human physiology eei

St peters lutheran college

Effects of Body Position on the Cardiovascular System

The change of heart rate and blood pressure in relation to body position – horizontal, sitting, vertical

Andrea Roati17th March 2014

Mrs VentonYear 12 Biology

Andrea Roati SPLC Mrs Venton17/03/2014 Year 12 Biology

Table of Contents2.0 Abstract.........................................................................................................................2

3.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................3

3.1 Background Information............................................................................................3

3.2 Aim.............................................................................................................................5

3.3 Hypothesis.................................................................................................................5

4.0 Method..........................................................................................................................6

4.1 Variables....................................................................................................................6

4.2 Materials....................................................................................................................6

4.3 Method......................................................................................................................6

4.4 Risk Assessment.........................................................................................................6

5.0 Results...........................................................................................................................8

5.1 Raw Data....................................................................................................................8

5.2 Processed Data..........................................................................................................9

5.3 Graphs..................................................................................................................... 10

6.0 Discussion....................................................................................................................13

7.0 Conclusion...................................................................................................................15

8.0 References...................................................................................................................16

8.1 Annotated Bibliography...........................................................................................16

8.2 Other References.....................................................................................................18

9.0 Appendix..................................................................................................................... 19

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2.0 AbstractThis study is about the effects of body position on heart rate and blood pressure. Heart rate is measured using a heart rate monitor on five female, non-smoking individuals aged 16-17 over five trials, as with blood pressure also, except using a sphygmomanometer as the measuring instrument instead. These results were averaged to reveal that heart rate and diastolic blood pressure are at their lowest whilst lying and highest whilst standing, while systolic blood pressure is highest whilst sitting and lowest whilst standing. Many uncontrollable factors may be effected the data, and more studies would have to be conducted for more conclusive results.

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3.0 Introduction

3.1 Background InformationThe measurements of heart rate and blood pressure are important in providing information about an individual’s health and potential health concerns. An abnormality or change from an individual's normal heart rate can indicate a medical condition (Medline Plus, 2014). Heart rate measured during or immediately after exercise, can also indicate an individual's personal fitness level. The higher a person's blood pressure, the higher the risk of future health problems (Blood Pressure UK, 2008). Having high blood pressure induces extra strain on the arteries and therefore the heart. As time passes, the arteries may become thicker, less flexible and weaker, due to the strain. As the arteries become thicker, they become narrower also, consequently causing blood clots, or less likely, a bursting of an artery. Furthermore, blood clots can lead to heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease or dementia. In addition, a burst can lead to a heart attack or stroke. It is important to ensure that adequate measures can be taken to monitor heart rate and blood pressure to prevent and treat the occurrence of such conditions.

Medical News Today (2014) defines heart rate as the rate of contraction of the heart and is equal to the pulse, which is how many times a minute the arteries expand due to increase in blood pressure originated by the heartbeat. Heart rate can be measured where ever a pulse is felt, usually where an artery is close to the skin, popularly; the back of the knees, groin, neck, temple, wrist and the top or inner side of the foot (MNT 2014). Using a heart rate monitor, it is measured by the number of beats per minute. Heart rate changes when physical activity takes place but is also affected by air temperature, emotions and the use of medication, as claimed by the American Heart Association (2012). The expected resting heart rate for an average person aged 10 years and over varies between 60 - 100 bpm (beats per minute), claims Richard Stein, M.D., professor of medicine and cardiology at the New York University School of Medicine in New York City (2012). Furthermore, Stein also states that athletic persons' resting heart rates should reach as low as 40-60 bpm.

The determination of an individual’s blood pressure is one of the most useful clinical measurements (Fall, 2004). The pressure of the blood against the vessel walls in the arteries, as it is circulated around the body by the heart, is called the blood pressure. Blood pressure is continually fluctuating as it changes to meet the body's needs. The most common method of measuring blood pressure is by the use of a sphygmomanometer whereby an inflatable pressure cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and blood pressure is measured through an artery in the arm that is at approximately heart level. It is usually recorded as two numbers, e.g. 120/80. The pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps out blood during each beat is indicated by the larger number; the systolic blood pressure. The diastolic blood pressure - the lower number - indicates the pressure as the heart relaxed before the next beat (Better Health Channel, 2013). The blood pressure can be affected by various factors including

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breathing, emotional state, exercise, sleep, diet, sodium levels and body position. According to the Better Health Channel (2013), the standard measurements for blood pressure levels are:

• Low – below 90/60

• Normal– 90/60 - 120/80

• High–normal –120/80 - 140/90

• High - 140/90 – 180/110

• Very high –180/110 +

A persistently high blood pressure is medically known as hyper tension, and low blood pressure is known as hypotension.

Body position affects both heart rate and blood pressure. When lying, the effect of gravity on the body is reduced, consequently allowing greater blood flow back to the heart, therefore reducing the heart rate, compared to when sitting or standing. With increased blood return, the heart is able to pump more blood per beat, therefore requiring less beats per minute to satisfy the body's demands for blood, oxygen and nutrients (Livestrong, 2013). Moving into a sitting position increases heart rate as physical activity is required and the effects of gravity increase. However because the body is still partly relaxed, the heart rate will not be as high as that of when standing. A standing position is fully affected by gravity, making blood flow slower and therefore requiring more beats per minute to fulfil the body's need for blood, oxygen and nutrients. Sudden changes in body positions, especially for the elderly, could cause complications whereby, due to the quick movements, the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the brain, causing the individual to lose consciousness and faint, usually resulting in a horizontal position on the floor where it is advantageous for the heart to function at its best.

Blood pressure is commonly measured when an individual is sitting or lying and occasionally while standing. The National Guideline Clearinghouse explains that diastolic blood pressure is approximately 5 mm/Hg higher when sitting than when lying. However reports show that systolic pressure is 8 mm/Hg higher when an individual is lying than when they are sitting (Livestrong, 2013). It is crucial that when an individual's blood rate is being measured, their arm positioning is correct; the arm must be the same level as the right atrium of the heart. Back support and leg position also play a role in blood pressure measurements as crossing the legs increases systolic pressure by as much as 8 mm/Hg. Standing after lying or sitting usually results in lower blood pressure, causing persons to feel light headed and dizzy. MayoClinic.com defines this as orthostatic hypotension. This occurs due to the sudden change and the increased difficulty in regulating blood pressure due to gravity. In some

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cases, orthostatic hypotension may cause persons to faint, a condition referred to by doctors as postural hypotension.

Homeostasis is defined as “the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the consistent interaction of the body’s main regulatory processes” [Tortora and Derrickson [2009:8] (Biology Online, 2009)]. In order to stabilise the body and provide balance, homeostasis controls the heart by increasing and reducing the heart rate. To increase the heart rate, as a homeostatic response to increasing oxygen levels in the body, it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from the medulla. To reduce the heart rate, a homeostatic response releases acetylcholine from the medulla to delay heart muscle contractions. Blood pressure, on the other hand, is controlled through the use of sensory receptors and hormonal secretions. A baroreceptor reflex is a homeostatic mechanism which uses sensory receptors in the heart to send messages to the brain to regulate blood pressure. Adrenal secretions also control blood pressure. The changes in heart rate and blood pressure can be attributed to the homeostatic mechanisms of the heart.

3.2 AimThe aim of this extended experimental investigation is to examine the effects of body position – horizontal, sitting and vertical – on human physiology, specifically cardiac function and blood pressure. This will be achieved using a heart rate monitor and sphygmomanometer.

3.3 HypothesisWhen an individual is in a horizontal position, their heart rate will become slower and their blood pressure will become lower compared to when sitting and, to a greater extent when standing.

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4.0 Method

4.1 VariablesINDEPENDENT CONTROLLED

The body position of each test subject The age, non-smoking status, and gender of each test subjectThe room temperature (air conditioner) and noise level of the testing room

DEPENDENT UNCONTROLLEDThe heart rate and blood pressure measured Individual fitness level, base heart rate &

blood pressure, pre-existing conditions, family health history (especially heart history), weight and height

TABLE 1: Variables

4.2 Materials sphygmomanometer Heart rate monitor 5x females (16-17 years of age, non-smokers, plays sports and stays active) Chair Silent room (at 25°C)

4.3 Method1. A non-smoking, female human test subject aged 16-17, was placed in a silent room

at 24°C.2. The individual was fastened with a heart rate monitor and sphygmomanometer.3. The test subject was then advised to lay down in a horizontal position, palms flat

against the surface, for one minute. Their heart rate and blood pressure were recorded.

4. Step 3 was repeated four more times with a resting of one minute .5. The subject was then directed to sit down, palms lightly resting on legs, on a chair

with a backrest for one minute. Their heart rate and blood pressure were recorded.6. Step 5 was repeated four more times.7. The subject was asked to stand in a vertical position for one minute. Their heart rate

and blood pressure were recorded.8. Step 7 was repeated four more times.9. Steps 1-8 were repeated, one at a time, with four more female test subjects of non-

smoking status and aged 16-17.

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4.4 Risk AssessmentThere is very low hazards associated with this experiment as there is no use of heat, electrical pulses, corrosive materials, volatile and/or flammable chemicals or dangerous biological material. The only risk is that the sphygmomanometer could be fastened too tightly and affects the circulation of blood, therefore affecting blood pressure and heart rate as stress may occur from tightening.

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5.0 Results

5.1 Raw DataSUBJECTS BODY POSITION MEASUREMENT AVERAGE (MEAN)SUBJECT 1 LAYING HEART RATE (BMP) 63

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 110/63SITTING HEART RATE (BMP) 66.8

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 118.4/72STANDING HEART RATE (BMP) 75.8

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 110.8/76SUBJECT 2 LAYING HEART RATE (BMP) 69.6

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 109.8/55SITTING HEART RATE (BMP) 82.6

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 102/60.6STANDING HEART RATE (BMP) 95

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 101.4/70.8SUBJECT 3 LAYING HEART RATE (BMP) 58.8

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 110.4/69.6SITTING HEART RATE (BMP) 58.2

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 119/71.2STANDING HEART RATE (BMP) 58.4

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 107.2/86SUBJECT 4 LAYING HEART RATE (BMP) 76.4

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 102.8/67.2SITTING HEART RATE (BMP) 83.4

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 104.2/67.6STANDING HEART RATE (BMP) 85.6

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 98.6/72.2SUBJECT 5 LAYING HEART RATE (BMP) 69.8

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 100/62.4SITTING HEART RATE (BMP) 69.8

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 101.4/68STANDING HEART RATE (BMP) 78.6

BLOOD PRESSURE (SYS/DIA) 99.4/64TABLE 2: Raw Data - Averages

These results are the average of the five trials performed for each test subject. Full raw data included in appendix.

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5.2 Processed DataBODY

POSITIONMEASUREMENT SUBJECT 1

AVERAGESUBJECT 2AVERAGE

SUBJECT 3AVERAGE

SUBJECT 4AVERAGE

SUBJECT 5AVERAGE

TOTALAVERAGE

LAYING HEART RATE(BMP)

63 69.6 58.8 76.4 69.8 67.52

BLOOD PRESSURE(SYS/DIA)

110/63 109.8/55 110.4/69.6 102.8/67.2 100/62.4 106.6/63.44

SITTING HEART RATE(BMP)

66.8 82.6 58.2 83.4 69.8 72.16


118.4/72 102/60.6 119/71.2 104.2/67.6 101.4/68 109/67.88

STANDING

HEART RATE(BMP)

75.8 95 58.4 85.6 78.6 78.68


110.8/76 101.4/70.8 107.2/86 98.6/72.2 99.4/64 78.68/73.8

TABLE 3: Total Average Heart Rate and Blood Pressure for Laying, Sitting & Standing

SUBJECTS BODY POSITION STANDARD DEVIATIONHEART RATE(bpm)

BLOOD PRESSURESYSTOLIC DIASTOLIC

SUBJECT 1

LAYING 0.707107 6.9857 3.162278SITTING 1.30384 3.507136 2.588436

STANDING 1.643168 4.91935 12.64911SUBJECT

2LAYING 2.880972 2.774887 6.284903SITTING 2.966479 5.761944 2.19089


3LAYING 2.774887 4.159327 5.504544SITTING 3.114482 5.477226 9.576012


4LAYING 1.516575 3.193744 3.34664SITTING 3.847077 2.949576 2.073644


5LAYING 3.271085 8.944272 2.073644SITTING 1.923538 7.503333 6.082763

STANDING 3.974921 9.581232 7.582875TABLE 4: Standard Deviation for Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

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5.3 Graphs

LAYING SITTING STANDING0

102030405060708090

100

Graph 1: Mean Heart Rate (bpm)

SUBJECT 1SUBJECT 2SUBJECT 3SUBJECT 4SUBJECT 5


20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Graph 2: Mean Systolic Blood Pressure


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10

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30

40

50

60

70

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90

100

Graph 3: Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure



20

40

60

80

100

120

Graph 4: Total Average of Individual Subject Means for H.R. & B.P.

HEART RATESYSTOLICDIASTOLIC

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LAYI

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SITT

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STAN

DING

LAYI

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SITT

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STAN

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LAYI

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SITT

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SUBJECT 1 SUBJECT 2 SUBJECT 3 SUBJECT 4 SUBJECT 5

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Graph 5: Standard Deviations

Heart Rate (bpm)

Systolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic Blood Pressure

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6.0 DiscussionThe results of the study show that systolic blood pressure is at its lowest whilst standing, followed by lying then sitting and diastolic blood pressure is at its lowest whilst lying, followed by sitting then standing, as seen in Table 3. The heart rate, on the other hand, is lowest whilst lying, followed by sitting then standing, as seen in Graph 4. The results found for heart rate are consistent with the hypothesis and can be attributed to, whilst lying compared to standing; greater blood flow due to reduced effects of gravity, relaxed physical body and relaxed mind/emotions. The blood pressure results however, contradict the hypothesis in that it was expected that lying would induce the lowest blood pressure. This unexpected result may be attributed to the position of the sphygmomanometer, arm position with relevance to heart positions, leg positioning but mostly to lack of previous knowledge of blood pressure. As later studied, however, it was found that the results should have been expected. Uncontrollable variables may have also contributed to these findings.

Results shown in Graph 1 mostly support that heart rate is at its lowest whilst lying, and highest whilst standing. Oddly, however, Subject 3’s results were an anomaly with lying, sitting and standing resulting in 58.8bpm, 58.2bpm and 58.4bpm respectively. However, concluded from the five trials of five subjects, the average heart rate whilst lying, sitting and standing was found to be 67.52bpm, 72.16bpm and 78.68bpm respectively, showing the trend of an increasing heart rate as an individual moved from a lying position to a standing position. This is because, whilst lying, the effect of gravity on the body is reduced. This allows greater blood flow, allowing the body to pump more blood per beat and consequently require less beats per minute to satisfy the body’s demand for oxygen, nutrients and blood. As an individual moves from a sitting position and eventually to a standing positioning, there is more strain and delay in blood flow, therefore requiring more beats per minute to fulfil the body’s needs. Lying is also physically and mentally relaxing, contributing to the results of heart rate.

The data on blood pressure show that, across five trials of five subjects, the average systolic blood pressure, whilst lying, sitting and standing were found to be 106.6, 109 and 78.68 respectively and the average diastolic blood pressure, whilst lying, sitting and standing were 63.44, 67.88 and 73.8 respectively. This shows a trend of systolic blood pressure being highest whilst sitting and lowest whilst standing and a trend of diastolic blood pressure being highest whilst standing and lowest whilst lying. According to The National Guideline Clearinghouse, diastolic blood pressure should increase as an individual moves from a lying position to sitting, supported by Graph 3. Systolic blood pressure, on the other hand, although is supposed to be highest when lying (as seen with Subject 2 on Graph 2), is highest when sitting with Subjects 1, 3, 4 & 5 in Graph 2. This may be due to leg positioning as while sitting, when legs are crossed, systolic blood pressure increases. Standing was consistently found to have the lowest systolic blood pressure due to orthostatic

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hypotension – the sudden change and the increased difficulty in regulating blood pressure due to gravity. In addition, arm positioning may have played a part in the conclusive data as the more level the arm is to the right atrium, the more accurate the result. In saying that, referring to Graph 5, Subject 1’s standing diastolic blood pressure can be seen as an anomaly. This may have been caused through uncontrollable external factors.

There have been few studies that have investigated the effect of body position on heart rate and blood pressure. This presents difficulty in the investigation of validity of results found. Results have been found however to be consistent with current theories; heart rate is lowest whilst lying and highest when standing, systolic blood pressure should be highest whilst laying and lowest whilst standing, however sitting may also be highest if there correct leg positioning isn’t taken into account and diastolic blood pressure should be highest whilst standing and lowest when lying.

While many efforts were made to ensure testing conditions were controlled, there were some variables that became apparent as uncontrollable and may have contributed to variation in results. Ideally the results for each test, laying, sitting and standing, would have been identical across the five trials for each subject. Observing the standard deviations for each test (Table 4), it is apparent that there was variation across trials. This can be accounted for by variation in measurement techniques and uncontrollable variables such as external conditions; noise, temperature and subconscious emotional thoughts.

Variation in base heart rate and blood pressure and the extent of changes to heart rate and blood pressure due to body positioning between test subjects can be accounted for by individual traits. Such factors that may have affected results include personal weight, height, pre-existing conditions, fitness levels and family history. Such factors should be considered when analysing and interpreting results. In future studies, these traits could be measured and recorded to identify any affects they may have. In addition the limitations of the study include the restricted number of test subjects (n=5), the use of test subjects only within the age bracket of sixteen to seventeen years and the use of only female subjects. Again, to improve and gather more informative and conclusive data on the specific effect of body position on heart rate and blood pressure, a larger number of subjects should be involved ensuring adequate numbers of males and females within each age bracket are investigated.

There were few errors identified in the design of the experiment with specific consideration taken to ensure consistency in change of body positioning and measuring techniques. Possible sources of error were insufficient time to allow the heart to stabilise in each position and also lack of assurance that there was correct leg positioning whilst blood pressure measures took place. In future studies, the resting time could be increased and the leg positioning could be accurately placed to ensure this is achieved.

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7.0 ConclusionIt can be concluded that the data support the hypothesis for both heart rate and diastolic blood pressure as the lowest mean result was found whilst lying and the highest whilst standing. Findings on systolic blood pressure, on the other hand, do not support the hypothesis as the highest mean blood pressure was that of a sitting position and the lowest of a standing position. Further studies should be carried out to confirm the results of this investigation and provide more conclusive, informative data on the effects of body position on heart rate and blood pressure.

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8.0 References

8.1 Annotated BibliographyHughes, M 2013, ‘Heart Rate & Body Positions’, 16 August, in Livestrong, viewed 4 February 2014, < http://www.livestrong.com/article/268891-heart-rate-body-positions/>

Providing background information on the heart and explaining specifically what heart rate is, how it’s measured, its relevance to body position, complications and considerations, this article is concise and brief. It was extremely instrumental in the writing of this investigating as it covers all the basic knowledge needed in regards to this specific experiment. It is a reliable article including dependable organisations such as The Mayo Clinic, Kids Health and the American Heart Association as sources. Although helpful, it is a very basic article for readers who have little knowledge about heart rate and its function however is very current as it was only written less than one year ago – 16 August, 2013.

Morgan, L A 2013, ‘Body Position and Blood Pressure’, 16 August, in Livestrong, viewed 6 February 2014, < http://www.livestrong.com/article/167631-body-position-and-blood-pressure/>

This article provides background information on blood pressure as well as its relevance to body position, the effects of body position and arm position, conditions that may occur from low blood pressure – orthostatic hypotension – and considerations to make in terms of blood pressure abnormality. It has high relevance to this investigation and was contributory in its construction, providing basic knowledge of the EEI topic. It is highly reliable as it uses sources such as The Mayo Clinic, The Harvard Medical School and the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. It is informative in terms of updated basic knowledge, having been published on 16 August 2013.

State Government of Victoria 2013, ‘Blood Pressure’, Better Health Channel, viewed 9 February 2014, < http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Blood_pressure_explained>

This government site is very informative and concise, providing information about blood pressure, the effects of high and low blood pressure, how to maintain it, conditions caused by blood pressure and the expected pressures. It was of high relevance to this investigation and was enormously helpful in its production. It is an extremely reliable source as it is a government site. Moreover, it was approved by The Heart Foundation in 2013, making it even more dependable. It is also quite recent, last being updated on 12 May 2013.

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Macgill, M 2014, ‘What is heart rate? What is a healthy heart rate?’, 14 February, in Medical News Today (MNT), viewed 18 February 2014, < http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/235710.php>

This article clearly explains what a heart rate is, how it is measured, where it is measured, why it is measured, the expected values of heart rate and how exercise affects heart rate. It had moderate relevance to this investigation, more specifically useful for how heart rate is measured. It is a highly reliable article, using sources such as John Hopkins Medicine, UK National Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Boston Scientific, the American Heart Association and Society for Endocrinology. Having been updated very recently – 14 February 2014 – it is considered very current.

Minns, J 2009, ‘An Introduction to Homeostatis’, 29 March, in Biology Online, viewed 2 February 2014, < http://www.biology-online.org/articles/introduction-homeostasis.html>

Providing background information on homeostasis, this article is very informative. Including information about what homeostasis is, when it occurs, how it occurs and covering a large range of what bodily functions it affects, this article was instrumental in the writing of this investigation, especially in relation to heart rate. It is a reliable source, providing a long list of references used, including books from Cambridge University and Oxford University, International Journal of Biological Sciences and BBC UK. Published on 29 March 2009, it is still valid, but possibly not as current as other sources as it is 5 years old.

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8.2 Other ReferencesBiology Mad 2004, ‘Heart and Exercise’, viewed 5 March 2014, <http://www.biologymad.com/master.html?http://www.biologymad.com/heartexercise/heartexercise.htm>

Boundless n.d., ‘Blood Pressure’, viewed 5 March 2014, < https://www.boundless.com/biology/the-circulatory-system/blood-flow-and-blood-pressure-regulation/blood-pressure/>

Fall 2004, ‘Lab 9 - Human Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function’, viewed 5 March 2014,< http://biology.creighton.edu/courses/BIO450/Lab09.html>

n.a. 2014, ‘Pulse’, 26 February, in Medline Plus, viewed 5 March 2014, < http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm>

Blood Pressure Association 2008, ‘Q: Why is Blood Pressure Important?’, in Blood Pressure UK, viewed 5 March 2014, < http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/microsites/u40/Home/facts/Whyitmatters>

American Heart Association 2012, ‘All About Heart Rate (Pulse)’, 15 October, viewed 5 March 2014, < http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/All-About-Heart-Rate-Pulse_UCM_438850_Article.jsp>

UNC-Asheville, 2012, ‘L27: Blood Pressure Regulation’, in BIO338: Mammalian Physiology, viewed 5 March 2014, < http://facstaff.unca.edu/cnicolay/BIO338/338-27-BP1.pdf>

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9.0 AppendixSUBJECT

SPOSITION MEASUREMENT TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5 AVERAGE

SUBJECT #1

LAYING HEART RATE (bpm) 64 63 63 63 62 63BLOOD PRESSURE

(SYS/DIA)107/62 107/60 101/61 114/64 119/68 110/63

SITTING HEART RATE (bpm) 65 67 66 68 68 66.8BLOOD PRESSURE

(sys/dia)124/75 115/72 116/73 119/68 118/71 118.4/72

STANDING HEART RATE (bpm) 75 74 78 75 77 75.8BLOOD PRESSURE

(sys/dia)117/63 114/71 107/75 105/74 111/97 110.8/76

SUBJECT #2

LAYING HEART RATE (bpm) 73 68 69 72 66 69.6BLOOD PRESSURE

(sys/dia)112/55 113/65 110/55 107/52 107/48 109.8/55


(sys/dia)103/63 112/59 103/63 99/59 97/59 102/60.6

STANDING HEART RATE (bpm) 89 95 95 96 100 95BLOOD PRESSURE

(sys/dia)104/69 103/66 103/86 92/67 105/66 101.4/70.8

SUBJECT #3


(sys/dia)117/71 112/71 107/72 108/60 108/74 110.4/69.6


(sys/dia)125/60 120/81 110/75 120/78 120/62 119/71.2


(sys/dia)118/75 103/89 109/94 102/85 104/87 107.2/86

SUBJECT #4


(sys/dia)102/68 99/72 101/68 107/64 105/64 102.8/67.2


(sys/dia)109/70 103/68 105/65 102/66 102/69 104.2/67.6


(sys/dia)101/79 95/80 94/63 93/74 110/65 98.6/72.2

SUBJECT #5


(sys/dia)107/62 111/65 90/64 99/60 93/61 100/62.4


(sys/dia)113/73 97/75 102/60 102/67 93/65 101.4/68

STANDING HEART RATE (bpm) 72 81 82 80 78 78.6

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BLOOD PRESSURE (sys/dia)

94/74 92/61 116/70 98/58 97/57 99.4/64

Appendix A: Full Raw Data

Appendix B: Photos of Experiment and Equipment

Figure 1:

The subject is lying with her arms and palms flat on the floor. As can be seen, a sphygmomanometer is used, secured around the individual’s arm, along with a heart rate monitor – the watch attached to the wrist and an unseen belt around the sternum.

Figure 2:

The individual is preparing for measurements whilst in a sitting position. Her back is supported, her legs are flat against the floor and she is preparing to put her arms in the correct arm position. Refer to Figure 1 for equipment used.

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Figure 3:

The subject is in the standing position, arms by her side. Refer to Figure 1 for equipment used.

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human physiology eei

Documents

heart rate monitor

heart rate changes

heart attacks

individuals normal heart

expected resting heart

diastolic blood pressure

high blood pressure

systolic blood pressure