human physiology and anatomy chap 1. anatomy and physiology anatomy = structure (form) physiology =...
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Human Physiology and Anatomy
Chap 1
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy = Structure (form) • Physiology = Function "All specific
functions are performed by specific structures!"
Course expectations
Skills other than content:• Note taking• Using other resources• Study disc• Quest in book• Websites• Color pgs- use of colors to help remember• Vocab/ flashcards- word dissections• Text Lab book• Diagramming• Study partners• Researching new info
Textbook Web Resource
• Website:
http://www.phschool.com/access/marieb_human_anat.html
Student registrationAccess code:
SSNAST-ABOHM-MAPLE-MEWED-TAINT-WIPES
Or email me an I’ll forward the link and access code so you can cut and paste
Text website
• http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/access/Pearson_Default/560/573796/login.html
GradingGrading: The following breakdown is approximate:• Exams: 50%• Quizzes: 10%• Labs: 10%• Lab Practicals: 20%• Homework: 5%• Case Studies: 5%Standard Grading Scale • 100% - 90% = A • 89% -80% = B • 79% - 70% = C • 69% -60% = D • 59%-0%=F •
ASSIGNMENTS AND DUE DATES • All homework and lab reports are due on the assigned date. Except for an
excused absence, LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.
Guests Speakers
• Invite a guest speaker to class.• 3rd week of school until Christmas break. • Only one speaker each week -not enough weeks
for all students to schedule a speaker. • “Speaker Credit” may replace one test score
with 100%. All tests must be taken-redeem your credit at the end of the semester.
• To earn the credit, you must show a thank you letter and a stamped/addressed envelope.
Learning
• Read it
• Hear it
• See it
• Do it
• Teach it
Note taking
• Practice in class pgs 2-13 (Mostly review from Biology)
• Groups assigned sections- take notes on your sections using your own style
(15 min)
• Sections present so whole class has all notes
Summarize Note-taking
1. What format(s) have worked well for you for note-taking? (outlining, 2 column, complete sentences, paraphrasing, diagraming and labeling, recording and listening to many times………..)
2. What new tecnique(s) did you see today that might help improve your note-taking
Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology – study of the cell
• Histology – study of tissues
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement
Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells• Organ – made up of different types of tissues• Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together• Organism – made up of the organ systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organism levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Organ Systems of the Body
• Integumentary system– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and
nails• Skeletal system• Muscular system• Nervous system• Cardiovascular system• Lymphatic system• Respiratory system• Digestive system• Urinary system• Reproductive system
– Male– Female
Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
• Excretion – removal of wastes from the body• Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
– Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
– Organismal– sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
• Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism
Survival Needs
• Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
• Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions• Water – provides the necessary environment for
chemical reactions• Maintaining normal body temperature –
necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
• Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• The variable produces a change in the body• The three interdependent components of
control mechanisms are:– Receptor – monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli)– Control center – determines the set point at
which the variable is maintained– Effector – provides the means to respond to the
stimulus
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
1
2
3
Changedetectedby receptor
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
5 Response ofeffector feedsback to influencemagnitude of stimulus andreturnsvariable tohomeostasis
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance
Receptor (sensor)
Controlcenter 4 Output:
Information sentalong efferentpathway to
Effector
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Figure 1.4
Negative Feedback
• In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
• Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback
• In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
• Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Figure 1.6
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
• Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
Anatomical position
•Supine- Face up
•Prone- Face down
Body Planes
Body Planes Links
• Website of body planes animated
• Visable Human- Male sections
• Visable Human- Female sections
Directional terms
anterior (ventral) = frontposterior (dorsal) = backsuperior (cranial) = upperinferior (caudal) = lowermedial = midlinelateral = away from midlineintermediate = between medial and lateralproximal = point of origindistal = away from originsuperficial = external/surfacedeep = internal/beneath surfaceparietal = associated with body wallvisceral = associated with organ
Regional terms- anterior view
Regional terms- posterior view
Cavities• dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the
dura mater), contains central nervous system a. cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain b. spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord
• ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory, cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera
a. thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm (1) right and left pleural cavities--contain lungs (2) pericardial cavity--contains heart and is part of the
mediastinum b. abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front
torso (1) abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen,
kidneys, most of the small and large intestine (2) pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of
the parts of the reproductive system
Body cavities
Other Cavities
Body Regions
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriacright lumbar umbilical left lumbarright illiac hypogastric left illiac
• Useful prefixes:Hypo- belowEpi – aboveGastri – bellyChondro - cartilage
Abdominals Regions with organs
Abdominal Quadrants with organs
Abdominals Regions w/o organs
Membranes
• Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity) and Visceral (covers organ)
• Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural