Citing Sources for Public Speaking

Creative Commons 2016 CC-BY Douglas A. Switzer

Citing Sources for Public Speaking

Personal knowledge and experience PLUS outside sources will…

1. …increase the credibility of your speech.

2. …improve the accuracy of what you have to say.

3. …increase appearance of competency.

4. …increase your ethos--your “professionalism.”5. …provide your listeners with sources to seek out.

Citing Sources for Public Speaking

It is HIGHLY UNETHICAL

and potentially ILLEGAL

to use outside sources without any kind of

acknowledgement and/or documentation.

KNOW how to cite sources you use.

Citing Sources for Public SpeakingProperly citing sources in public speaking requires

you to cite in THREE places:

1. …the formal written outlineincluding in-text AND a separate sources cited section

2. …a presentation aidi.e., images and statistical information in a PowerPoint or

overhead transparency.

3. …the actual speech

Citing Sources for Public Speaking1. In the formal written outline.Why should I properly cite sources in the outline?

A. Helps to track sources when writing/rewriting your speech.

B. Provides a record of sources for use in updating future presentations.

C. Creates appearance of competency should listeners request information AFTER a presentation.

Consult your textbook for an example of citing sources in an outline.

Citing Sources for Public Speaking2. In a presentation aid, such as a PowerPoint

or overhead transparencies.You do not need to cite an image (photograph) that you own.Any image that is not owned by you must be cited.

To cite an image, include a) the type of license assigned to the photograph, i.e., © copyright or CC

creative commons.b) the name of who owns the imagec) the source from where the image came from, i.e., publisher or internet

domain (www.lockheedmartin.com). Do NOT use the entire URL page address (www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/f22.html.

Use 6-point type for the citation; place the citation in the lower right corner of the image. For multiple images from the same source, use one citation only in the bottom right corner of the screen.

Economic IssuesAbject Poverty

Per capita income is just $480, compared to some $33,550 in the United States.

Where did the statistics come from?

Where did the photo come from?

Economic IssuesAbject Poverty

Per capita income is just $480, compared to some $33,550 in the United States According to the BBC.

Image: http://www.panoramaproductions.net/Haititour.htm

BETTER but NOT GOOD

Economic IssuesAbject Poverty

Per capita income $480

United States $33,550

Source: www.panoramaproductions.net

Data source: www.bbc.net.uk

Much BETTER

Economic IssuesAbject Poverty

Per capita income $480

United States $33,550

Source: www.panoramaproductions.net

Data source: www.bbc.net.uk

Citing Sources for Public Speaking3. In the actual speech

ALWAYS say your sources ORALLY as you use them These are called “oral footnotes.”.

Avoid FULL citations, which are already in your outline

Citation may include author, article title, publication date and/or publication name

State citations conversationally

NEVER do the following…(next slide)

Works Cited

• Campbell, Ray. Personal Interview. October 10, 2003.• Carney, John. Personal Interview. October 10, 2003.• Negro League Baseball Players Association. WWW: http://www.nlbpa.com/walker__moses_fleetwood.html. 2000-2003• Moses Fleetwood Walker. WWW. http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT-images/MFWalker.html. • Fleet Walker. WWW: http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/W/Walker_Fleet.stm.

NEVER share a works cited slide to your PowerPoint slide presentation because:

1. It distracts listeners from the speech you just completed.

2. The sources do not specifically identify in the speech what belongs to you or what is attributed to your sources.

3. Your listeners will never remember your sources anyhow.

If a listener would like to follow-up on your sources, for example, to gain direction in their own research, simply show them the sources cited page on your outline.

Citing Sources for Public Speaking

Always ask any instructor should you be

confused or have questions about how to properly cite

sources used in apublic speech.