H2O / kg DA = Gr.H2O / lbs.DA / 7,000 = lbs.H2O/lbs.DA

Bell_ch03.indd 23 8/17/07 6:51:10 PM



Equations

24 Part 3

3.08 Steam and Condensate Equations

A.General

LBS.STM. / HRBTU / HR

H

BTU / HR

FG

= =960

LBS.STM.COND. / HREDR=

4

EDRBTU / HR=

240

LBS.STM.COND. / HRGPM SP.GR. C T

Hw

FG

= 500

LBS.STM.COND. / HRCFM D C T

Ha

FG

= 60

B.ApproximatingCondensateLoads

LBS.STM.COND. / HRGPM WATER T

= ( ) 2

LBS.STM.COND. / HRGPM FUEL OIL T

= ( ) 4

LBS.STM.COND. / HRCFM AIR T

= ( ) 900

stm. = SteamGPM = Quantity of Liquid in Gallons per MinuteCFM = Quantity of Gas or Air in Cubic Feet per MinuteSP.GR. = Specific GravityD = Density in lbs./cubic feetCa = Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lb.)Cw = Specific Heat of Water (1.00 Btu/lb.)HFG = Latent Heat of Steam in Btu/lbs. at Steam Design Pressure (ASHRAE Fundamen-

tals or Part 45)T = Final Temperature minus Initial TemperatureEDR = Equivalent Direct Radiation

3.09 Building Envelope Heating Equation and r-Values/U-Values

H = U A T

RC K

Thickness= = 1 1

UR

=

1

T = Temperature Difference (F)A = Area (sq.ft.)U = U-Value (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.R = R-Value (hr. sq.ft. F/Btu.): See Part 35 for Definitions.

nductance (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.nductivity (Btu. in./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.

um of the Individual R-Values

n Laws

RPM

RPM2

1

FM

FM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

2

1

2

=

CFM

CFM

RPM

RPM

SP2

1

3

2

1

3

=

= 22

1

1 5

SP

.

FM SP SP.GR.

FANEFF.

6356

BHP

M / DEFF .

= Cubic Feet/Minute Air Density = Constant= Revolutions/Minute SP.GR.(Air) = 1.0= in. W.G. FANEFF = 6585%= Break Horsepower M/DEFF = 8095%= Constant M/D = Motor/Drive

ump L.ws

RPM

RPM2

1

GPM

GPM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

2

1

2

=

GPM

GPM

RPM

RPM

HD2

1

3

2

1

3

=

= 22

1

1 5

HD

.

PM HD SP.GR.

PUMPEFF.

3960

BHP

M / DEFF.

g

2

.

P.GR.

2 31

= Gallons/Minute= Revolutions/Minute= ft. H2O= Break Horsepower

Bell_ch03.indd 24 8/17/07 6:51:19 PM



Equations

Equations 25

C = Conductance (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.K = Conductivity (Btu. in./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.R = Sum of the Individual R-Values

3.10 Fan Laws

CFM

CFM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

1

=

SP

SP

CFM

CFM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

=

=

BHP

BHP

CFM

CFM

RPM

RPM

SP2

1

2

1

3

2

1

3

=

=

= 22

1

1 5

SP

.

BHPCFM SP SP.GR.

FANEFF.=

6356

MHPBHP

M / DEFF=

.

CFM = Cubic Feet/Minute Air Density = ConstantRPM = Revolutions/Minute SP.GR.(Air) = 1.0SP = in. W.G. FANEFF = 6585%BHP = Break Horsepower M/DEFF = 8095%Fan Size = Constant M/D = Motor/Drive

3.11 Pump L.ws

GPM

GPM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

1

=

HD

HD

GPM

GPM

RPM

RPM2

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

=

=

BHP

BHP

GPM

GPM

RPM

RPM

HD2

1

2

1

3

2

1

3

=

=

= 22

1

1 5

HD

.

BHPGPM HD SP.GR.

PUMPEFF.=

3960

MHPBHP

M / DEFF.=

VHV

g=

2

2

HDP .

SP.GR.= 2 31

GPM = Gallons/MinuteRPM = Revolutions/MinuteHD = ft. H2OBHP = Break Horsepower

Bell_ch03.indd 25 8/17/07 6:51:20 PM



Equations

26 Part 3

Pump Size = ConstantWater Density = ConstantSP.GR. = Specific Gravity of Liquid with respect to WaterSP.GR.(Water) = 1.0PUMPEFF = 6080%M/DEFF = 8595%M/D = Motor/DriveP = Pressure in psiVH = Velocity Head in ft.V = Velocity in ft./sec.g = Acceleration due to Gravity (32.16 ft./sec.2)

3.12 Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations

NPSHAVAIL NPSHREQD

NPSHAVAIL = HA HS HF HVP

NPSH AVAIL = Net Positive Suction Available at Pump (feet)NPSH REQD = Net Positive Suction Required at Pump (feet)HA = Pressure at Liquid Surface (Feet 34 feet for Water at Atmospheric Pressure)HS = Height of Liquid Surface Above () or Below () Pump (feet)HF = Friction Loss between Pump and Source (feet)HVP = Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor at Liquid Temperature (feet ASHRAE

Fundamentals or Part 45)

Note: Calculations may also be performed in psig, provided that all values are in psig.

3.13 Mixed air temperature

T TCFM

CFMT

CFM

CFMMA ROOMRA

SAOA

OA

SA

=

+

T TCFM

CFMT

CFM

CFMMA RARA

SAOA

OA

SA

=

+

CFMSA = Supply Air CFMCFMRA = Return Air CFMCFMOA = Outside Air CFMTMA = Mixed Air Temperature (F)TROOM = Room Design Temperature (F)TRA = Return Air Temperature (F)TOA = Outside Air Temperature (F)

3.14 Psychrometric Equations

W = 0 622.

P

P PW

W

RHW

WACTUAL

SAT

100%

W

AT

100%

cP T

m W

h

. T W T TWB SAT WB DB WB )( ) ( )+

01 2 381

2501 1.. T . TDB WB805 4 186( ). T W . T TWB SAT WB DB WB )( ) ( ) ( )3 0 556 0 240

1093 0 444+ ( ). T TDB WB= Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA= Actual Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA = Saturation Specific Humidity at the Dry Bulb Temperature= Saturation Specific Humidity at the Wet Bulb Temperature= Partial Pressure of Water Vapor, lb./sq.ft.= Total Absolute Pressure of Air/Water Vapor Mixture, lb./sq.ft.= Saturation Partial Pressure of Water Vapor at the Dry Bulb Temperature,

lb./sq.ft.= Relative Humidity, %= Sensible Heat, Btu/hr.= Latent Heat, Btu/hr.= Total Heat, Btu/hr.= Mass Flow Rate, lbs.DA/hr. or lbs.H2O/hr.= Specific Heat, Air0.24 Btu/lbs.DA, Water1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O= Dry Bulb Temperature, F= Wet Bulb Temperature, F= Temperature Difference, F= Specific Humidity Difference, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA= Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lbs.DA= Latent Heat of Vaporization, Btu/lbs.H2O

uctwork Equations

VP

V V =

( )( )05 4005

2 2

2

Q

W H

144

A B

A B

.

.

( )+( )

30 625

0 25

Bell_ch03.indd 26 8/17/07 6:51:25 PM



Equations

Equations 27

RHP

PW

SAT

= 100%

HS = m cP T

HL = Lv m W

HT = m h

W. T W T TWB SAT WB DB WB=

( )( ) ( )+

2501 2 381

2501 1.. T . TDB WB805 4 186( )

W. T W . T TWB SAT WB DB WB=

( )( ) ( ) ( )1093 0 556 0 2401093 0 444+ ( ). T TDB WB

W = Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DAWACTUAL = Actual Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA WSAT = Saturation Specific Humidity at the Dry Bulb TemperatureWSAT WB = Saturation Specific Humidity at the Wet Bulb TemperaturePW = Partial Pressure of Water Vapor, lb./sq.ft.P = Total Absolute Pressure of Air/Water Vapor Mixture, lb./sq.ft.PSAT = Saturation Partial Pressure of Water Vapor at the Dry Bulb Temperature,

lb./sq.ft.RH = Relative Humidity, %HS = Sensible Heat, Btu/hr.HL = Latent Heat, Btu/hr.HT = Total Heat, Btu/hr.m = Mass Flow Rate, lbs.DA/hr. or lbs.H2O/hr.cP = Specific Heat, Air0.24 Btu/lbs.DA, Water1.0 Btu/lbs.H2OTDB = Dry Bulb Temperature, FTWB = Wet Bulb Temperature, FT = Temperature Difference, FW = Specific Humidity Difference, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DAh = Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lbs.DAL V = Latent Heat of Vaporization, Btu/lbs.H2O

3.15 Ductwork Equations

TP = SP VP

VPV V=

=

( )( )4005 4005

2 2

2

VQ

A

Q

W H= =

144

D. A B

A BEQ

.

.=

( )+( )

1 30 625

0 25

Bell_ch03.indd 27 8/17/07 6:51:25 PM



Equations

28 Part 3

TP = Total PressureSP = Static Pressure, Friction LossesVP = Velocity Pressure, Dynamic LossesV = Velocity, ft./min.Q = Flow through Duct, CFMA = Area of Duct, sq.ft.W = Width of Duct, in.H = Height of Duct, in.DEQ = Equivalent Round Duct Size for Rectangular Duct, in.A = One Dimension of Rectangular Duct, in.B = Adjacent Side of Rectangular Duct, in.

3.16 Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork

0.3405 ID2

0.2618 OD

0.2618 ID

0.785 (OD2 ID2)

ross Sectional Area (sq.in.)Weight of Pipe per Foot (lbs.)Weight of Water per Foot (lbs.) Pipe Wall Thickness (in.)

nside Diameter (in.) Outside Diameter (in.) Outside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)

nside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)rea of the Metal (sq.in.)

eam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

SteamPipeSizingEquations

W.

ID

D ID

) +

01306 13 6

3600

2

5

P D ID

..

ID

+

0 01306 13 6

5

0.41667 V AINCHES D= 60 V AFEET D

W

D

W

A DHES FEET

=

4

60

Pressure Drop per 100 ft. of Pipe, psig/100 ft. Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr. Actual Inside Diameter of Pipe, in. Average Density of Steam at System Pressure, lbs./cu.ft. Velocity of Steam in Pipe, ft./min. Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.in. Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.ft.

SteamCondensatePipeSizingEquations

H

H

S

L

S CR

CR

100

SW

0

Flash Steam, Percentage %ensible Heat at Steam Supply Pressure, Btu/lbs.ensible Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.

Latent Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.

FLAT SPAN

MAJOR AXIS

MINOR AXIS

FS = MAJOR MINOR

AFS MINOR

MINOR

=( ) + ( )

2

4144

PMINOR FS

=( )+ ( ) 2

12

D. A

PEQ

.

.=

( )( )

1 550 625

0 25

FS = Flat Span Dimension in InchesMAJOR = Major Axis Dimension in Inches (Larger Dimension)MINOR = Minor Axis Dimension in Inches (Smaller Dimension)A = Cross-sectional Area in Square FeetP = Perimeter or Surface Area in Square Feet per Lineal FeetDEQ = Equivalent Round Duct Diameter

3.17 Steel Pipe Equations

A = 0.785 ID2

WP = 10.6802 T (OD T)

Bell_ch03.indd 28 8/17/07 6:51:30 PM



Equations

Equations 29

WW = 0.3405 ID2

OSA = 0.2618 OD

ISA = 0.2618 ID

AM = 0.785 (OD2 ID2)

A = Cross Sectional Area (sq.in.)WP = Weight of Pipe per Foot (lbs.)WW = Weight of Water per Foot (lbs.)T = Pipe Wall Thickness (in.)ID = Inside Diameter (in.)OD = Outside Diameter (in.)OSA = Outside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)ISA = Inside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)AM = Area of the Metal (sq.in.)

3.18 Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

A.SteamPipeSizingEquations

P. W

.

ID

D ID=

( ) +

0 01306 13 6

3600

2

5

WP D ID

..

ID

=

+

60

0 01306 13 6

5

W = 0.41667 V AINCHES D= 60 V AFEET D

V. W

A D

W

A DINCHES FEET=

=

2 4

60

P = Pressure Drop per 100 ft. of Pipe, psig/100 ft.W = Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.ID = Actual Inside Diameter of Pipe, in.D = Average Density of Steam at System Pressure, lbs./cu.ft.V = Velocity of Steam in Pipe, ft./min.AINCHES = Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.in.AFEET = Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.ft.

B.SteamCondensatePipeSizingEquations

FSH H

H

S S

L

SS CR

CR

=

100

WFS

WCR = 100

FS = Flash Steam, Percentage %HSSS = Sensible Heat at Steam Supply Pressure, Btu/lbs.HSCR = Sensible Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.HLCR = Latent Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.

Bell_ch03.indd 29 8/17/07 6:51:30 PM



Equations

30 Part 3

W = Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.WCR = Condensate Flow based on percentage of Flash Steam created during condensing

process, lbs/hr. Use this flow rate in the preceding steam equations to determine the condensate return pipe size.

3.19 air Conditioning Condensate

GPMCFM W

SpV .AC CONDLB.=

8 33

GPMCFM W

SpV .AC CONDGR.=

8 33 7000

GPMAC COND = Air Conditioning Condensate Flow (gal./min.)CFM = Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)SpV = Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)WLB. = Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)WGR. = Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.20 Humidification

GRAINSW

SpV

W

SpVREQ'DGR.

ROOM AIR

GR.=

SUPPLY AIR

POUNDSW

SpV

W

SpVREQ'DLB.

ROOM AIR

LB.=

SUPPLY AIR

LBS STM HRCFM GRAINS

CFM POUNREQ D. . / '=

= 60

7000DDSREQ D' 60

GRAINSREQD = Grains of Moisture Required (Gr.H2O/cu.ft.)POUNDSREQD = Pounds of Moisture Required (lbs.H2O/cu.ft.)CFM = Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)SpV = Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)WGR. = Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)WLB. = Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.21 Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain

HS = (0.244 Q T) (L 380)

HS = Sensible Heat Gain (Btu/hr.)Q = Steam Flow (lbs. steam/hr.)T = Steam Temperature Supply Air Temperature (F)L = Length of Humidifier Manifold (ft.)

pansion tanks

V V

v

vT

P

P

T S

A

=

2

1

1

1 3

PP

PA

2

Vv

vT S=

2 1 32

1

TT

AGM V V

v

vT

T S=

2

1

1 3

1

PP

P1

2

olume of Expansion Tank (Gallons)olume of Water in Piping System (Gallons)

T1 (F)wer System Temperature (F)

eating Water T1 = 4550F Temperature at Fill Condition hilled Water T1 = Supply Water Temperature ual Temperature T1 = Chilled Water Supply Temperatureigher System Temperature (F) eating Water T2 = Supply Water Temperature hilled Water T2 = 95F Ambient Temperature (Design Weather Data) ual Temperature T2 = Heating Water Supply Temperaturemospheric Pressure (14.7 psia)stem Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure (psia)stem Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure (psia)

SpV of H2O at T1 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45 SpV of H2O at T2 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45 Linear Coefficient of Expansion

STEEL = 6.5 106

COPPER = 9.5 106Volume Estimate:

12 gal./ton35 gal./BHP

m Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure Estimate:eight of System 5 to 10 psi OR 510 psi, whichever is greater.

m Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure Estimate:150 lbs. Systems 45125 psi250 lbs. Systems 125225 psi

r Balance Equations

upply Aireturn Air

Outside Airxhaust Airelief Air

A OA = RA EA RFA

Bell_ch03.indd 30 8/17/07 6:51:34 PM



Equations

Equations 31

3.22 Expansion tanks

CLOSED V V

v

vT

P

P

T S

A

=

2

1

1

1 3

PP

PA

2

OPEN V Vv

vT S=

2 1 32

1

TT

DIAPHRAGM V V

v

vT

T S=

2

1

1 3

1

PP

P1

2

VT = Volume of Expansion Tank (Gallons)VS = Volume of Water in Piping System (Gallons)T = T2 T1 (F)T1 = Lower System Temperature (F)

Heating Water T1 = 4550F Temperature at Fill Condition Chilled Water T1 = Supply Water Temperature Dual Temperature T1 = Chilled Water Supply Temperature

T2 = Higher System Temperature (F) Heating Water T2 = Supply Water Temperature Chilled Water T2 = 95F Ambient Temperature (Design Weather Data) Dual Temperature T2 = Heating Water Supply Temperature

PA = Atmospheric Pressure (14.7 psia)P1 = System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure (psia)P2 = System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure (psia)v1 = SpV of H2O at T1 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45v2 = SpV of H2O at T2 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45 = Linear Coefficient of Expansion STEEL = 6.5 106 COPPER = 9.5 106System Volume Estimate: 12 gal./ton 35 gal./BHPSystem Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure Estimate: Height of System 5 to 10 psi OR 510 psi, whichever is greater.System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure Estimate: 150 lbs. Systems 45125 psi 250 lbs. Systems 125225 psi

3.23 air Balance Equations

SA = Supply AirRA = Return AirOA = Outside AirEA = Exhaust AirRFA = Relief AirSA = RA OA = RA EA RFA

Bell_ch03.indd 31 8/17/07 6:51:34 PM



Equations

32 Part 3

If minimum OA (ventilation air) is greater than EA, then

OA = EA RFA

If EA is greater than minimum OA (ventilation air), then

OA = EA RFA = 0

For Economizer Cycle:

OA = SA = EA RFA RA = 0

3.24 Efficiencies

COPBTU OUTPUT

BTU INPUT

EER= =3 413.

EERBTU OUTPUT

WATTS INPUT=

KW TON12,000 BTU HRTON

COP BTU / HR/

/

,=

3 517 KKW

Turndown Ratio = Maximum Firing Rate: Minimum Firing Rate (e.g., 5:1, 10:1, 25:1)

OVERALLTHERMAL EFFGROSS BTU OUTPUT

GROSS. =

BBTU INPUT100%

COMBUSTION EFFBTU INPUT BTU STACK LOSS

BTU. =

INPUT100%

Overall Thermal Efficiency Range 7590%

Combustion Efficiency Range 8595%

3.25 Cooling towers and Heat Exchangers

APPROACHCT'S = LWT AWB

APPROACHHE'S = EWTHS LWTCSRANGE = EWT LWT

EWT = Entering Water Temperature (F)LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (F)AWB = Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (Design WB F)HS = Hot SideCS = Cold Side

3.26 Cooling tower/Evaporative Cooler Blowdown Equations

CE D B

D B=

+ +( )+( )

BE C D

C=

( ) ( )

1

1

GPMCOND. R 0.0008

GPMCOND. 0.0002

T LWT

Blowdown, GPM Cycles of Concentration Drift, GPM

vaporation, GPM Entering Water Temperature, F

eaving Water Temperature, F Range, F

ectricity

General

KW KVAR

Single-PhasePower

V A PF

1000

V A

1000

V A PF DEVICEEFF.746

BHP

M / DEFF.

1

hree-PhasePower

V A PF3

1000

V A3

1000

V A PF DEVICEEFF.3

746

BHP

M / DEFF.

3=

Total Power (Kilovolt Amps) Real Power, Electrical Energy (Kilowatts) Reactive Power or Imaginary Power (Kilovolt Amps Reactive)Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Power Factor (0.750.95) Break Horsepower Motor Horsepower

Bell_ch03.indd 32 8/17/07 6:51:41 PM



Equations

Equations 33

E = GPMCOND. R 0.0008

D = GPMCOND. 0.0002

R = EWT LWT

B = Blowdown, GPMC = Cycles of ConcentrationD = Drift, GPME = Evaporation, GPMEWT = Entering Water Temperature, FLWT = Leaving Water Temperature, FR = Range, F

3.27 Electricity

A.General

KVA = KW KVAR

B.Single-PhasePower

KWV A PF

1 1000=

KVAV A

1 1000=

BHPV A PF DEVICEEFF.

1 746=

MHPBHP

M / DEFF.1

1

=

C. Three-PhasePower

KWV A PF

3

3

1000=

KVAV A

3

3

1000=

BHPV A PF DEVICEEFF.

3

3

746=

MHPBHP

M / DEFF.3

3

=

KVA = Total Power (Kilovolt Amps)KW = Real Power, Electrical Energy (Kilowatts)KVAR = Reactive Power or Imaginary Power (Kilovolt Amps Reactive)V = Voltage (Volts)A = Current (Amps)PF = Power Factor (0.750.95)BHP = Break HorsepowerMHP = Motor Horsepower

Bell_ch03.indd 33 8/17/07 6:51:41 PM



Equations

34 Part 3

EFF = EfficiencyM/D = Motor Drive

3.28 Moisture Condensation on Glass

T TR

R(T TGLASS ROOM

IA

GLASSROOM OA=

)

T TU

UT TGLASS ROOM

GLASS

IAROOM OA=

( )

If condensation occursT DPGLASS ROOM7

7,500 105 120 135 150 165

Notes: 1 In lieuof thepreceding table, the following equationmaybeused todetermine theminimumoutdoor air

quantity.

QOA 0.013AFLOOR7.53(NBR11)

QOA QuantityofOutdoorAirCFM.

AFLOORFloorAreaofResidenceSquareFeet.

NBR