HUMAN NEEDS AND

MOTIVATION

Dr. K M Soni, Chief Engineer, WZI, CPWD, Mumbai

Maslow’s triangle of needs

MASLOW’S THEORY Maslow’s theory is widely accepted but

also criticised due to some deficiencies/limitations like

at higher level of needs, lower level needs do not get fully satisfied,

all persons do not have all the needs as stated,

lower level needs may not be required to be satisfied fully to reach self actualization and

motivation factor to fulfil lower level needs may still be required at the stage of higher level needs.

Modified Maslow’s Concept

(REQUIRED)(ESTEEM)LUXURY

STAGES

• BASIC•EXISTENCE•RELATEDNESS•GROWTHSIMILAR TO DESCRIBED BY P ALDERFER

RequiredEsteemLuxury

STAGES AND NEEDSSTAGE DOMINA

TING NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL

SAFETY SOCIAL EGO SELF ACTUALISATION

BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL

PRIMARY/ BASIC

MINIMUM

- - -

EXISTENCE

SAFETY MORE THAN BASIC

MORE THAN BASIC

MINIMUM

- -

RELATEDNESS

SOCIAL MORE THAN EXISTENCE

MORE THAN EXISTENCE

MORE THAN EXISTENCE

MINIMUM

-

GROWTH

EGO MAXIMUM

MAXIMUM

MAXIMUM

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM TO MAXIMUM

NEEDS AND MODIFIED MASLOW’S CONCEPT

When one reaches at higher level/stage, additional lower level needs are created. Thus one always has unsatisfied lower level needs till he reaches the top of the stage and has no further needs.

Needs are not absolute and constant. They may change as one move to higher level/stage of needs.

Lower level needs are higher in number and order as one move from lower level (physiological) to higher level (self actualization) or from “Basic” stage to “Growth” stage.

Needs start from “Basic” stage and move to “Existence”, “Relatedness” and “Growth” stage in ascending order.

SELF ACTUALIZATION  Kurt Goldstein: self-actualization as "the

tendency to actualize, as much as possible, individual capacities" in the world.

Maslow: simply as "the full realization of one's potential“

Self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated. This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF ACTUALIZERS

Efficient perceptions of reality. Comfortable acceptance of

self, others, nature. Independent, not reliant on

culture and environment to form opinions and views

True to oneself, rather than being how others want

mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem ‘beyond’ themselves (instead of outside of themselves) to pursue

Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people

Know the path and needs to be satisfied

Understand basic needs, social needs and esteem needs

Not having higher order of social needs

Self experience of needs

Realization of path to be followed to achieve self realization

Do not require higher order of safety, social or ego needs

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF ACTUALIZERS The self-actualizer

seems to constantly renew appreciation of life's basic goals

self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone.

Peak experiences. Possessing

humanity

To reach self actualisation, one is aware of the path

not having high order of social needs

Experience crest/top of the stages

Reach at a point beyond self needs

SELF ACTUALIZATION Self-actualization can be

reached by any particular individual no matter who you are. People living in poverty also achieved self-actualization.

Through examinations, it is concluded that people living in poverty are still capable of higher order needs such as love and belongingness.

No matter who you are, you can fullfil self-actualization. 

Self actualization can be achieved from any level

Without fulfilling all physiological needs

Capable of fulfilling higher order needs (not fully but to some extent)

Self actualization is possible from any stage

SELF ACTUALISATION Path of self actualization is

not a fixed one and may have physiological, safety, social and ego needs of varied magnitude but one is capable of understanding and experiencing higher order (level) needs i.e. Safety, Social and Esteem.

BED-DYF-FZH-HQK (Shortest)

BGF-FZH-HQK BIH-HQK BED-BGF-BIH-BMK

(Longest), ------

SELF CONTENT CONCEPT

TRIANGLES1. DBE2. FGB3. HBI 4. KBM

SELF CONTENT CONCEPT May be self content with minimum two

basic needs as physiological and some safety needs (individualistic approach).

May be self content without social, ego and self actualization needs, thus they are not essential needs.

May be self content on satisfaction of needs of a particular stage. Self content is possible without self actualization.

May be self content with two, three, four and five level needs in hierarchy as described by Maslow.

NEEDS & MOTIVATION

NEEDS & MOTIVATION

workersLower to mid level mgrs

Mid levelmgrs Top mgrs

Present Concept & McClelland’s theory

Needs for achievementNeeds for affiliation

Needs for power

THEORY X AND Y & PRESENT CONCEPT

THEORY XTHEORY Y

HERZBERG THEORY & PRESENT CONCEPT

HYGIENE FACTORSMOTIVATORS

CONCLUSIONS MODIFIED MASLOW’S THEORY PRESENTED

HAVING 4 STAGES DESCRIBED AS BASIC, EXISTANCE, RELATEDNESS AND GROWTH

ADDITIONAL LOWER LEVEL NEEDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE CREATED AS ONE MOVES FROM LOWER TO HIGHER STAGE

NEEDS ARE NOT ABSOLUTE AND CONSTANT BUT DEPEND UPON STAGE IN WHICH ONE IS

ONE CAN BE SELF CONTENT WITHOUT SATISFACTION OF ALL LEVEL NEEDS AND WITHOUT ATTAINING SELF ACTUALISATION

FOR REACHNG AT SELF ACTULAISATION STAGE, ONE NEED NOT TO SATISFY ALL LOWER LEVEL NEEDS FULLY. 

MOTIVATION FACTOR DEPENDS UPON THE STAGE IN WHICH ONE IS.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

HERZBERG’S THEORYSTAGE MOTIVATION

FACTORPRESENT CONCEPT

OTHER THEORIES

BASIC AND EXISTANCE

HYGIENE FACTORS

FB+M SATISFIERS

OTHER STAGES OTHER MOTIVATION FACTORS REQUIRED

R+P+FB+M MOTIVATION FACTORS

PRESENT CONCEPT & OTHER THEORIESSTAGE MOTIVATION

FACTORPRESENT CONCEPT

OTHER THEORIES

BASIC MONEY NO OTHER MOTIVATION FACTOR REQUIRED

THEORY X

OTHER STAGES M/FB/R/P MOTIVATION REQUIRED

THEORY Y