human anatomy & physiology - academic computer...
TRANSCRIPT
Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals, Primates
Opposable thumbsForward facing eyes
Paired clavicles
Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level Cellular level
Tissue level.
Organ level
Organ system level Organismal level
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Bloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Levels of Structure
IntegumentaryProtection, Regulates body temperatureSkin
SkeletalProtection, Support, Mineral storage, MovementBones
MuscularMovement, Manipulation, ThermogenesisMuscles
NervousControl, Regulation, Consciousness Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine Control via hormonesPituitary gland, thyroid gland, testes/ovaries, etc.
CardiovascularTransportHeart, blood vessels, blood
Lymphatic/ImmuneProtection from pathogens, return of tissue fluid to bloodstream Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
RespiratoryGas exchangeLungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
UrinaryEliminates nitrogenous wastes. Regulates BP, blood volume, blood pH, blood electrolytes.Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
DigestiveTransport, breakdown, and absorption of food.Elimination of wastes.Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Male reproductiveSperm and testosterone production.Testes, epididymides, vas deferenses, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra, penis.
Female reproductiveOocyte, estrogen, and progesterone production.Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
Tissues
Groups of similar cells with a
common function
4 basic types1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle4. Nervous
Cells40,000,000,000,000 total
200 different types
1. Basic structural/functional unit2. All organisms3. Individual + collective activity
Cellular OrganellesNucleus → Cellular control center. Contains
DNA (blueprints for protein production).
Mitochondria → Cellular power plant. Site of conversion of the energy w/i nutrients to the energy currency of the cell – adenosine triphosphate.
Endoplasmic Reticulum → Site of protein/lipid production
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
The response DECREASES the magnitude of the initial stimulus.
Frequency?
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Frequency?
The response INCREASES the magnitude of the initial stimulus.
Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in blood vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site and release chemicals.
Released chemicals attract more platelets.
Platelet plugforms.
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1
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Positive Feedback Mechanisms