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Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 20091

AnatomyLaboratory

ManualDr. Christina G. von der Ohe

Spring 2009Santa Monica College


Table of ContentsCourse Material Pag

eSyllabus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3

Calendar ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

6

Lab 1: Introduction to Anatomy ……………………………………………………………….

8

Lab 2: Cell Biology …………………………………………………………………………………….

11

Lab 3: Tissues ……………………………………………………………………………………………

15

Lab 4: Integumentary System …………………………………………………………………..

17

Lab 5: Introduction to Skeletal System …………………………………………………….

20

Lab 6: Axial Skeleton …………………………………………………………………………………

23

Lab 7: Appendicular Skeleton ……………………………………………………………………

26

Lab 8: Articulations ………………………………………………………………………………….

29

Lab 9: Introduction to Muscular System ……………………………………………………

32

Lab 10: Axial Muscles ……………………………………………………………………………….

34

Lab 11: Appendicular Muscles ………………………………………………………………….

36

Lab 12: Cat Dissection ………………………………………………………………………………

43

Lab 13: Introduction to Nervous System ………………………………………………….

45

Lab 14: Brain 48


…………………………………………………………………………………………….Lab 15: Spinal Cord and PNS …………………………………………………………………….

52

Lab 16: Autonomic Nervous System ………………………………………………………….

55

Lab 17: General and Special Senses …………………………………………………………

57

Lab 18: Endocrine System …………………………………………………………………………

60

Lab 19: Blood and Heart ……………………………………………………………………………

64

Lab 20: Blood Vessels …………………….…………………………………………………………

67

Lab 21: Lymphatic System ……………………………………………………………………….

70

Lab 22: Respiratory System ……………………………………………………………………..

73

Lab 23: Digestive System ………………………………………………………………………….

76

Lab 24: Urinary System …………………………………………………………………………….

79

Lab 25: Reproductive System ……………………………………………………………………

82


Anatomy 1: Human Anatomy

Instructor: Christina G. von der Ohe, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Life Sciences

Office: SC-261Phone: (310) 434-4662 Email: [email protected] Office hrs: MW 2:30-4:00; Tu 11:00-12:00 SC-261

Meeting: Lecture TTh 7:45-10:50 SC-224

Student Learning Objectives:

1.Name the systems of the human body, their general functions, the major organs that make up these systems, and the general contribution each organ makes to the system.

2.Identify microscopically and describe the structure and basic function of the tissue and cell types used to make up the major organs of the human body.

RequiredTextbooks:

Human Anatomy, F. Martini, M. Timmons, B. Tallitsch, 6th ed.

Anatomy Laboratory Manual, C. von der Ohe

RequiredMaterials:

5 scantrons #882E and a #2 pencil 4 quiz scantronsDissection kit and disposable glovesRecommended: colored pens and a protective garment

Resources: Learning Resource Center and Computer LabCayton Center Student Computer LabTextbook resources at http://www.aw-bc.com/applace

Attendance: Roll will be taken at the START of every session. Participation points will be awarded only to students who are on time to class and stay until class is dismissed. Students who are absent for two consecutive meetings or to the first exam without informing the professor with a valid excuse will be dropped from the roster.

Drop Dates: Drop dates are listed in your catalog. You are responsible for your enrollment status and the dates and deadlines on the SMC admissions website and schedule of classes.

Make-ups: There will be no make-ups for in-class assignments. Only one exam can be made up under extreme circumstances

mailto:[email protected]


and with instructor consent BEFORE the start of the exam. The make-up exam must be completed before the next exam. The lab practical make-up will be based on digital photos of the in-class practical. The final exam cannot be made up.


Course Layout:

We will start with an extra credit opening question. Then there will be a lecture. The PowerPoint slides will be posted to ecompanion before the lecture. You are welcome to print the slides before class and take notes on them. After a 20-minute break, we will resume with the laboratory component of the class. Bring your lab manual and your text to every class session. You are required to read the lab manual before coming to class. The lab is based on stations, through which your group will rotate. There will be a mix of traditional learning stations (identification and worksheets) and creative learning stations (drawing, games). At the end of the lab, everyone will pitch in to clean up the lab for the next class. When the lab is clean, I will dismiss the class. Early exits will result in loss of participation points.

Opening Question:

At the start of every class you will answer a brief extra credit question based on the previous lecture or lab. These questions will help you understand the material in a broader context and will provide feedback about your progress. They should be your own work. We will discuss answers after they are handed in.

TBA Hour: You are required to spend an hour per week in the Learning Resource Center (LRC) in the science building, second floor. For hours and dates see schedule on their front door. At the LRC you will find supplemental materials for you to study from.

Grading: You will be evaluated based on performance on exams, lab practicals, dissection, and participation. Points will be totaled and expressed as a percent. All grades are non-negotiable and must be earned.4 lecture exams 400 90-100% = A1 final exam 200 80-89% = B4 lab practical exams 200 70-79% = CQuizes 80 60-69% = DDissection 20 Below 60% = FAttendance and participation

50

TOTAL POINTS 950


To succeed in this class:

Anatomy 1 is a very rigorous class that requires considerable discipline, time, and dedication. Tips for success:1. Leave for class with time to find parking or catch the

bus. 2. Be well rested and alert for class.3. Be prepared for exams.4. Keep track of your grades on gradebook.5. Practice effective study habits:

- study 30 min to 1 hour every day- study lecture notes soon after lecture - recite the material and draw structures from

memory- make sure to engage in class

Class Environment:

I strive to make the classroom a safe and encouraging learning environment for everyone. There will be a lot of class discussion and group work. Please be respectful of each other. I encourage you to freely ask questions so that everyone can benefit from the discussion. This class is for you. Please turn off all beepers and cell phones during class. Food, drink, and gum are not permitted.

I value: 1. Interest in the material2. Hard work3. Respect for everyone in the classroom4. Integrity in your work5. Responsibility for your grade6. Punctuality

Academic Dishonesty:

Each student is expected to do his/her own work on all opening questions, lecture exams, and lab practicals. A first offense of academic dishonesty will result in a zero grade on that material. A report will be filed with the Dean of Students with your name and a detailed description of the incident. A second offense anywhere in the college or an especially egregious offense will result in disciplinary action by the professor or the Dean, which can include failing the course, suspension, or dismissal from the college. Please refer to the SMC policy on academic dishonesty posted in the classroom, or refer to the SMC Student Guide.

Final Word: If you have any questions about course material,


computer, internet, campus resources, future plans, or anything else, please don’t hesitate to ask. I am here to help you.


DATE TOPIC READING (Ch) MANUAL (Ch)

Feb 17

Introduction 1 1

Feb 19

Cells 2 2

Feb 24

Tissues 3 3

Feb 26

Quiz, Integumentary System

4 4

Mar 3 Intro to Skeletal System 5 5Mar 5 Axial Skeleton 6 6Mar 10

Lecture Exam and Practical 1

Mar 12

Appendicular Skeleton 7 7

Mar 17

Articulations 8 8

Mar 19

NO CLASS

Mar 24

Quiz, Intro to Muscular System

9 9

Mar 26

Axial Muscles, Dissection 10 10, 12

Mar 31

Appendicular Muscles, Dissect

11 11, 12

Apr 2 Lecture Exam and Practical 2

Apr 7 Intro to Nervous System 13 & pg362-6, 389-94

13

Apr 9 Brain 15 & pgs443-8 14Apr 14

SPRING BREAK

Apr 16

SPRING BREAK

Apr 21

Spinal Cord and PNS 14 & pgs432-42 15

Apr 23

Quiz, ANS, Dissection 17 16

Apr 28

General and Special Senses 18 17

Apr 30

Endocrine System 19 18


May 5 Lecture Exam and Practical 3

May 7 Circulatory System 1 20, 21 19May 12

Circulatory System 2 21, 22 20

May 14

Lymphatic System, Dissection

23 21

May 19

Quiz, Respiratory System 24 22

May 21

Digestive System 25 23

May 26

Urinary System 26 24

May 28

Reproductive System 27 25

Jun 2 Lecture Exam and Practical 4

Jun 4 ReviewJun 9 Final Exam 8 – 11am


Exam PoliciesGeneral Format:

Lecture exams and lab practicals will be given on the same day. The exam will begin promptly at 8:30am and end at 10:50am. All students will begin with the lecture exam. You will be rotated into the lab practical at random. The practical lasts 30 minutes, after which you will return to your lecture exam.

Lecture Exam:

Lecture exams will consist of multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. The multiple choice section will require a scantron. The short answer section includes lists, terminology, short essays, and drawing. Lecture exams are not cumulative.

Lab Practical:

The lab practical consists of 50 questions on histology, models, tissue, cat, and/or cadaver that you have seen in lab. It is not cumulative. It is organized in stations that are set up around the room. When you are signaled to begin the lab practical, you will pause your lecture exam and take a clipboard and answer sheet and begin the lab practical at any station. You have 30 minutes to complete it. Only one student per station. Do not touch the specimens or models unless instructed to do so. Do not touch the stage or the objective lenses on the microscopes. You may adjust the fine focus. If you have a question, raise your hand. You may not refer back to your lecture exam. When you are finished, turn in your answer sheet and return to your lecture exam.

Final Exam:

The final exam is cumulative. It consists of matching and short answer questions. It does not have an associated lab practical. You are allowed a cheat sheet: one side of one 8.5 x 11” paper, hand-written.

Policies: All books, notes, and electronic devices must be left in your bag by the door. Use the restroom before the exam; you may not leave the room until you are finished with your exam. All exam work must be your own.

Review: We will review the exam in class. The exams are my property, and may not leave the classroom in any form. I will return your exam to you in class and post the answers at the back of the classroom. You will have 15 minutes to review your exam and ask questions. You may not take notes, photograph, or leave the room with the exam. Any of these offenses will result in the filing of an Academic


Dishonesty report. Leaving the room with the exam will also result in a loss of 10 points per minute that the exam is outside the classroom. If you need more time to review the exam, you are welcome to view it in my office.

Lab 1: Introduction to AnatomyLab Stations:

1. Identification: Torso model2. Game: Simon says3. Identification: Surface anatomy

Lab Station 1: Identification: Torso model

1. Examine the human torso model to identify the structures listed below. Use your text as a reference. Answers are provided.

Adrenal glandBrainHeartKidneysLarge intestine

LiverLungsPancreasSmall intestineSpinal cord

SpleenStomachUrinary bladder

2. Place each of the organs listed above in the correct body cavity.Dorsal body cavity:

Thoracic cavity:

Abdominopelvic cavity:

3. Assign each of these structures to an organ system.Digestive:

Urinary:

Cardiovascular:

Endocrine:

Respiratory:

Lymphatic:


Nervous:


Lab Station 2: Game: Simon says

Pick a leader; everybody else faces the leader. The leader gives instructions, but only those instructions preceded by "Simon Says" are to be followed. If someone follows an instruction that is not preceded by "Simon Says" they must leave the game. The last person remaining in the game other than the leader is the winner and will become the new leader in the next game.

This is not a test – you may use your text as a reference.

The leader picks from among these terms (you may specify right/left if you wish):

OculusMentisOrisCraniumCephalonAurisBuccalNasusCervicisThoracisLumbar

AbdomenPelvisFemurHalluxPhalanges TarsusPlantaCalcaneusCruralSuralPopliteus

PatellaPollexCarpusAntebrachiumAntecubitisBrachiumAxillaOlecranonAcromial

Lab Station 3: Identification: Surface anatomy

For each of the labeled regions on the doll please specify the following. Possible answers are provided.

This is the ___(name the anatomical landmark) ______. It is located anterior to the ____(name another landmark)_____ , proximal to the ___(name another landmark)______, medial to the __(name another landmark)___ and superior to the _____(name another landmark)____.


TERMS FOR LECTURE 1:

Microscopic anatomyHistologyGross anatomyChemical levelMolecular levelCellular levelTissue levelOrgan levelOrgan system levelOrganism levelAnatomical positionMentisOrisCraniumCephalonOculusAurisBuccaNasusCervicisThoracisMammaryAbdomenPelvisInguenPubisFemurHalluxPhalangesTarsusPlantaCalcaneusCrusSura

PopliteusPatellaPollexCarpusAntebrachiumAntecubitisBrachiumAxillaGluteusLumbarOlecranonPosteriorDorsalAnteriorVentralSuperiorInferiorProximalDistalMedialLateralSagittalFrontalCoronalTransverseDorsal cavityCranial cavityVertebral cavityVentral cavityPleural cavityPericardial cavityPeritoneal cavityAbdominal cavityPelvic cavity


Lab 2: Cell BiologyLab Stations:

1. Identification: Cell and mitosis models2. Drawing: Mitosis and Meiosis3. Game: Pictionary4. Histology: Introduction

Lab Station 1: Identification: Cell and mitosis models

1. Identify the structures listed below on the cell model and in your text.

Plasma membraneCentriolesRibosomesMitochondria

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomes

2. Examine the mitosis models and arrange them in order according to the cell cycle. Make sure to identify each phase. Mix them for the next group.

3. Please answer the following questions. Answers are provided.

Which structure coats the outside of the cell?

Which structure contains the genetic information for the cell?

Which structures are involved in processing of proteins?

Which structure is involved in removal of unwanted organelles or debris?

Which structure is involved in making energy for the cell?

Which structure allows recycling of plasma membrane?

What is the base of the spindle fiber?


Lab Station 2: Drawing: Mitosis and meiosis

Use the paper and pens provided to draw both meiosis and mitosis. For the sake of clarity, follow only one homologous pair of chromosomes. Draw the chromosomes with two different colors. Follow the process through replication of those chromosomes, and division of the chromosomes and cells.

Lab Station 3: Game: Pictionary

The rules are flexible. You may form teams of 2 or 3 and designate the first drawer from each group (please take turns). The drawer picks a card and shares it with the drawer from the other group(s). The drawer has to draw the structure for his/her group and the group member(s) must guess what it is. The groups race against each other. No words may be used, and the drawer must be silent. You may keep score if you wish.

This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the structures, and you may decide as a group whether the guessers can use the text as well.

Lab Station 4: Histology: Introduction

The goal of this station is to become comfortable working with light microscopes. You will use these microscopes in almost every class and every exam. I expect you to use the microscope according to the following rules.

1. Identify the following parts of the microscope: base, arm, stage, power, light control, objective lenses, ocular lenses, course and fine focus knobs, stage controls. Use the handouts provided.

2. When handling a microscope, always move it using the base and arm only.

3. Turn the microscope on and make sure that there is light shining up through the stage.

4. Make sure that the stage is in the lowest position (as far down towards the lab bench as possible) and that there is no objective lens pointing down towards the stage.

5. Place a slide of the intestine in the slide holder on the stage, moving the stage so that light shines through the object on the slide.


6. Rotate the objective nosepiece so that the lowest power objective (the shortest one) is pointing towards the slide.

7. Use the course adjustment knob to focus the tissue. This is the only time you will use the course adjustment knob.

8. Rotate the objective nosepiece so that the middle power objective is pointing towards the slide. Now use the fine adjustment knob (the smaller one) to get this tissue in focus. Do not use the course adjustment knob, because you might crash the slide into the lens.

9. Rotate the objective nosepiece once again so that the highest power objective is pointing towards the slide. Use the fine adjustment knob to focus the tissue.

10. At the highest power objective you will be able to see the outlines of cells, and a darkly stained round nucleus inside.

11. Draw what you see from the intestinal cells at each of the 3 powers of magnification below. Become familiar with what you can see at each level of magnification, because this will be an important component in the lab practicals.

Magnification: ______ Magnification: ______ Magnification: ______

What can you see? What can you see? What can you see?

12. When you are finished with this slide, reset the microscope by swiveling the objectives away and moving the stage all the way down.

13. Find a slide of mitosis and try to find a dividing cell and identify the phase of mitosis.


14. When you are finished using your microscope, reset the microscope by swiveling the objectives away and moving the stage all the way down. Improper use or storage of the microscope will result in loss of participation points.



Light microscopyTransmission electron microscopyScanning electron microscopyStageBaseArmObjective lensOcular lensAdjustment knobStage controlsExtracellular fluidIntracellular fluidCytoplasmCytosolOrganellesPlasma membraneMembrane proteinsSemipermeable membranePhospholipid bilayerPassive transportActive transportCytoskeletonMicrovilliCiliaFlagellaCentrioles

RibosomesMitochondriaNucleusChromosomesDiploidHaploidChromatinCentromereDNAEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusIntercellular cementTight junctionsGap junctionInterphaseG0G1SG2MitosisMeiosisProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseSpindle fibers


Lab 3: TissuesLab Stations:

1. Flowchart: Tissue types2. Game: Chutes and ladders 3. Histology: Tissue

Lab Station 1: Flowchart: Tissue types

The goal of this project is to become comfortable with the hierarchy of tissue types. You may use the poster roll and markers provided, or draw on the white board. Sketch out a detailed flow chart of all the various tissue types and add as much detail as you have time for.

Lab Station 2: Game: Chutes and ladders

Each player must answer a trivia question before rolling the die. The trivia questions are taken from your text’s site: http://www.aw-bc.com/applace. There are two identical sets for the class. If you answer the question correctly, you may roll the die and move the appropriate number of steps forward. If you land on a ladder, you may climb up; if you land on a slide, you must slide down. Then the turn goes to the next player. The first to reach the end wins!

You may decide as a group whether you can look at the text and/or lecture notes to answer the questions. Choose a reasonable time limit for each question (30 seconds?) and be lenient with answers.

Lab Station 3: Histology: Tissue types

Use the microscopes to view the tissue slides listed below. Make sure to become comfortable with the structure and function of the various tissue types, and practice predicting function from the structures that you see. Use your text and lecture notes as a reference.

Epithelia slides:Simple squamousStratified squamousSimple columnarCiliated pseudostratified columnar

Simple cuboidalTransitional

Connective tissue slides:AdiposeAreolarDense regular


Bone Cartilage (“hyaline”)



Epithelial tissueGlandsCiliated epitheliumApicalBasalBasal laminaSimple squamousStratified squamousSimple cuboidStratified cuboidTransitionalSimple columnarPseudostratified columnarStratified columnarExocrine glandsEndocrine glandsSerous glandsMucous glandsMerocrine secretionApocrine secretionHolocrine secretionLactiferous glandsSebaceous glandsConnective tissueMatrixGround substanceConnective tissue properCollagenReticular fibersElastic fibersElastin

Loose connective tissueAreolar tissueAdipose tissueReticular tissueDense connective tissueDense regular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissueAdipocytesFluid connective tissueBloodLymphPlasmaFormed elementsRed blood cellsWhite blood cellsPlateletsSupporting connective tissueBoneCartilageChondrocytesLacunaeCartilageOsteocytesMucous membraneSerous membraneCutaneous membraneSynovial membraneMuscle tissueNeural tissue


Lab 4: Integumentary SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Skin model2. Game: Who wants to be a millionaire?3. Practice exam4. Histology: Hair, skin, nails, glands

Lab Station 1: Identification: Skin model

Identify the following structures both on the skin model and in your text:

EpidermisDermisPapillary layerReticular layerHairHair folliclesExocrine glandsKeratinocytesMelanocytes

Langerhans cellsStratum corneumStratum lucidumStratum granulosumStratum spinosumStratum

germinativumEpidermal ridges

Dermal papillaeSubcutaneous layerHair rootShaftSebaceous glandsSweat glands

Make sure to discuss the following with your group: The function of each structure Where all of the main groups of tissues are found in skin The development of cells in the epidermis, from the basal cell

layer to the outer layer that gets shed

Lab Station 2: Game: Who wants to be a millionaire? (with minor modifications)

Pick the first host and the first contestant. The host will pick a series of questions (one of the 8 stacks of cards) and will read the questions for the contestant, starting at the $100 question, and ending with the million dollar question. The contestant will try to answer the questions (fill-in-the-blank), and can continue answering questions until he/she get a question wrong. The questions get progressively more difficult, with an increasing dollar amount awarded as the questions get harder.


For each question, the contestant may answer the question or take the money and run. If the contestant answers incorrectly, he/she gets the amount of (virtual) money from the previous question.


The contestant may call ONCE upon each of 3 help strategies any time he/she chooses:

1. consult your book2. ask the group3. 50/50 chance (for this, the host must give the contestant 2

possible correct answers – so the host must make up an incorrect alternative)

The roles of host and contestant rotate after each turn.

Please choose a reasonable time limit for each question. Be lenient with the answers and ensure that this is a supportive learning environment for all.

Please keep in the cards in order.

Lab Station 3: Practice exam

A practice exam will be laid out for you. Answers will be posted on the wall in the back of class.

Lab Station 4: Histology: Hair, skin, nails, glands

The goal of this station is to become comfortable with the structures of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Use the dissecting microscopes to identify as many visible structures of your skin, hair, and nails as possible. For skin, the “corpuscle” slides are the best. Use a light microscope to view the slides of skin and scalp. Please make sure to discuss with your group the function of the various structures that you see. Use your text as a reference.



Integumentary systemCutaneous membraneEpidermisDermisPapillary layerReticular layerSubcutaneous layerHypodermisKeratinocytesKeratinMelanocytesMelaninLangerhans cellsStratum corneumBasal cellsStratum lucidumStratum granulosumStratum spinosumStratum germinativumEpidermal ridgesDermal papillaeBasal cell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinomaMelanomaAccessory structuresHair folliclesHair matrixHair rootShaftClub hairExocrine glandsSebaceous glandsSweat glandsApocrine sweat glandsCeruminous glandsMammary glandsMerocrine sweat glandsPheromonesNailNail bodyNail bedNail root


Lab 5: Introduction to the Skeletal SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Gross bone anatomy and bone markings2. Game: Trivia3. Histology: Bone and cartilage, and osteon model

Lab Station 1: Identification: Gross bone anatomy and bone markings

Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following on those bones, using your text and lecture notes as a resource.

Long boneFlat boneSutural boneIrregular boneShort boneSesamoid boneHeadNeckCondyleTrochleaFacetProcess

RamusTrochanterTuberosityTubercleCrestLineSpineFossaSulcusForamenFissureMeatus

Sinus Compact boneSpongy boneTrabeculaePeriosteumEndosteumEpiphysisMetaphysicDiaphysisHole for nutrient

vessels

Lab Station 2: Game: Trivia

Please use the cards provided to quiz each other. This is not a test; you are welcome to use your text and your lecture notes.


Lab Station 3: Histology: Bone and cartilage, and osteon model

The goal of this station is to become comfortable with bone and cartilage histology. Use the microscope and slides provided to you to inspect the structure of compact bone and several types of cartilage. Use your text as a reference and identify:

Ground bone: osteon, central canal, lacunae, lamellae, canaliculi Cartilage: lacunae, matrix

Also look at the osteon model and identify the following: central canal, osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, and canaliculi.



BoneCartilageLigamentOsseous tissueCalcium phosphateOsteoidOsteocytesOsteoblastsOsteoprogenitor cellsOsteoclastsChondrocytesOsteoporosisCompact boneSpongy boneOsteonCentral canalPerforating canalCanal of VolkmannLacunaeLamellaeCanaliculiTrabeculaePeriosteumEndosteumEpiphysisMetaphysicDiaphysisEpiphyseal plateNutrient vesselsMetaphyseal vesselsEpiphyseal vesselsPeriosteal vesselsOssificationIntramembranousEndochondral

Primary ossificationSecondary ossificationEpiphyseal closureVitamin DParathyroid hormoneCalcitoninGrowth hormoneEstrogenTestosteroneLong boneFlat boneSutural boneIrregular boneShort boneSesamoid boneHeadNeckCondyleTrochleaFacetProcessRamusTrochanterTuberosityTubercleCrestLineSpineFossaSulcusForamenFissureMeatusSinus


Lecture 6: Axial SkeletonLab Stations:

1. Identification: Axial bones2. Drawing: Axial skeleton

Lab Station 1: Identification: Axial bones

Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following, using your text and notes as a resource.

Occipital: foramen magnum, occipital condyles, cerebellar fossa, cerebral fossa

Parietal Frontal: supraorbital margin, frontal sinus Temporal: zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external

acoustic meatus, internal acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process

Sphenoid: greater wing, lesser wing, sella turcica Ethmoid: cribiform plate, crista galli, nasal concha, perpendicular

plate Sagittal suture Coronal suture Lambdoidal suture Squamous suture Maxillae: maxillary sinus, palatine process, infraorbital foramen Palatine Nasal bone Nasal conchae Zygomatic: temporal process, frontal process Lacrimal Vomer Mandible: ramus, condylar process, coronoid process, mental

foramen, mandibular foramen Hyoid bone


Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen Atlas Axis: dens Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum: sacral canal Coccyx On all vertebrae: vertebral body, vertebral arch, vertebral

foramen, pedicle, laminae, spinous process, superior facet, inferior facet, transverse process, transverse facet

Thoracic cage: true rib, false rib, floating rib, costal cartilage Rib: costal groove, tubercle, articular facets Sternum: manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

Lab Station 2: Drawing: Axial skeleton

This is the start of a multi-week project. You will sketch out the bones of the body and later draw muscles over them. You may do this individually or as a group, and you may do this on letter-sized paper or on the poster rolls provided. Draw the skeleton twice, one anterior and one posterior view, so that muscles can be drawn onto the correct side. The key is to sketch the structures roughly, so that you have enough time to draw and label every bone and muscle. Please put your group’s names on the papers and carefully roll them up when you are done. I will keep them for you.



CraniumOccipitalForamen magnumOccipital condylesCerebellar fossaCerebral fossaParietalFrontalSupraorbital marginFrontal sinusTemporalZygomatic processMandibular fossaExternal acoustic meatusInternal acoustic meatusMastoid processStyloid processSphenoidGreater wingLesser wingSella turcicaEthmoidCribiform plateCrista galliNasal conchaPerpendicular plateSagittal sutureCoronal sutureLambdoidal sutureSquamous sutureMaxillaeMaxillary sinusPalatine processInfraorbital foramenPalatineNasal boneNasal conchaeZygomaticTemporal processFrontal processLacrimalVomer

MandibleRamusCondylar processCoronoid processMental foramenMandibular foramenHyoid boneVertebral columnCervicalThoracicLumbarSacralCoccyxVertebral bodyVertebral archVertebral foramenTransverse foramenPedicleLaminaeSpinous processSuperior facetInferior facetTransverse processTransverse facetIntervertebral discIntervertebral foramenBifidAtlasAxisDensSacral canalTrue ribFalse ribFloating ribCostal cartilageCostal grooveTubercleArticular facetsSternumManubriumSternal body

Xiphoid process


Lab 7: Appendicular SkeletonLab Stations:

1. Identification: Appendicular bones2. Drawing: Appendicular bones

Lab Station 1: Identification: Appendicular bones

Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following, using your text and notes as a resource.

Clavicle: sternal end, acromial end, sternal facet Scapula: spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid

fossa, acromion, coracoid process, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle

Humerus: head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, condyles, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, capitulum

Ulna: olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, interosseous membrane, ulnar styloid process

Radius: radial styloid process, ulnar notch, radial tuberosity Carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,

trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpal bones Phalanges: pollex Ossa coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis, posterior superior iliac spine,

posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, acetabular fossa, obturator foramen, pubic symphysis, iliac fossa

Femur: head, fovea, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, condyles, patellar surface, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera

Patella: apex, base, medial facet, lateral facet Tibia: medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, anterior

margin, crural interosseous membrane, medial malleolus Fibula: lateral malleolus


Tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform Metatarsal bones Phalanges: hallux

Lab Station 2: Drawing

This is the continuation of a multi-week project. Get your drawing from me, and add the entire appendicular skeleton to it.



Pelvic girdlePectoral girdleClavicleSternal facetScapulaSpineSupraspinous fossaInfraspinous fossaGlenoid fossaAcromionCoracoid processSupraglenoid

tubercleInfraglenoid

tubercleHumerusHeadGreater tubercleLesser tubercleIntertubercular

sulcusDeltoid tuberosityCondylesMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleTrochleaCoronoid fossaOlecranon fossaCapitulumUlnaOlecranonTrochlear notchCoronoid processRadial notchInterosseous

membraneUlnar styloid

process

RadiusRadial styloid

processUlnar notchRadial tuberosityCarpal bonesScaphoidLunateTriquetrumPisiformTrapeziumTrapezoidCapitateHamateMetacarpal bonesPhalangesPollexOssa coxaeIliumIschiumPubisPosterior superior

iliac spinePosterior inferior

iliac spineGreater sciatic

notchIschial spineLesser sciatic notchIschial tuberosityIliac crestAnterior superior

iliac spineAnterior inferior

iliac spineAcetabular fossaObturator foramenPubic symphysis

Iliac fossaFemurHeadFoveaGreater trochanterLesser trochanter Medial epicondyleLateral epicondyleCondylesPatellar surfaceGluteal tuberosityLinea asperaPatellaApexBaseMedial facetLateral facetTibiaMedial condyleLateral condyleTibial tuberosityAnterior marginCrural interosseous

membraneMedial malleolusFibulaLateral malleolusTarsal bonesTalusCalcaneusCuboidNavicularCuneiformMetatarsal bonesPhalangesHalluxArches


Lab 8: ArticulationsLab Stations:

1. Identification: Sample joints and accessory structures2. Game: Charades3. Identification: Joints on a skeleton

FINAL ACTIVITY: ARTICULATIONS BINGO

Lab Station 1: Identification: Sample joints and accessory structures

Identify all of the ligaments on the joint models provided. If you finish early, you may work on your skeleton drawings or on the handout on the next page.

Lab Station 2: Game: Charades

Designate the first performer. That person picks a card from the stack and must act out the term without using words. The rest of the group tries to guess the term. The winner becomes the next performer.

This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the terms.


Lab Station 3: Identification: Joints on a skeleton

Look at the skeleton. Identify all of these joints and list what type of joint it is: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis. If it is a diarthrosis, list what type of synovial joint it is: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket. If it is amphiarthrosis or diarthosis do not identify type. Try to palpate or move these joints on your own body, to acquaint yourself with the range of motion provided by each joint. An example is provided.

JOINT TYPE SYNOVIAL TYPECranial suturesTemperomandibular

jointDiarthrosis Hinge

Atlantooccipital jointAtlantoaxial jointIntervertebral discsIntervertebral facetsGlenohumeral jointHumeroulnar jointInterosseous membraneDistal radioulnar jointRadiocarpal joint1st Carpometacarpal

joint2-5 Carpometacarpal

jointMetacarpophalangeal

jointInterphalangeal joint Hip jointPubic jointTibiofemoral jointTibiotalar jointTarometatarsal jointsMetatarsophalangeal

joints



Range of motionSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosisDiarthrosisSutureSynovial jointJoint capsuleArticular cartilageSynovial fluidSynovial

membraneMeniscusBursaeGlidingAbductionAdductionFlexionExtensionInternal rotationExternal rotationMedial rotationLateral rotationPronationSupinationEversionInversionDorsiflexionPlantar flexionLateral flexionProtractionRetractionElevationDepressionCircumductionPlane jointGliding jointHinge jointPivot jointCondylar jointSaddle jointBall and socket

joint

You need to be familiar with these joints:

Temperomandibular joint

Intervertebral jointsIntervertebral discGlenohumeral jointHumeroulnar jointHumeroradial jointRadiocarpal jointIntercarpal jointCarpometacarpal

jointMetacarpophalange

al jointInterphalangeal

jointHip jointTibiofemoral jointPatellofemoral jointTalocrural jointTibiotalar jointFibiotalar jointIntertarsal jointsTarometatarsal

jointsMetatarsophalange

al jointsInterphalangeal

joints

You need to identify the following structures, given the name:

Glenoid labrumGlenohumeral

ligamentsCoracohumeral

ligamentsCoracoclavicular

ligamentsAcromioclavicular

ligamentsCoracoacromial

ligamentsSubdeltoid bursaSubacromial bursaSubcoracoid bursaAnnular ligamentUlnar collateral

ligamentRadial collateral

ligamentAcetabulumAcetabular labrumLigament of

femoral headPubofemoral

ligamentIliofemoral

ligamentIschiofemoral

ligamentFibular collateral

ligament


Tibial collateral ligament

Patellar ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Infrapatellar fat pad

Lab 9: Introduction to Muscular SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Muscle model and sarcomere drawing2. Game: Trivia3. Histology: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle model and sarcomere drawing

1. Look at the muscle model and identify the following: fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, motor neuron, neuromuscular junction

2. Practice drawing a sarcomere and discuss with your group how the filaments move in relation to each other and the effect that contraction has on the structure of the sarcomere.



Lab Station 3: Histology: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Look at the following slides and make sure that you can identify the following structures:

Skeletal muscle: muscle fiber, striations Cardiac muscle: muscle fiber, striations, intercalated discs Smooth muscle: muscle fiber, lack of striations Neuromuscular junction: muscle fiber, motor neuron,

neuromuscular junction, axon

Note: the purple-stained muscles slides are the most clear.



EpimysiumPerimysiumEndomysiumSatellite cellsSkeletal muscleCardiac muscleSmooth muscleGap junctionsIntercalacted discsFascicleMuscle fiberMyofibrilsFilamentsSarcoplasmStriationsSarcomereMyosinActinSliding filament theoryA bandI band Z diskMotor neuronMotor unitAxon terminalNeuromuscular junctionMotor unit recruitmentNeuromuscular cleftMotor end plateParallel musclesConvergent musclesUnipennate musclesBipennate musclesMultipennate musclesCircular musclesOriginInsertionActionPrime moverAgonistSynergistAntagonist


Lab 10: Axial MusculatureLab Stations:

1. Identification: Muscle model2. Drawing: Axial muscles

Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle models

Look at the muscle models provided. Identify all of the muscles in the “terms” list and note their origin, insertion, and action. If possible, demonstrate the action on yourselves. If a muscle cannot be identified on a model, please use your text. For your convenience, the muscles that you need to know are listed again with their origin, insertion, and action on pages 38-43.

If time remains, you can start to build your flashcard library.

Lab Station 2: Drawing: Axial muscles

Add all of the muscles from the “terms” list to your drawing.



Identification and action only:

OccipitofrontalisOrbicularis orisOrbicularis oculiBuccinatorPlatysmaRisoriusZygomaticus majorZygomaticus minorMasseterTemporalisDigastric

Identification, origin, insertion, and action of:

SternocleidomastoidIliocostalisLongissimusSpinalisQuadratus lumborumRotatoresInterspinalesIntertransversariiExternal obliqueInternal obliqueTransversus abdominisRectus abdominisTrapeziusPectoralis minorLevator scapulaRhomboid majorRhomboid minorSerratus anteriorDeltoidPectoralis majorSubscapularisTeres majorCoracobrachialisSupraspinatusLatissimus dorsiTeres minorInfraspinatus


Lab 11: Appendicular MusculatureLab Stations:

1. Identification: Muscle model2. Drawing: Appendicular muscles

Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle models

Look at the muscle models provided. Identify all of the muscles in the “terms” list and note their origin, insertion, and action. If possible, demonstrate the action on yourselves. If a muscle cannot be identified on a model, please use your text. For your convenience, the muscles that you need to know are listed again with their origin, insertion, and action on pages 38-43.

If time remains, you can start to build your flashcard library.

Lab Station 2: Drawing: Appendicular muscles

Add all of the muscles from the “terms” list to your drawing.



You must know the origin, insertion, and action of all of the following muscles:

BrachioradialisBiceps brachiiBrachialisTriceps brachiiFlexor carpi radialisPalmaris longusFlexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum superficialisExtensor carpi radialis longusExtensor carpi ulnarisExtensor carpi radialis brevisExtensor digitorumGluteus maximusGluteus mediusGluteus minimusLateral rotatorsIliacusPsoas majorTensor fasciae lataeAdductor longusAdductor magnusGracilisRectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus intermediusVastus medialisSartoriusBiceps femorisSemitendinosusSemimembranosusGastrocnemiusSoleusFlexor digitorum longusFlexor hallucis longusFibularis longusFibularis brevisTibialis anterior


For the following muscles, you are only responsible for identifying them on a model and stating their actions.

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTIONOccipitofrontalis Cranium Eyebrow skin Raises

eyebrowsOrbicularis oris Maxilla and

mandibleLips Compresses

lipsOrbicularis oculi Orbit Eyelid skin Closes eyeBuccinator Maxilla and

mandibleOrbicularis oris Compresses

cheekPlatysma Ribs and

acromionMandible and skin

Tenses skin of neck

Risorius Fascia Mouth Mouth grimace

Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Mouth Elevates mouth

Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Upper lip Elevates upper lip

Masseter Zygomatic arch Mandibular ramus

Closes jaw

Temporalis Parietal bone Coronoid process of mandible

Closes jaw

Digastric Mandible and mastoid process of temporal bone

Hyoid Opens jaw


For the remainder of the muscles on this list, you are responsible for all of this information.

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTIONSternocleidomastoid

Clavicle and manubrium

Mastoid process of temporal bone

Flex neck

Iliocostalis Iliac crest and ribs

Ribs and transverse processes

Extends spine

Longissimus Transverse processes

Transverse processes

Extends spine

Spinalis Spinous processes

Spinous processes

Extends spine

Quadratus lumborum

Iliac crest Ribs and transverse processes

Lateral spine flexion

Rotatores Transverse processes

Spinous processes

Rotates spine

Interspinales Spinous processes

Spinous processes

Extends spine

Intertransversarii Transverse processes

Transverse processes

Lateral flexion of spine

External oblique Ribs External oblique aponeuroses

Flex and rotate spine to opposite side

Internal oblique Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

Ribs and linea alba

Flex and rotate spine to same side

Transversus abdominis

Ribs and iliac crest

Linea alba Compress abdomen

Rectus abdominis Pubis Cartilages of lower ribs and xiphoid process

Flex spine

Trapezius Occipital bone, spinous processes of Cspine

Clavicle and acromion/spine of scapula

Elevate and retract scapula

Pectoralis minor Ribs Coracoid process

Depress and protract scapula

Levator Scapula Transverse processes of

Scapula Elevates scapula


CspineRhomboid major and minor

Spinous processes of upper Tspine

Scapula Adducts scapula

Serratus anterior Anterior ribs Scapula Protracts scapula


MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTIONDeltoid Clavicle and

spine/acromion of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Abducts shoulder

Pectoralis major Ribs, sternum and clavicle

Greater tubercle of humerus

Flexion, adduction of shoulder

Teres major Scapula Humerus Extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process

Humerus Shoulder flexion

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of lower spine, thoracolumbar fascia

Humerus Extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Medial rotation of shoulder

Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa

Greater tubercle

Abduction of shoulder

Teres minor Scapula Greater tubercle of humerus

Lateral rotation of shoulder

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa

Greater tubercle of humerus

Lateral shoulder rotation

Brachioradialis Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Styloid process of radius

Elbow flexion

Biceps brachii Coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle

Radial tuberosity

Elbow and shoulder flexion

Brachialis Humerus Ulna Elbow flexionTriceps brachii Humerus,

infraglenoid tubercle

Olecranon Elbow and shoulder extension

Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus

Metacarpals Wrist flexion and abduction


Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of humerus

Metacarpals Wrist flexion and adduction


MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTIONPalmaris longus Medial

epicondyle of humerus

Flexor retinaculum

Wrist flexion

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Phalanges Wrist and finger flexion

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Humerus Metacarpals Wrist extension, abduction

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Metacarpals Wrist extension and abduction

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Metacarpals Wrist extension and adduction

Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Phalanges Finger and wrist extension

Gluteus maximus Iliac crest Gluteal tuberosity of femur

Extends hip

Gluteus medius Iliac crest Greater trochanter of femur

Abducts hip

Gluteus minimus Ilium Greater trochanter of femur

Abducts hip

Lateral rotators Ischial spine Femur Lateral rotation

Iliacus Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter

Hip flexion

Psoas major Lower transverse processes

Lesser trochanter

Hip flexion

Tensor fasciae latae Iliac crest and ASIS

IT band Abduction of hip

Adductor longus Inferior pubis Linea aspera of femur

Adduction of hip

Adductor magnus Inferior pubis Linea aspera of femur

Adduction of hip

Gracilis Inferior pubis Medial tibia Adducts hip,


flexes kneeRectus femoris AIIS Tibial tuberosity Knee

extension, hip flexion

Vastus lateralis Femur Tibial tuberosity Knee extension


MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTIONVastus intermedius Femur Tibial tuberosity Knee

extensionVastus medialis Femur Tibial tuberosity Knee

extensionSartorius ASIS Medial tibia Knee flexion,

hip flexion and lateral rotation

Biceps femoris Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera

Fibula and tibia Knee flexion, hip extension

Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity

Tibia Knee flexion, hip extension

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity

Tibia Knee flexion, hip extension

Gastrocnemius Femoral condyles

Calcaneous Plantar flexion at ankle, knee flexion

Soleus Fibula and tibia Calcaneous Plantar flexion

Flexor digitorum longus

Tibia and fibula Phalanges Toe flexion, plantar flexion

Flexor hallucis longus

Fibula Phalanx of toe Hallux flexion, plantar flexion

Fibularis longus and brevis

Fibula Metatarsals Plantar flexion

Tibialis anterior Tibia Metatarsals Dorsiflexion


Lab 12: Cat DissectionOver the next few weeks, you will progressively dissect a cat in order to learn basic dissection skills and to become familiar with anatomical structures as they appear in nature. The dissections are required. You will be performing these dissections in groups of 3-4, and as a group, you will need 2 dissecting kits, gloves, a lock for your locker, and individual protective garments.

Basic rules:1. Watch out for each other. Be aware at all times of your dissection

area and make sure that your lab partners’ hands are nowhere in the vicinity of your work. Also be supportive of any potential emotional discomfort that may arise when dissecting an animal.

2. Protect your skin: wear gloves at all times. Do not touch any part of your body with your gloves on; particularly not your eyes.

3. Keep your instruments down on the table when you are not using them.

4. Use primarily blunt dissection. We will not be using the scalpels at all, and the scissors will rarely be used for cutting.

To start:1. Obtain a cat from me. Cut the bag open and dump the fluid into

the bins provided. Place the cat onto a tray and immediately cover the face with paper towels. When everybody is ready, we will begin together.

2. Orient yourself to your cat. Your cat is already skinned. Palpate the xyphoid process. Palpate the calcaneous.

3. We will all start by dissecting the back muscles. Lie your cat face down. Find the dividing line between the trapezius and latissiums dorsi, and begin to separate the two muscles from each other, using blunt dissection. If there is a lot of fat on your cat, you will need to spend some time removing the fat.

4. When these muscles have been dissected, I will designate a region for your group to work on. Use the images provided as a reference, but please do not touch them.

To clean up:1. Place your cat back in its bag, fold the top over and rubber band

it shut. Place a name tag on the bag with a label that includes your group member’s names, your Anatomy section time, and my name. Write this information another time on the bag itself. Place the cat on its rack.


2. Clean your trays, dissection equipment, and lab bench with simple green. Be careful with your dissection equipment: use as little water as possible and always pat dry.

3. Wash your hands.4. Make sure that all surfaces and sinks are clean, and that your

bench is back in its original position before leaving.


Muscles to Identify on the Cat:

Abdominal:Rectus abdominisExternal oblique

Chest:Pectoralis major and minor (major is superior to minor)

Back:Trapezius (3 separate muscles on cat)Latissimus dorsi

Shoulder:Deltoid (3 separate muscles on cat)

Elbow:Biceps brachiiTriceps brachiiBrachioradialis

Wrist: flexors and extensors

Hip and knee:Gluteus maximusTensor fasciae lataeGracilisSartoriusAdductorsRectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialisVastus intermediusBiceps femorisSemitendinosusSemimembranosus

Ankle:GastrocnemiusSoleusTibialis anteriorFibularis longus and brevisDorsiflexorsPlantarflexors


Lab 13: Introduction to Nervous SystemLab Stations:

1. Game: Pictionary2. Identification: Connective tissue protection3. Histology: Neurons and neuron model

Lab Station 1: Game: Pictionary

The rules are flexible. You may form teams of 2 or 3 and designate the first drawer from each group (please take turns). The drawer picks a card and shares it with the drawer from the other group(s). The drawer has to draw the structure for his/her group and the group member(s) must guess what it is. The groups race against each other. No words may be used, and the drawer must be silent. You may keep score if you wish.

This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the structures, and you may decide as a group whether you would like the guessers to have access to the text as well.

Lab Station 2: Identification: Connective tissue protection

Look at the brain, spinal cord, and nerve provided for you. Make sure that you can identify:

Cranial meningesSpinal meningesDura materEndosteal layerMeningeal layerDural sinus

Falx cerebriTentorium cerebelliFalx cerebelliArachnoid materArachnoid

granulations

Pia materFilum terminaleDenticulate ligamentsEpineurium


Lab Station 3: Histology and neuron model

Look at the slides of giant multipolar neurons provided. Make sure that you can identify dendrites, cell body, and axons.

Next, look at the neuron model and identify dendrites, cell body, axon, and synaptic terminal. Be sure you can identify the pre- and post-synaptic sides of the cell.



Central nervous systemBrainSpinal cordPeripheral nervous systemNeuronsSupporting cellsGliaDendritesCell bodyAxonSynaptic terminalMyelinMultiple sclerosisGuillain-barre syndromeSynapseSynaptic knobNeurotransmitterSynaptic vesiclesSynaptic cleftPostsynaptic membraneAfferentEfferentSomaticVisceralNucleiCentersTractsColumns

GangliaNervesCraniumCranial meningesSpinal meningesMeningitisDura materEndosteal layerMeningeal layerDural sinusFalx cerebriTentorium cerebelliFalx cerebelliEpidural hemorrhageSubdural hemorrhageArachnoid materArachnoid trabeculaeArachnoid granulationsArachnoid villiSubdural spaceSubarachnoid spaceCerebral spinal fluidPia materFilum terminaleDenticulate ligamentsEpineuriumPerineuriumEndoneurium


Lab 14: BrainLab Stations:

1. Dissection: Sheep brains2. Identification: Human brain tissue and models3. Cranial nerves

Lab Station 1: Dissection: Sheep brains

1. Organize yourselves into two groups. Each group should get gloves, a small dissecting tray, and a sheep brain.

2. Orient yourself to the brain: which side is ventral and which is dorsal? Anterior and posterior? Make sure that you can identify the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, pineal gland, and corpora quadrigemina. Use the images provided as a guide, but please only touch them with clean hands.

3. One group should cut the brain midsagitally and identify the corpus callosum, thalamus, and substantia nigra of the midbrain. Then cut several more sagittal sections, approximately every inch in both directions. View the sections to find where the basal ganglia are located in relation to the thalamus.

4. The second group should cut the brain coronally every inch across the entire brain. Identify the basal ganglia, thalamus, and ventricles in their respective sections.


Lab Station 2: Identification: Human brain tissue and models

You will be shown a brain model and a real human brain. Please identify all of the following terms:

Lateral ventriclesThird ventricleFourth ventricleCerebrumCerebral hemisphereGyriSulciLongitudinal fissureCentral sulcusLateral sulcusFrontal lobeParietal lobeOccipital lobeTemporal lobePrecentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrusInternal capsuleCorpus callosumBasal gangliaThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandMamillary bodiesPineal glandMidbrainCorpora quadrigeminaPonsCerebellar peduncleMedulla oblongata

PyramidsOlivesCerebellumOlfactory bulbOlfactory tractOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractOculomotor nerveTrigeminal nerveVagus nerveAccessory nerveHypoglossal nerve


Lab Station 3: Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerve tests are an important part of any neurological examination. Conduct the following tests of cranial nerve function to help you learn cranial nerve function. As you are doing these tests, please review the path of the nerve, whether it is motor or sensory, and what its main function is. Please note that cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system, because they travel outside the brain. Once inside the brain they travel in tracts.

1. Olfactory – ask your partner whether they can smell a substance: soap

2. Optic – test the point at which your partner first sees an object moving in the visual field

3. Oculomotor – ask your partner to follow your moving finger4. Trochlear – ask your partner to look down on his/her nose5. Trigeminal – ask your partner to close his/her eyes. Lightly touch

his/her forehead, lower orbit, and lower mandible, and make sure that he/she can feel it

6. Abducens – ask your partner to look side to side7. Facial – ask your partner to smile, frown, and raise eyebrows8. Vestibulocochlear – snap your fingers behind your partner’s head

and ask whether he/she can hear it. Then ask your partner to stand on one leg and check for balance

9. Glossopharyngeal – if tongue depressors are available, check for the gag reflex by touching the posterior aspect of the tongue

10. Vagus – ask your partner to open wide and say “AH” (vagus innervates many organs, including the larynx)

11. Accessory – test your partner’s shoulder shrug strength and ability to turn head to the side against resistance (accessory nerve innervates pharynx and larynx, and also trapezius and SCM muscles)

12. Hypoglossal – ask your partner to stick out his/her tongue



Gray matterWhite matterVentriclesLateral ventriclesInterventricular foramenThird ventricleCerebral aqueductFourth ventricleCentral canalCerebrospinal fluidLateral apertureMedial apertureHydrocephalusCerebrumCerebral hemisphereGyriSulciFissuresLongitudinal fissureCentral sulcusLateral sulcusParietooccipital sulcusFrontal lobeParietal lobeOccipital lobeTemporal lobePrecentral gyrusPostcentral gyrusPrimary motor cortexPrimary sensory cortexVisual cortexAuditory cortexAssociation areas

Internal capsuleCorpus callosumBasal gangliaThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandMamillary bodiesPineal glandMidbrainCorpora quadrigeminaSubstantia nigraParkinson’s diseasePonsCerebellar peduncleMedulla oblongataPyramidsOlivesCerebellumOlfactory nerveOlfactory bulbOlfactory tractOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractOculomotor nerveTrochlear nerveTrigeminal nerveAbducens nerveFacial nerveVestibulocochlear nerveGlossopharyngeal nerveVagus nerveAccessory nerveHypoglossal nerve


Lab 15: Spinal Cord and PNSLab Stations:

1. Drawing: Spinal nerves2. Identification: Spinal cord specimen and model3. Drawing: Spinal cord tracts

FINAL ACTIVITY: NEUROBINGO

Lab Station 1: Drawing: Spinal nerves

Use the paper and pens provided to very roughly trace the path of the following nerves, starting from the spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord, going through the plexus, and to the target. You do not need to draw or study the plexi in detail. Please use your text, the thin man (large drawing), and models to visualize where each of these nerves travels.

Phrenic nerveMusculocutaneous nerveRadial nerveMedian nerveUlnar nerve

Femoral nerveSciatic nerveSaphenous nerveCommon fibular nerveTibial nerve

Lab Station 2: Identification: Spinal cord specimen and model

I will present a human spinal cord to you, and show you the cauda equina, spinal cord enlargements, posterior median fissure, and anterior median fissure. I will then show you a spinal cord model, where you will see the following structures. I will also transect a sheep spinal cord to show you those structures on a real specimen.

Central gray matterPosterior gray hornLateral gray hornAnterior gray hornOuter white matterFuniculi / ColumnsPosterior white column

Fasciculus gracilisFasciculus cuneatusCentral canalVentral rootDorsal rootDorsal root ganglionSpinal nerve


Lab Station 3: Drawing: Spinal cord tracts

Please use the pens and paper provided to draw the path of neurons in the posterior white column and the corticospinal tracts. For the sensory tract, please start at the sensation in your limb. For the motor tract, please start with the motor cortex. Use different color markers for the different neurons (3 for the sensory pathway and 2 for the motor pathway) and make sure to show where the synapses are and where they cross over from one side of the body to the other.



Cauda equinaSpinal tapSpinal segmentInnervationCentral gray matterOuter white matterAscending tractsDescending tractsColumnsPosterior median sulcusAnterior median fissureCentral canalVentral rootDorsal rootDorsal root ganglionSpinal nervePosterior gray hornLateral gray hornAnterior gray hornSensory nucleiMotor nucleiFuniculiPosterior white columnFasciculus gracilisFasciculus cuneatusNucleus gracilisNucleus cuneatusHomunculusLateral corticospinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tractUpper motor neuronLower motor neuronQuadriplegiaParaplegiaVentral ramiDorsal ramiCervical plexusBrachial plexusLumbar plexusSacral plexusPhrenic nerveTrunksCordsMusculocutaneous nerveRadial nerveMedian nerveUlnar nerveCarpal tunnel syndromeFemoral nerveLumbosacral trunkSciatic nerveSaphenous nerveCommon fibular nerveTibial nerveSciaticaDermatomeMyotomeReflexes


Lab 16: Autonomic Nervous SystemLab Activities:

1. Flow chart: Nervous system organization2. Dissection

Lab Activity 1: Flow chart: Nervous system organization

Use the pens and paper provided to draw a flow chart of the nervous system. Make sure to include the following:

Nervous SystemCentral nervous systemPeripheral nervous systemSensory afferentMotor efferentSomaticVisceralParasympathetic

SympatheticSmooth muscleCardiac muscleGlandsSkeletal musclesSkinJoints

Lab Activity 2: Cat Dissection

We will dissect the brachial plexus and sciatic nerve.



Autonomic nervous systemPreganglionicPostganglionicSympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous systemThoracolumbar divisionCraniosacral divisionTerminal gangliaSympathetic chain gangliaParavertebral gangliaRami communicantesGray ramusWhite ramusCollateral sympathetic gangliaSplanchic nervesAdrenal glandFight or flightRest and digestEpinephrineNorepinephrineAdrenalineNoradrenalineAcetylcholineCholinergicAdrenergicSynapses en passantAntagonistic responsesDual innervationAutonomic plexusesVisceral reflexes


Lab 17: General and Special SensesLab Stations:

1. Identification: Auditory and vestibular models2. Identification: Eye models3. Histology: General and special senses

Lab Station 1: Identification: Auditory and vestibular models

Use the models and the text to identify the following:

External earMiddle earInner earAuricleExternal auditory meatusTympanic membraneTympanic cavityAuditory ossiclesMalleusIncusStapesAuditory tubeRound windowOval windowBony labyrinthMembranous labyrinth

Semicircular canalsVestibuleCochleaPerilymphEndolymphAmpullaUtricleSacculeVestibular duct (scala vestibuli)Vestibular membraneCochlear duct (scala media)Tectorial membraneBasilar membraneTympanic duct (scala tympani)Organ of corti


Lab Station 2: Identification: Eye models

Use the models of the eye and your text to identify all of the following:

CorneaIrisPupilLensCiliary bodySuspensory ligamentsScleraChoroid

RetinaFoveaOptic discRetinal epitheliumRodConeRetinal ganglion cell

Lab Station 3: Histology: General and special senses

Please look at the slides provided and identify the following. Use your text, notes, and the images provided as a reference.

Tactile corpuscles Cochlea: cranial nerve 8, vestibular duct, cochlear duct,

tympanic duct, tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, vestibular membrane, hair cells, organ of Corti, endolymph, perilymph

Crista ampullaris: crista, hair cells, cupula, endolymph Retina: sclera, choroid, retinal epithelium, rod/cone nuclei,

bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells



General sensesProprioceptionSpecial sensesOlfactionGustationVestibularAuditorySensory receptorsChemoreceptorsThermoreceptorsMechanoreceptorsNociceptorsReferred painBaroreceptorsFree nerve endingsMerkel’s discsRuffini endingsTactile corpusculesLamellated corpusculesMuscle spindlesGolgi tendon organOlfactory bulbOlfactory cortexTaste cellsTaste budGustatory cortexExternal earMiddle earInner earAuricleExternal auditory meatusTympanic membraneTympanic cavityAuditory ossiclesMalleusIncusStapesTensor tympaniStapedius muscleAuditory tubeRound windowOval windowOtitis media

Bony labyrinthMembranous labyrinthSemicircular canalsVestibuleCochleaPerilymphEndolymphHair cellsAmpullaCupulaUtricleSacculeMaculaOtolithVestibular ductVestibular membraneCochlear ductTectorial membraneBasilar membraneTympanic ductOrgan of cortiAuditory cortexIrisPupilLensCorneaCiliary bodySuspensory ligamentsScleraChoroidRetinaFoveaOptic discNeural retinaRetinal epitheliumRodConeRetinal ganglion cellPhotopigmentsGlaucomaCataractVisual cortex


Lab 18: Endocrine SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Torso model and worksheet2. Game: Trivia3. Histology: Endocrine tissue

Lab Station 1: Identification: Torso model and worksheets

Use the torso and brain models and your text to identify the following:

Pituitary glandThyroid glandAdrenal gland

KidneyHeartPancreas

GonadsPineal Gland

Fill out the chart on the following two pages. I have filled out a few boxes for clarity. Answers will be available on ecompanion, try it first yourself.



Lab Station 3: Histology: Endocrine tissue

Please look at the slides provided and make sure that you can identify:

Thyroid gland: thyroid follicles, follicle cavity Parathyroid gland: principal cells Adrenal cortex: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona

reticularis Adrenal medulla Pancreas: islets of Langerhans, pancreatic exocrine cells (acini) Testes: interstitial cells Ovaries: follicle Pituitary: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars nervosa


Gland Hormone From what

cell/region

In response

to

Action

Anterior Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Pineal gland

Thymus NA NA


Gland Hormone From what

cell/region

In response

to

Action

Adrenal cortex

Androgens Zona reticularis

NA

Adrenal medulla

Pancreas

Testes

Ovaries

Pineal gland



HormoneNegative feedbackReleasing hormonesInhibiting hormonesPituitary glandHypophysisAnterior pituitaryHypophyseal portal systemPars distalisThyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH)Follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)ProlactinGrowth hormone (GH)Pituitary dwarfismGigantismAcromegalyPars intermediaMelanocyte-stimulating

hormone (MSH)Posterior pituitaryPars nervosaAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)OxytocinThyroid glandThyroid folliclesFollicle cavityThyroid hormoneGoiterHyperthyroidHypothyroidCretinismC cellsCalcitoninParathyroid gland

Principal cellsParathyroid hormoneThymusThymosin hormonesAdrenal glandAdrenal cortexCorticosteroidsZona glomerulosaMineralocorticoidsZona fasciculataGlucocorticoidsCortisolZona reticularisAndrogensAddison’s syndromeAdrenal medullaChromaffin cellsPancreasPancreatic isletsIslets of LangerhansAlpha cellsGlucagonBeta cellsInsulinType 1 diabetesType 2 diabetesTestesInterstitial cellsTestosteroneOvariesOocytesFolliclesEstrogenCorpus luteumProgesteronePineal glandPinealocytesMelatonin


Lab 19: Blood and HeartLab Stations:

1. Identification: Human heart and heart model2. Dissection: Sheep heart

Lab Station 1: Identification: Human heart and heart model

Use the human heart, heart models, and your text to identify the following:

Visceral pericardiumEpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardiumAtriaVentriclesInteratrial septumInterventricular septumInferior vena cavaSuperior vena cavaTricuspid valveChordae tendineaePapillary muscleTrabeculae carneae

Pulmonary trunkPulmonary semilunar valvePulmonary veinsBicuspid valveAortic semilunar valveAscending aortaRight coronary arteryLeft coronary arteryCircumflex branchGreat cardiac veinMiddle cardiac veinSmall cardiac veinCoronary sinus


Lab Station 2: Dissection: Sheep heart

1. Divide yourselves into groups of 3-4. Get your gloves, a small dissecting tray, and a heart.

2. First orient yourself to the sheep heart: where is the base and the apex? Where is the coronary sulcus? Where are the ventricles and the atria?

3. Pick a ventricle and cut into the heart. Observe the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the atrioventricular valve. Now cut into the other ventricle. Which ventricle is which?

4. Now use your finger to follow each ventricle backwards into an atrium, naming the valve through which you passed. Once in the atria, observe which veins bring blood to that atrium.

5. Follow the ventricles out through the semilunar valves so that you can identify the large arteries leaving the heart.

Structures to identify on the sheep heart:

BaseApexRight and left atriaRight and left ventriclesPulmonary trunkPulmonary veinsVena cavaAorta

Chordae tendinaePapillary muscleTricuspid valveTrabeculae carneaePulmonary semilunar valveBicuspid valveAortic semilunar valve

Note: Histology

A microscope will be set up in the back of the class so that you can view a slide of blood. You should be able to see many erythrocytes and a few leukocytes.



PlasmaFormed elementsErythrocytesHemoglobinAnemiaPolycythemiaLeukocytesLymphocyteThrombocytesMegakaryocytesMyeloid tissuePulmonary circulationSystemic circulationArteriesVeinsCapillariesPericardiumVisceral layerParietal layerPericardial cavityPericardial fluidEpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardiumAtriaVentriclesInteratrial septumInterventricular septum

Inferior vena cavaSuperior vena cavaForamen ovaleAtrioventricular valveTricuspid valveChordae tendinaePapillary muscleTrabeculae carneaePulmonary trunkPulmonary semilunar valvePulmonary veinsMitral valveBicuspid valveAortic semilunar valveAscending aortaAortic archRight coronary arteryLeft coronary arteryCircumflex branchGreat cardiac veinMiddle cardiac veinSmall cardiac veinCoronary sinusAngiogramAngina pectorisMyocytesPacemaker cellsSinoatrial nodeMyocardial infarction


Lab 20: Blood VesselsLab Stations:

1. Identification: Vessels in the cadaver and models2. Drawing: Vessels of the body

Lab Station 1: Identification: Vessels in the cadaver and models

Use the models and brain and cadaver to find all of the following blood vessels:

Pulmonary trunkPulmonary arteriesPulmonary veinsAscending aortaAortic archBrachiocephalic trunkCommon carotid arteriesSubclavian arteriesVertebral arteryAxillary arteryBrachial arteryDeep brachial arteryRadial arteryUlnar arteryInternal carotid arteryExternal carotid arteryAnterior cerebral arteryMiddle cerebral arteryAnterior communicating arteryBasilar arteryPosterior cerebral arteryPosterior communicating arteryCircle of WillisDescending aortaThoracic aortaAbdominal aortaCommon iliac arteriesInternal iliac artery

External iliac arteryFemoral arteryPopliteal arteryPosterior tibial arteryAnterior tibial arteryFibular arterySuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaConfluence of the sinusesInternal jugular veinBrachiocephalic veinExternal jugular veinSubclavian veinCephalic veinMedian antebrachial veinBasilic veinMedian cubital veinAxillary veinRadial veinBrachial veinAnterior tibial veinPosterior tibial veinFibular veinPopliteal veinFemoral veinExternal iliac veinCommon iliac veinGreat saphenous vein


Lab Station 2: Drawing: Vessels of the body

Sketch the arteries and veins of the body. This does not have to be anatomically correct. You should become familiar with the branching patterns of the various vessels. You may sketch these out on your muscle drawings, or on a separate piece of paper. If you opt for the latter, you can sketch individual body areas out separately (as presented in lecture) or all together.

Note: Histology

There will be a microscope set up in the back of the lab room so that you can view a slide of an artery and vein. Make sure to become comfortable with the difference between the two.



Tunica externaTunica mediaTunica internaVasoconstrictionVasodilationElastic arteriesMuscular arteriesArteriolesContinuous capillariesFenestrated capillariesCapillary bedVenuleMedium-sized veinsLarge veinsValvesSkeletal muscle pumpVaricose veinsAtherosclerosisPlaquePulmonary trunkPulmonary arteriesPulmonary veinsAscending aortaAortic archBrachiocephalic trunkCommon carotid arteriesSubclavian arteriesVertebral arteryAxillary arteryBrachial arteryRadial arteryUlnar arteryInternal carotid arteryExternal carotid arteryAnterior cerebral arteryMiddle cerebral arteryAnterior communicating arteryBasilar arteryPosterior cerebral artery

Posterior communicating arteryCircle of WillisDescending aortaThoracic aortaAbdominal aortaCommon iliac arteriesInternal iliac arteryExternal iliac arteryFemoral arteryPopliteal arteryPosterior tibial arteryAnterior tibial arteryFibular arterySuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaConfluence of the sinusesInternal jugular veinBrachiocephalic veinExternal jugular veinSubclavian veinCephalic veinMedian antebrachial veinBasilic veinMedian cubital veinAxillary veinRadial veinBrachial veinAnterior tibial veinPosterior tibial veinFibular veinPopliteal veinFemoral veinExternal iliac veinCommon iliac veinGreat saphenous veinCerebrovascular accidentIschemic strokeHemorrhagic stroke


Lab 21: Lymphatic SystemLab Activities:

1. Lymphatic Bingo2. Dissection3. Histology: Lymphatic system

Lab Activity 1: Lymphatic Bingo

The entire class will participate in lymphatic bingo. The winning table gets extra credit.

Lab Activity 2: Cat Dissection

We will expose the ventral body cavity of the cat in order to find the major organs and vessels.

1. To open the abdominal cavity: Use your scissors to make an incision midline near the groin. Cut upwards towards the diaphragm, but stop before reaching the diaphragm. Then cut along the underside of the ribs just under the diaphragm in each direction. From the initial groin incision, cut along the lower abdomen in both directions, so that you are left with two flaps that open the abdominal cavity.

2. To open the thoracic cavity: Use your scissors to cut along the axillary border of the chest on both sides, and then cut across the chest just above the diaphragm. Leave the diaphragm intact. Now you have a flap that opens the thoracic cavity.

3. In the abdominal cavity identify: small and large intestines, stomach, spleen, liver, and kidneys. Move these aside to identify: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, inferior vena cava, and common iliac arteries and veins.

4. In the thoracic cavity identify: heart, lungs, thymus. Carefully dissect around the heart to find the aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian, right subclavian, and common carotid arteries. Please note that only two arteries branch off of the aortic arch, not three as in the human.


Lab Activity 3: Histology: Lymphatic system

Microscopes will be set up along the side of the classroom. Please make sure that you can identify each of the following and describe their function:

Lymphocyte Lymph node: capsule, hilus, cortex, medulla Spleen: red pulp and white pulp Thymus: cortex, medulla



Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic vesselsLymphedemaSuperficial lymphaticsDeep lymphaticsLymphatic trunksLymphatic ductsThoracic ductCisterna chiliRight lymphatic ductLymphSpecific immunityT cellsCell-mediated immunityCytotoxic T cellsHelper T cellsRegulatory T cellsB cellsHumoral immunityPlasma cells

Memory B cellsAIDSHIVLymphoid tissuesNodulesTonsilsTonsillitisAppendicitisLymphoid organsLymph nodesHilusLymphadenopathyMetastatic cancerThymusReticular cellsThymic hormonesSpleenRed pulpWhite pulp


Lab 22: Respiratory SystemLab Stations:

1. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation2. Identification: Human lung and models3. Game: Trivia

Lab Station 1: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Review the following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions and answer the questions in bold. Please do not perform actual mouth to mouth on the doll provided. This is not meant to replace a traditional CPR course that you all should take. Rather, it is an exercise designed to allow you to understand the effects of CPR on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

1. Check the victimIf the person is nonresponsive, tilt the head back and lift the chin. What does this do? Listen for breathing. If the person is not breathing, give 2 slow breaths to give them a little oxygen and to test whether the airway is blocked. Check for pulse at the side of the thyroid cartilage. Which artery are you feeling?

2. Rescue breathingIf the person is not breathing but has a pulse, begin rescue breathing. Tilt the person’s head back, lift the chin, and pinch the nose shut. Why should you pinch the nose shut? Use specific terms from lecture. Give 1 slow breath every 5 seconds for 1 minute. Recheck pulse and breathing every minute.

3. CPRIf the person is not breathing and has no pulse, initiate CPR. Kneel over the person and place the heel of your hand over the body of the sternum. Place your other hand on top of the first. Compress the chest 30 times. What does this do? Give 2 slow breaths. Why? Do 3 more sets of 30 compressions and 2 breaths. Recheck pulse and breathing. Continue until there is a pulse or until help arrives.

4. Heimlich maneuverIf a person is choking, encourage them to cough. If the person can no longer breathe, give quick upward thrusts to the abdomen, just above the navel, until the airway is cleared. What does this do? (Be specific about mechanism)


Lab Station 2: Identification: Human lung and models

Use the models, your text, and the human lung to identify all of the following:

Conducting zoneNasal cavityPharynxNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxGlottisLarynxThyroid cartilageCricoid cartilageEpiglottisTracheaTracheal cartilagesAnnular ligamentsHilus

Cardiac impressionApex of the lungBase of the lungLeft lobesRight lobesParietal pleuraVisceral pleuraBronchial treePrimary bronchiSecondary bronchiTertiary bronchiTerminal bronchioleAlveoliLobule



Note: Histology

A microscope will be set up in the back of the lab room so that you can view a slide of alveoli.



Conducting zoneRespiratory zoneGoblet cellsMucus elevatorNasal cavityParanasal sinusesPharynxNasopharynxOropharynxUvulaLaryngopharynxGlottisLarynxThyroid cartilageLaryngeal prominenceCricoid cartilageEpiglottisVocal ligamentsVocal foldsTracheaTracheal cartilagesAnnular ligamentsTrachealis muscleTracheal blockageTracheostomyBronchi

BronchitisHilusLungApexBaseLobesPleuraParietal pleuraVisceral pleuraPleural cavityPleural fluidPneumothoraxBronchial treePrimary bronchiSecondary bronchiTertiary bronchiTerminal bronchiolesLobuleRespiratory bronchiolesAlveoliType 1 cellsTypes 2 cellsInhalationExhalationRespiratory centers


Lab 23: Digestive SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Cadaver and digestive models2. Identification: Cat digestive system3. Histology: Digestive tissue

Lab Station 1: Identification: Cadaver and digestive models

Please use the cadaver, models, and your text to find all of the following structures, and review the function of each:

Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach: rugae, cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter Greater omentum Lesser omentum Small intestine: plicae circulares, duodenum, jejunum, ileum,

ileocecal valve, mesentery proper Large intestine: cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse

colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, mesocolon Liver: hepatocytes, sinusoids, lobule, hepatic triad, central vein,

bile canaliculi Gallbladder Pancreas

Lab Station 2: Identification: Cat digestive system

One of the clearest cat dissections will be on display for you to identify the following digestive system structures: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.


Lab Station 3: Histology: Digestive tissue

The goal of this station is to become comfortable with the histology of the digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. You will need to be familiar with general tissue characteristics of the entire digestive tract, as well as individual specializations of the various organs.

For the digestive tract, please make sure to identify the following specializations. In each slide, also make sure to identify the common layers, listed below.

Esophagus – stratified squamous epithelium, submucosa has esophageal glands

Stomach – simple columnar epithelium, gastric pits Small intestine – simple columnar epithelium, intestinal villi,

goblet cells, intestinal glands, lacteals Large intestine – simple columnar epithelium, no villi, goblet

cells, lymphoid nodules, intestinal glands

Common layers along the digestive tract:

Mucosa – epithelium, areolar connective tissue Submucosa – areolar connective tissue Muscularis externa – circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

layers Serosa – simple squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue

For the accessory digestive organs, make sure that you can identify:

Liver: lobule, hepatocytes, central vein, hepatic triad Pancreas: islets of Langerhans (endocrine), pancreatic acini

(exocrine)



MucosaMuscularis mucosaeSubmucosaMuscularis externaSerosaVisceral peritoneumParietal peritoneumMesenteryOral cavitySalivary glandsMumpsPharynxEsophagusStomachRugaeChymePyloric sphincterGreater omentumLesser omentumGastric pitsGastric glandsGastric juiceParietal cellsInstrinsic factorChief cellsPepsinogenUlcersHelicobacter pyloriSmall intestinePlicae circularesDuodenum

JejunumIleumIleocecal valveMesentery properIntestinal villiBrush borderIntestinal glandsGoblet cellsLarge intestineCecumAppendixAscending colonTransverse colonDescending colonSigmoid colonMesocolonRectumLiverBileLobuleHepatocytesSinusoidsKupffer cellsHepatic triadsBile canaliculiCentral veinGallbladderCommon bile ductSphincter of OddiGallstonesPancreasPancreatic juice


Lab 24: Urinary SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Human kidney and models2. Drawing: Nephron and pictionary3. Histology: Nephron

Lab Station 1: Identification: Kidney models

Use the models provided to find the following:

Renal capsuleCortexMedullaRenal pyramidsMinor calyxMajor calyxRenal pelvisRenal arterySegmental arteriesInterlobar arteriesArcuate arteriesInterlobular arteriesAfferent arteriolesGlomerulusEfferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesVenulesInterlobular veinsArcuate veinsInterlobar veins

Renal veinNephronCortical nephronJuxtamedullary nephronVasa rectaRenal corpuscleBowman’s capsuleParietal epitheliumVisceral epitheliumCapsular spaceProximal convoluted tubuleDescending limb of loop of HenleAscending limb of loop of HenleDistal convoluted tubuleJuxtaglomerular apparatusCollecting ductUreterBladder

Lab Station 2: Drawing: Nephron and pictionary

Use the paper and pens provided to draw a nephron. Include the blood vessels supplying the nephron (afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerular capillary bed, peritubular capillary bed). Label the sections and list the major function of each section.

When you are finished, please use the Pictionary cards provided to practice drawing those structures. Make sure the review the function of each structure.


Station 3: Histology : Nephron

Use the slides provided of the kidney and ureter and make sure you can identify:

Kidney: renal corpuscle, loop of Henle, proximal and distal convoluted tubule

Ureter: transitional epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, outer connective tissue



RenalRenal capsuleCortexMedullaRenal pyramidsMinor calyxMajor calyxRenal pelvisRenal arterySegmental arteriesInterlobar arteriesArcuate arteriesInterlobular arteriesAfferent arteriolesGlomerulusEfferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesVasa rectaVenulesInterlobular veinsArcuate veinsInterlobar veinsRenal veinAntidiuretic hormoneReninNephron

Cortical nephronJuxtamedullary nephronRenal corpuscleGlomerular capsuleParietal epitheliumVisceral epitheliumCapsular spacePodocytesFiltrateProximal convoluted tubuleDescending limb of loop of HenleAscending limb of loop of HenleDistal convoluted tubuleJuxtaglomerular apparatusCollecting ductKidney failureUreterBladderRugaeInternal urethral sphincterExternal urethral sphincterUrethraUrogenital diaphragmMicturation reflex


Lab 25: Reproductive SystemLab Stations:

1. Identification: Reproductive structures2. Drawing: Gamete development3. Histology: Reproductive tissue

Lab Station 1: Identification: Reproductive structures

Use the models and your text to find the following:

GonadsTestisSeminiferous tubulesEpididymisDuctus deferensSeminal vesiclesProstate glandBulbourethral glandPenisShaftGlansPrepuce

Corpora cavernosaCorpora spongiosumOvaryFallopian tubesFimbriaeUterusCervixVaginaVestibuleLabia minoraClitorisLabia majora

Lab Station 2: Drawing: Gamete development

Use the pens and paper provided to draw the steps involved in spermiogenesis and oogenesis. Make sure to follow a pair of chromosomes through meiosis in both processes, and show where meiosis is halted in the oocyte. For oogenesis, also draw in the follicular stages.

Lab Station 3: Histology: Reproductive tissue

Use the microscopes and slides provided to identify the following:

Testes – seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, sustentacular cells

Penis – corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum, urethra Ovary – primary, secondary, and graafian follicles, corpus luteum


Uterus – functional and basilar zones


SpermOvumGameteZygoteGonadsTestesSeminiferous tubulesRete testisEpididymisDuctus deferensInterstitial cellsTestosteroneSustentacular cellsSpermatocyteSpermatozoaSpermatogenesisAcrosomeSeminal vesiclesProstate glandBulbourethral glandSemenPenisShaftGlansPrepucePreputial glandsSmegmaCorpora cavernosaCorpora spongiosum

OvaryFolliclesOogenesisOogoniaOocytesGraafian follicleOvulationCorpus luteumCorpus albicansMenopauseFallopian tubesFimbriaeUterusCervixCervical mucusPerimetriumMyometriumEndometriumFunctional zoneBasilar zoneMenstrual cycleVaginaVestibuleLabia minoraClitorisGreater vestibular glandsLabia majoraMammary glandsNippleAreolaLactiferous ductsLactiferous sinus

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