1 apa style guide how to format your paper and cite your sources a tutorial

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APA STYLE GUIDEAPA STYLE GUIDE How to Format Your How to Format Your Paper and Cite Your Paper and Cite Your

SourcesSources

A TutorialA Tutorial

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IntroductionIntroduction

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An Introduction to Sections I and II provides you with general guidelines

about the APA STYLE paper formatting and citation rules.

A Note about Navigating this Tutorial:

At first, the tutorial will help you navigate the Introduction Section as the slides will transition automatically.

When Section I, How to Format Your Paper, begins, please click on each slide to advance the presentation one slide at a time. You will be reminded to do so before Section I.

This will give you control of the slide transition from this point on. You can view the examples and information in general at your own pace.

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APA STYLE GUIDEAPA STYLE GUIDE

How to Format Your Paper and Cite Your How to Format Your Paper and Cite Your Sources: An IntroductionSources: An Introduction

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APA STYLE GUIDE:APA STYLE GUIDE:APA DocumentationAPA Documentation SystemSystem

This presentation offers an overview of the APA documentation system described in the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001), as it relates to How to Format How to Format Your Paper, and How to Cite Your Sources.Your Paper, and How to Cite Your Sources.

It also includes documentation from theIt also includes documentation from the APA Style Guide for Electronic ReferencesAPA Style Guide for Electronic References (2007)(2007)..

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For a comprehensive coverage of these For a comprehensive coverage of these topics, please consult the topics, please consult the print versionprint version of the Manual itself (5of the Manual itself (5THTH ed.), found in ed.), found in your library, or (2007) at: your library, or (2007) at: http://apastyle.org/http://apastyle.org/

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APA Style Guide to Electronic ReferencesAPA Style Guide to Electronic References (©2007). (©2007).

This guide is a revised and updated version of This guide is a revised and updated version of section section 4.16 of the fifth edition of the 4.16 of the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssoPublication Manual of the American Psychological Associationciation (2001, pp. 268–281). (2001, pp. 268–281).

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How to Use This APA Style GuideHow to Use This APA Style Guide

For easy of use, this style guide is For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two main sections:comprised of two main sections:

I. How to Format Your PaperI. How to Format Your Paper II. How to Cite Your SourcesII. How to Cite Your Sources

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HyperlinksHyperlinks throughout this throughout this tutorial help you better navigate the tutorial help you better navigate the sections at point of need.sections at point of need.

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How to Use This APA Style GuideHow to Use This APA Style GuideFor easy of use, this style guide is comprised of For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of

two main sections:two main sections: I. How to Format Your PaperI. How to Format Your Paper II. How to Cite Your SourcesII. How to Cite Your Sources

PAPER FORMATTINGPAPER FORMATTING

The The FIRST SECTIONFIRST SECTION covers the formatting of the major covers the formatting of the major parts of your paper in general: parts of your paper in general: title pagetitle page, , the the main bodymain body of your paperof your paper, and , and referencesreferences..

The focus of the section is the overall The focus of the section is the overall page numbering, page numbering,

line spacing, margin setting, punctuation and line spacing, margin setting, punctuation and capitalization capitalization used for these parts used for these parts (This guide is (This guide is not intended as a comprehensive manual for not intended as a comprehensive manual for punctuation.)punctuation.)

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How to Use This APA Style GuideHow to Use This APA Style GuideFor easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two main For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two main

sections:sections: I. How to Format Your PaperI. How to Format Your Paper II. How to Cite Your SourcesII. How to Cite Your Sources

Hyperlinks throughout this guide help you better navigate Hyperlinks throughout this guide help you better navigate the sections at point of need.the sections at point of need.

PAPER FORMATTINGPAPER FORMATTING

The The FIRST SECTIONFIRST SECTION covers the formatting of the major parts of your covers the formatting of the major parts of your paper in general: paper in general: title pagetitle page, , the the main bodymain body of your paperof your paper, , and and referencesreferences..

The focus of the section is the overall The focus of the section is the overall page numbering, line spacing, page numbering, line spacing,

margin setting, punctuation and capitalization margin setting, punctuation and capitalization used for these used for these parts (This guide is not intended as a comprehensive manual parts (This guide is not intended as a comprehensive manual for punctuation.)for punctuation.)

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How to Use This APA Style GuideHow to Use This APA Style GuideFor easy of use, this style guide is comprised of For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of

two main sections:two main sections:

I. How to Format Your PaperI. How to Format Your Paper

II. How to Cite Your SourcesII. How to Cite Your Sources

SOURCES YOU NEED TO CITE AND HOW TO CITE THEMSOURCES YOU NEED TO CITE AND HOW TO CITE THEM

The The SECOND SECTIONSECOND SECTION shows you shows you how to handle the parts of a paper you need to document: sources you need to cite and how to cite them. Basically, the second section provides examples of frequently used types of citations.

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In addition to the two main sections, In addition to the two main sections, I. How to I. How to Format Your PaperFormat Your Paper, and , and How to Cite How to Cite Your SourcesYour Sources, this presentation includes , this presentation includes four Appendices and a Subject Index:four Appendices and a Subject Index:

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Appendix AAppendix A covers a very important covers a very important

ethical and legal issue: ethical and legal issue: plagiarismplagiarism..

Appendix BAppendix B introduces more topics introduces more topics and examples beyond the ones and examples beyond the ones featured in Sections I and II.featured in Sections I and II.

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Appendix CAppendix C provides hints on how to keep track provides hints on how to keep track of your citations as you go along collecting of your citations as you go along collecting materials for your research paper.materials for your research paper.

Appendix DAppendix D refers you to Keiser Online refers you to Keiser Online Resource Center, The OWL at Purdue, and Resource Center, The OWL at Purdue, and other university online writing centers to other university online writing centers to expand your knowledge of the APA Style expand your knowledge of the APA Style Guide as well as writing processes in Guide as well as writing processes in general.general.

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A convenient A convenient Subject IndexSubject Index can be can be found at the end of this tutorial. found at the end of this tutorial. The entries contain links to the The entries contain links to the slides where the topics/examples slides where the topics/examples can be easily and quickly can be easily and quickly retrieved.retrieved.

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In addition to the two main sections, In addition to the two main sections, I. How to Format Your I. How to Format Your PaperPaper, and , and II. How to Cite Your SourcesII. How to Cite Your Sources, this presentation , this presentation includes Appendices and a Subject Index:includes Appendices and a Subject Index:

Appendix AAppendix A covers a very important ethical and legal issue: plagiarism. covers a very important ethical and legal issue: plagiarism.

Appendix BAppendix B introduces different topics and examples of citations in introduces different topics and examples of citations in addition to the most common ones featured in Sections I and II.addition to the most common ones featured in Sections I and II.

Appendix CAppendix C provides hints on how to keep track of your citations as you provides hints on how to keep track of your citations as you go along collecting materials for your research paper.go along collecting materials for your research paper.

Appendix DAppendix D refers you to Keiser Online Resource Center, The OWL at refers you to Keiser Online Resource Center, The OWL at Purdue, and other university online writing centers to expand Purdue, and other university online writing centers to expand your knowledge of the APA Style Guide as well as writing your knowledge of the APA Style Guide as well as writing processes in general.processes in general.

A convenient A convenient Subject IndexSubject Index can be found at the end of this tutorial. The can be found at the end of this tutorial. The entries contain links to the slides where the topics/examples can entries contain links to the slides where the topics/examples can be easily and quickly retrieved.be easily and quickly retrieved.

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General GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?Sources?

I. Why Do We Format a Paper? I. Why Do We Format a Paper?APA style is the style of writing used by authors

submitting their research as articles to journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA).

Who Uses APA Style Guide?The rules and guidelines presented in the APA

Publication Manual are also the standard for authors other than those publishing in an APA journal. Papers reporting research in Psychology, Sociology, Social Work, Business, Economics, Criminology, Education and Nursing often follow the APA Style.

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I. Why Do We Format a Paper? I. Why Do We Format a Paper?APA style is the style of writing used by authors

submitting their research as articles to journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA).

A. Copy Manuscripts vs. Final Manuscripts (Scholarly Papers vs. Class Papers)

Although originally intended for preparing papers for publication (copy manuscripts), both the APA research paper formatting and citation guidelines are the style of choice for final manuscripts. By final manuscripts, we mean class papers, theses, and dissertations. It helps students to maintain a more consistent format when writing.

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I. Why Do We Format a Paper? I. Why Do We Format a Paper?

B. Formatting and Citing “Material Other than Journal

Articles.”

Some of the rules for publication in scholarly journals are not necessary for class papers, and Chapter six of the APA Manual addresses that issue: “Material Other than Journal Articles” (APA, 2001, pp. 321-330).

This tutorial is meant for class papers, not for journal This tutorial is meant for class papers, not for journal publication. Theses and Dissertations following the APA publication. Theses and Dissertations following the APA Manual also take into consideration specific instructions Manual also take into consideration specific instructions established by a particular university.established by a particular university.

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I. Why Do We Cite Sources? I. Why Do We Cite Sources? Three main reasons:Three main reasons:1. To show research continuity (knowledge 1. To show research continuity (knowledge

building). It makes it easier for the reader to building). It makes it easier for the reader to consult a researcher’s sources, and build on consult a researcher’s sources, and build on that knowledge.that knowledge.

2. To support your ideas, as a writer, 2. To support your ideas, as a writer, strengthening your arguments. It makes your strengthening your arguments. It makes your paper more relevant.paper more relevant.

3. To give credit where credit is due. Failing to do 3. To give credit where credit is due. Failing to do so constitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism is so constitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism is academic/professional misconduct: it is not academic/professional misconduct: it is not only unethical but also illegal.only unethical but also illegal.

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I. Why Do We Cite Sources? I. Why Do We Cite Sources?

Mano SinghamMano Singham, , a theoretical physicist and a theoretical physicist and currently Director of currently Director of UCITEUCITE (University Center (University Center for Innovation in Teaching and Education), for Innovation in Teaching and Education), Ohio, simply states the importance of citations, Ohio, simply states the importance of citations, when you are writing your paper:when you are writing your paper:

When you cite the works of others, you are When you cite the works of others, you are

strengthening your own argument because you are strengthening your own argument because you are making them (and their allies) into your allies, and making them (and their allies) into your allies, and people who challenge what you say have to take on people who challenge what you say have to take on this entire army. When you cite reputable sources or this entire army. When you cite reputable sources or credible authorities for facts or ideas, you become credible authorities for facts or ideas, you become more credible because you are no longer alone and more credible because you are no longer alone and thus not easily dismissed, even if you personally are thus not easily dismissed, even if you personally are not famous or a recognized authority.not famous or a recognized authority.

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General OutlineGeneral Outline INTRODUCTION

I. HOW TO FORMAT YOUR PAPER– Margins– Line Spacing– Page Numbering– Title Page Elements

II. HOW TO CITE YOUR SOURCES – Sources you need to cite and how to cite them II. How to handle

the parts of a paper you need to document, or, in other words, the sources you need to cite if you are using words or ideas that you have not originated yourself.

– NOTE: Citing the sources you consulted in books, databases, etc. is paramount to avoid plagiarism (More about plagiarism at the end of this presentation: See Appendix A)

FORMS OF CITATIONS:

– IN–TEXT CITATIONS (or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS) and– REFERENCE LIST (REFERENCES)

APPENDIX A: PlagiarismAPPENDIX B: Additional Topics and Examples of CitationsAPPENDIX C: Keeping Track of Your Citations during Your ResearchAPPENDIX D: More Tools on APA Style Guide and Writing Processes INDEX (SUBJECT INDEX)

Please click on this slide to advance the presentation, as you

wish.

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I.I. How to Format Your How to Format Your Paper:Paper:

Basic Guidelines forBasic Guidelines forOverall PaperOverall Paper

Please click on each slide to advance the presentation one slide at a time from this point on.

This will give you control of the slides transition. You can view the examples and information in general at your own pace.

Note that the PowerPoint arrows at the lower left-hand corner of each screen will also allow you to navigate to the next or previous slide. (If you can’t see the arrows, place your cursor in the corner of screen for full view.)

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I. How to Format Your Paper:I. How to Format Your Paper:Basic Guidelines for Overall PaperBasic Guidelines for Overall Paper

(You can click on a link for (You can click on a link for Illustration (a) Illustration (a) and and Illustration (b) Illustration (b) on how to Format on how to Format Your Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the Your Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the presentation.)presentation.)

1. 1. PAPER CHOICEPAPER CHOICE: : Print the manuscript on one side of Print the manuscript on one side of standard-sized white paper, (8-1/2 X 11).standard-sized white paper, (8-1/2 X 11).

2. MARGINS2. MARGINSOne-inch margins One-inch margins at the top, bottom, right and left sidesat the top, bottom, right and left sides of of each page are now required by APA.each page are now required by APA.

3. LINE SPACING3. LINE SPACINGDouble spacing is required throughout the paper. Double-Double spacing is required throughout the paper. Double-space after every line of the space after every line of the titletitle, , headingsheadings, , quotationsquotations, , referencesreferences, etc. , etc. Do not use single or one-and-a-half Do not use single or one-and-a-half spacing.spacing.

– If you wish to use single-spacing for If you wish to use single-spacing for quotations of verse and quotations of verse and dramadrama because it more nearly approximates what the poet and because it more nearly approximates what the poet and dramatist would want, consult with your instructor before dramatist would want, consult with your instructor before doing so.doing so.

Note: Remember to click on the slides to advance the presentation.Note: Remember to click on the slides to advance the presentation.

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How to Format Your Paper:How to Format Your Paper:Basic GuidelinesBasic Guidelines (cont’d) (cont’d)

4. PAGE NUMBERING4. PAGE NUMBERINGNumber each page consecutively from the Title page Number each page consecutively from the Title page through the References page(s).through the References page(s).

Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Arabic numerals.Arabic numerals.

Arrange the pages of the manuscript as followArrange the pages of the manuscript as follow::

– Title PageTitle Page numbered 1numbered 1. . – Abstract (if used)Abstract (if used): first page : first page numbered 2numbered 2

(start (start on aon a separate pageseparate page). ). – Text (Body of Paper)Text (Body of Paper): start : start on a new pageon a new page

and and number it 2 (or 3, if Abstract included.)number it 2 (or 3, if Abstract included.) – Pages with figuresPages with figures are not numbered. are not numbered.

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How to Format Your Paper:How to Format Your Paper:Basic GuidelinesBasic Guidelines (cont’d) (cont’d)

4. PAGE NUMBERING4. PAGE NUMBERINGNumber each page consecutively from the Title page Number each page consecutively from the Title page through the through the References page(s).References page(s).

Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Arabic Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Arabic numerals.numerals.

If arranging the pages of an 11-page manuscript (Page Title, Abstract, If arranging the pages of an 11-page manuscript (Page Title, Abstract, Body of Paper, and References, they would look as followBody of Paper, and References, they would look as follow::

Title Page

Title Page

11

Abstract

Abstract

Body of Body of Paper

Paper

Reference

Referencess

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(or 2)(or 2) 1144 88 99

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(if Abstract (if Abstract

included; if included; if

not, body of not, body of

paper starts paper starts

with page 2)with page 2)


Paper


Paper

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Reference

Referencess

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How to Format Your Paper:How to Format Your Paper:AAdditional Guidelinesdditional Guidelines for Yourfor Your Title Title PagePage TITLE PAGE Main ElementsTITLE PAGE Main Elements

TitleTitleThe title is typed in The title is typed in uppercase and lowercaseuppercase and lowercase letters, and should letters, and should be centered on the page. If the title requires more than one line, be centered on the page. If the title requires more than one line, double-space between all the lines.double-space between all the lines.

Short-titleShort-titleA A short titleshort title is used throughout the paper is used throughout the paper including the title including the title page.page.

The Short Title and page number appear at the upper right-The Short Title and page number appear at the upper right-corner of the title page.corner of the title page.

The short title is a single two-word (or three-word) derivation of The short title is a single two-word (or three-word) derivation of the title of the paper.the title of the paper.

The Short Title is typed one inch below the top of the page flush The Short Title is typed one inch below the top of the page flush with the right-hand margin (of one inch).with the right-hand margin (of one inch).

(You can click on a link for (You can click on a link for Illustration (a) Illustration (a) and and Illustration (b) Illustration (b) on how to Format on how to Format

Your Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the Your Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the presentation.)presentation.)

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II. How to Cite Your II. How to Cite Your SourcesSources

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NOTE: Aside from consulting the APA Manual itself, refer to your Library APA hand-outs for additional information on citations.

Your Library hand-outs contain more details to supplement the topics covered on these slides. Also refer to Keiser Writes Online Writing Center on your Library Web site for a very comprehensive coverage.

This presentation is meant to be a detailed, easy-to-follow, thorough introduction to the subject.

The tutorial can be used as a quick and handy reference tool when you organize your citations as it includes the most frequently used forms of citing materials.

You might not find it necessary to consult any other tools to cite your sources and complete your paper. However, if you can’t find the answer to a question related to APA citation style, refer to Keiser Writes Online Writing Center on your Library Web site for a number of university online tools.

Appendix D offers additional Websites for consultation.

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General GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines

How to handle the parts of a paper you need to document:

– Sources you need to cite and how to cite them.

FORMS OF CITATIONS:A. IN–TEXT CITATIONS (or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS)

andB. REFERENCE LIST (REFERENCES)

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B. Creating the Reference List (References)

What to DocumentWhat to Document

Be sure to document all the sources you have used in writing your paper. You’ll need to cite sources for:

• direct quotations,• paraphrases and summaries,• information and ideas that are not common

knowledge or are not available in a standard reference work, and

• any other borrowed material that might appear to be your own if there were no citations.

By clicking By clicking here you can return to Appendix A, if you need to; otherwise, just continue this presentation as usual by clicking anywhere on this slide.

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1. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be:1. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be:

enclosed in double quotation marks andenclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of should be incorporated into the formal structure of

the sentence.the sentence.

Example:Example:

Patients receiving prayer hadPatients receiving prayer had " "less congestive heart failure, less congestive heart failure, required required

less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, pneumonia,

had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and

ventilatedventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829)" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829). .

Direct QuotationDirect QuotationWhen a direct quotation is used, always include When a direct quotation is used, always include the the authorauthor, , yearyear, and , and page numberpage number as part of the as part of the citation.citation.

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2. A lengthy quotation of more than 40 words should be:2. A lengthy quotation of more than 40 words should be:– typed on a new linetyped on a new line– without quotation markswithout quotation marks– in block formatin block format– double spaced double spaced **– indented (all lines) five spaces from the left margin indented (all lines) five spaces from the left margin

Example:Example: Miele (1993) found the following:Miele (1993) found the following:

* The APA suggests that you * The APA suggests that you do not single spacedo not single space; however, some instructors will ; however, some instructors will require that indented quotations be single-spaced, especially when quoting require that indented quotations be single-spaced, especially when quoting poetry, which loses some of its formal characteristics when double-spaced. poetry, which loses some of its formal characteristics when double-spaced. Check with your instructor before single-spacing quotations. Check with your instructor before single-spacing quotations.

Direct QuotationDirect QuotationWhen a direct quotation is used, always include When a direct quotation is used, always include the the authorauthor, , yearyear, and , and page numberpage number as part of the as part of the citation.citation.

The "placebo effect," which had been verified in The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

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Paraphrases and SummariesParaphrases and Summaries

The The Publication ManualPublication Manual defines defines paraphrasingparaphrasing as summarizing a passage or rearranging the as summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the order of a sentence and changing some of the words (p. 349).words (p. 349).

Note that Note that twotwo things must be present for things must be present for paraphrasing not to be considered plagiarism: paraphrasing not to be considered plagiarism: use your own words and use your own use your own words and use your own sentence structure.sentence structure.

If you copy the source's words or if you copy If you copy the source's words or if you copy the source's sentence structure, you could be the source's sentence structure, you could be guilty of plagiarism.guilty of plagiarism.

By clicking By clicking here you can return to Appendix A, if you need to; otherwise, just continue this presentation as usual by clicking anywhere on this slide.

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Information and ideas that are not common knowledge or are not available in a standard reference work

If you are stating facts of common knowledge such as President Obama took the oath on January 20, 2009, you do not need to cite your source (even if you had to look up the exact day of the inauguration).

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II. How to Cite Your Sources:II. How to Cite Your Sources:Basic GuidelinesBasic Guidelines

(You can click on the link for (You can click on the link for Illustration (c) Illustration (c) on Basic on Basic Guidelines - How to Format a References List.)Guidelines - How to Format a References List.)

A comprehensive A comprehensive list of exampleslist of examples is provided down further is provided down further in this presentation.) in this presentation.)

A. IN-TEXT CITATIONS (or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS)

B. CREATING YOUR REFERENCES LIST (References)

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II. How to Cite Your Sources:II. How to Cite Your Sources:Basic GuidelinesBasic Guidelines

A. IN-TEXT CITATIONS or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS (citing, in parentheses, the author’s last name & year of publication)

These are your citations within the text; that is, instead of using footnotes, you briefly document, within the text of your paragraph, an idea from the source you consulted, usually citing, IN PARENTHESES, the author’s last name and year of publication.

Note that this parenthetical information corresponds to a full citation for that source in your Reference List at the end of your paper.

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REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your document should point to an entry in the Reference List.

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A. In–Text Citations (or Parenthetical Citations)

Text citations are basically the same for print and electronic sources. The main considerations in using text citations are placement and content of source material.

Placement of citations: Place the author (s) and date (s) within parentheses at an appropriate place within a sentence.

Example 1 (one author): Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a

common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999).

Example 2 (three to five authors, when these are first cited in your paper):

(Anderson, Myers, Wilkes, & Matthews, 2003)

Example 3 (three to five authors, for all subsequent citations in your paper):

(Anderson et al., 2003)

Example 4 (when a work has six or more authors, use first author followed by et al., meaning “and others.”)

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Varying Your In-Text Citation StylesVarying Your In-Text Citation StylesDepending on how you construct your sentence, you can Depending on how you construct your sentence, you can cite your source in various ways. The options can be cite your source in various ways. The options can be slightly different from the examples presented in the slightly different from the examples presented in the previous slide.previous slide.

An An in-text citationin-text citation could be formatted as in the example: could be formatted as in the example: In the book Coercion (Rushkoff, 1999), the author breaks

down the methods of control…

Variations of the in-text citation above will depend on how Variations of the in-text citation above will depend on how you choose to paraphrase the author’s idea. The following you choose to paraphrase the author’s idea. The following are some variant styles:are some variant styles:

(a) (a) In the book Coercion (1999), Rushkoff breaks down the methods of control…

(b) Rushkoff (1999) breaks down the methods of control…

(c) The book Coercion breaks down the methods of control… (Rushkoff, 1999).

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A REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your document should point to an entry in the Reference List.

BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.

AUTHOR’SLAST NAME + 1st INITIAL

andDATE OF PUBLICATION .

TITLE (in Italics)

PLACE OF PUBLICATIONand

PUBLISHER.

Aarns, G. (2003). Certain flaws.

.

New York: Preston Press.

1 2 3

1 2 3

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B.Creating the Reference List (References)BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each

ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.

AUTHOR’SLAST NAME + 1st INITIAL


TITLE (in Italics)


PUBLISHER. .

1 2 3

Click on slide to view the reference entry for this Click on slide to view the reference entry for this book.book.

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A REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your document should point to an entry in the Reference List.

BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.

AUTHOR’SLAST NAME + 1st INITIAL(S)


TITLE (in Italics)


PUBLISHER.

Stone, C. L. (2003).

.

Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

1 2 3

The basics of biology.

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BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look a Each of the 3 Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation and Capitalization)

1. (a) AUTHOR(S) AND DATE

Author(s) Date

AUTHOR’SLAST NAME

COMMA SPACE INITIAL(S)OF AUTHOR

SPACE YEAR OFPUBLICATION

(IN PARENTHESIS)

PERIOD SPACE

Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia: Ballière Tindall.

Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). A challenge to change. London: Thorsons.

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BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look a Each of the 3 Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation and Capitalization)

1. (b) EDITOR(S) (instead of author) AND DATE

Editor (s) Date

EDITOR’SLAST NAME

COMMA SPACE INITIAL(S)OF EDITOR

SPACE YEAR OFPUBLICATION

(IN PARENTHESIS)

PERIOD SPACE

Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (1999). Coping: The psychology of what works. New York: Oxford University Press.

Note the addition of the abbreviation Note the addition of the abbreviation (Ed.)(Ed.) in parentheses to indicate in parentheses to indicate EditorEditor..If more than one editor, use If more than one editor, use (Eds.).(Eds.).

PERIOD(Ed.(Ed.))

PERIODSPACE

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BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization) 2. TITLE OF WORK: (a) Book and Chapter in a Book Titles of books should be in italics (not underlined) but only the first word and any proper nouns are capitalized. The rest of the title is written in all lowercase.

Book: Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.

Note that if you are citing the Title of a Chapter in a Book, only the Book Title is in italics. The Chapter Title should not be in italics.

Chapter in a Book: Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.), 16th Century England (pp. 327-384). London: Methaneon.

The soul of a new machine.

Chapter Title (not in Chapter Title (not in italics)italics)

16th Century England

Book Title (in italics) where the Chapter (not in italics) Book Title (in italics) where the Chapter (not in italics) appears.appears.

Book Title (in Book Title (in italics)italics)

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BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)

2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal For journals, list the name of the journal in italics with all significant words capitalized. By significant words we mean nouns, verbs, etc. as opposed to prepositions, articles, conjunctions.

The article you are citing should not be in italics and only the first word of the title (and the first word of subtitle, if there is one) should be capitalized.

The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.

Article Title (not in Article Title (not in italics)italics)

Journal Title (in italics)Journal Title (in italics)

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993).

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

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2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal

Part of the Part of the CitationCitation

ItalicsItalics CapitalizationCapitalization

Article TitleArticle Title Do Do not not use use

italicsitalics

Capitalize Capitalize onlyonly the following: the following:(a)(a) 11stst word of the title; word of the title; (b)(b) 11stst word of word of

the sub-title, if there is one;the sub-title, if there is one; (c)(c) proper nouns.proper nouns.

Journal TitleJournal Title Use Use italicsitalics

Capitalize Capitalize all significant wordsall significant words, that , that is, nouns, verbs, etc.; do not capitalize is, nouns, verbs, etc.; do not capitalize prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and such. such. See another EXAMPLE of an article in a journal on next slide.

A summarized view on how to create a reference for an Article in A summarized view on how to create a reference for an Article in a Journal:a Journal:

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2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal

Parker, G., & Roy, K. (2001). Adolescent depression: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 572-580.

Article Title (Article Title (notnot in italics) in italics)

Journal Title (in Journal Title (in italics)italics)

Note the initials capitalized in the Note the initials capitalized in the journal title/sub-titlejournal title/sub-title except for except for “and”“and”

Note that Note that only only the the initial noun initial noun (Adolescent)(Adolescent) is capitalized in this is capitalized in this article article title.title.

Example:Example:

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For books, cite the city/(state) *of publication and the publisher. For journals, list the place in the journal where the article appears (not city and publisher): volume #, issue #, and page #.

Book: Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (1999). Coping: The psychology of what works. New York: Oxford University Press. city publisher

Article in a Journal: Cole, T. B. (1999). Case management for domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(6), 513-514. vol. # issue # page #

3. Physical Place of Publication

See next slide for details on how to cite publisher’s See next slide for details on how to cite publisher’s location.location.

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1.Physical Place of PublicationFor books, cite the city/state) *of publication and the publisher.

For journals, list the place in the journal where the article appears (not city and publisher): volume #, issue #, and page #.

PublisherPublisher LocationLocation NotesNotes

(1) Click on the link for list of two-letter (1) Click on the link for list of two-letter abbreviations:abbreviations:http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htmhttp://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htmll

Located Located in the in the USAUSA

Give Give city and statecity and state (In your References (In your References List, List, use the official use the official two-letter U.S. Postal two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviationsService abbreviations for the states). See for the states). See NotesNotes..

(2) For the locations below, do not use the state or (2) For the locations below, do not use the state or country as they are major cities well known for country as they are major cities well known for publishing:publishing:

Baltimore New York Amsterdam ParisBaltimore New York Amsterdam Paris

Boston Philadelphia Jerusalem RomeBoston Philadelphia Jerusalem Rome

Chicago San Francisco London Chicago San Francisco London StockholmStockholm

Los Angeles Milan TokyoLos Angeles Milan Tokyo

Moscow ViennaMoscow Vienna

Located Located outside outside of the of the USAUSA

Give city and Give city and countrycountry

*Publishers’ Location*Publishers’ LocationWrite the publisher’s location as follows: Write the publisher’s location as follows:

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B.B. CREATING A REFERENCE LISTCREATING A REFERENCE LIST

(You can click on the link for (You can click on the link for Illustration (c) Illustration (c) on Basic on Basic Guidelines - How to Format a References List.)Guidelines - How to Format a References List.)

Begin the Reference List on a new page, and use the title “References” (minus quotations) typed in upper and lower case, as indicated.

List only sources you have cited throughout the body of your paper, and list all of these except for:

– an entire Web site you have mentioned, not specific parts

– personal communications (e.g., interviews, letters, e-mails, messages from un-archived discussion groups),

– or any other material not accessible to your readers.

Note: Works you have consulted throughout your research, but not cited in the body of your paper, are not included in References.

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B.B. CREATING A REFERENCE LISTCREATING A REFERENCE LIST

Double-space all text from title page through References page(s).

First line of each reference is flush at the left margin (of 1 inch). Indent 5 spaces for the remaining lines of the same reference entry.

Italicize titles of books and periodicals (do not italicize the title of a chapter in a book or of an article in a periodical .)

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Examples of ReferencesExamples of References

1. Book (single author)

2. Book (two authors)

3. Book (three to six authors)

4. Book (editors in place of authors)

5. Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later edition)

6. Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors)

7. Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues from issue to issue)

8. Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has volume number and starts each issue with page one)

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Examples of ReferencesExamples of References

9. Journal Article [Online version of print journal found on a database]: (Examples of databases: ProQuest, CINAHL, LegalTrac, etc.)

10. Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not connected to a journal, such as an article appearing on an organization Website)

11. Magazine Article [Print] (basic form): (Note: Use vol. # if magazine has vols.)

12. Newspaper article [Online, no author] (article found on a database; start with the title of an article or book, if the author is not mentioned

13. U.S. government report [Online] (available on government agency Website, no publication date indicated [no date=n.d])

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Examples of ReferencesThe reference examples below illustrate the most common types of

references (Book, Journal Article, Database, Web Site, CD-ROM, etc.)

Please note that your References should have all the authors you cited throughout your paper (the citations you created in parenthesis). Also remember that your References list should be organized alphabetically by last names of authors.

1. Book (single author): Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and

education. Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall.

2. Book (two authors): Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of

macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

3. Book (three to six authors): Marquart, J. W., Olson, S. E., & Sorensen, J. R. (1994). The

rope, the chair, and the needle: Capital punishment in Texas, 1923 - 1990. Austin: University of Texas Press.

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4. Book (editors in place of authors): Stock, G., & Campbell, J. (Eds.). (2000). Engineering the human germline:

An exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. New York: Oxford University Press.

5. Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later edition): Roy, A. (1995). Psychiatric emergencies. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock

(Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (6th ed., pp. 1739- 1752). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Note that the chapter is not in italics – only the book title is.

6. Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors): Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al.

(2003). The myth of depression. Health Culture, 9, 221-229.

Note 1: For REFERENCES, cite the six authors and then add to them a comma and the abbreviated expression et al. (meaning “and others.”)

Note 2: For the corresponding IN-TEXT CITATION, just list the 1st author (NOT ALL SIX AUTHORS) and add et al. Example: (Mercer et al., 2003).

5959

7. Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues from issue to issue): Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics

Teacher, 28, 316-318. Journal issue # Article page numbers

8. Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has volume number and starts each issue with page one). Citation of magazine articles includes the month and day the magazine was published - see Magazine entry below.

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Volume # Issue # Article page numbers

9. Journal Article [Online version of print journal found on a database]: (Examples of databases: ProQuest, CINAHL, LegalTrac, etc.)

Sendelberg, K. S. (2008). Child support: Making a molehill out of a mountain. Michigan Bar Journal, 87(6), 24-26. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from LegalTrac database.

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10. Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not connected to a journal, such as an article appearing on an organization Website):

Albanese, J. (2001). How can we reach teenage smokers? Retrieved September 13, 2001, from

http://msweb.nursingspectrum.com/ce/ce229.htm Note: If you are referring to a Website in general, not a specific article on a Website,

an entire Website may be simply cited in the body of your paper. According to APA Style Guide, it does not need a corresponding citation in your References.

11. Magazine Article [Print] (basic form): (Note: Use vol. # if magazine has vols.)

Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such a thing as brain death? New Yorker, 36-41.

12. Newspaper article [Online, no author] (article found on a database; start with the title of an article or book, if the author is not mentioned): Mad-cow may tighten blood-donor curbs. (2001, April 19). The Gazette

[Montreal], p. A13. Retrieved August 25, 2001, from Lexis-Nexis database.

13. U.S. government report [Online] (available on government agency Website, no publication date indicated [no date=n.d]):

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). Federal sentencing statistics by state. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from http://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm

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AppendicesAppendicesandand

IndexIndex

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Appendices & Subject IndexAppendices & Subject Index

Appendix A Appendix A covers a very important ethical and covers a very important ethical and legal issue: legal issue: plagiarismplagiarism..

Appendix BAppendix B introduces different topics and introduces different topics and examples of citations in addition to the most examples of citations in addition to the most common ones featured in Sections I and II.common ones featured in Sections I and II.

Appendix CAppendix C provides hints on how to keep track provides hints on how to keep track of your citations as you go along collecting of your citations as you go along collecting materials for your research paper.materials for your research paper.

Subject Index: Subject Index: the entries contain links to the slides the entries contain links to the slides where the topics/examples can be easily and quickly where the topics/examples can be easily and quickly retrieved.retrieved.

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Appendix Appendix AA

PlagiarismPlagiarism

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Appendix A: PlagiarismAppendix A: Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?What is plagiarism? Simply put, plagiarism is the use of another's Simply put, plagiarism is the use of another's

original words or ideas as though they were original words or ideas as though they were your own. Any time you borrow from an your own. Any time you borrow from an original source and do not give proper credit, original source and do not give proper credit, you have committed plagiarism and violated you have committed plagiarism and violated U.S. copyright laws. U.S. copyright laws.

What are copyright laws?What are copyright laws? Copyright laws exist to protect our intellectual Copyright laws exist to protect our intellectual

property. They make it illegal to reproduce property. They make it illegal to reproduce someone else's expression of ideas or someone else's expression of ideas or information without permission. This can information without permission. This can include music, images, written words, video, include music, images, written words, video, and a variety of other media. and a variety of other media. Retrieved from WriteCheck on 01/20/09 at Retrieved from WriteCheck on 01/20/09 at

http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/prevent_plagiarism.html

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Paraphrasing: What to Paraphrasing: What to DocumentDocument

Earlier in this presentation, we Earlier in this presentation, we covered what to document when covered what to document when you are doing research and you are doing research and borrowing someone’s ideas to borrowing someone’s ideas to write your paper.write your paper.

Please review Please review What to DocumentWhat to Document, , and and Paraphrases & SummariesParaphrases & Summaries, , before proceeding.before proceeding.

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Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding PlagiarismWriteCheckWriteCheck Student ResourcesStudent Resources covers this topic in a very covers this topic in a very simple and concise way. Take a look at their Web page at: simple and concise way. Take a look at their Web page at: http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/prevent_plagiarishttp://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/prevent_plagiarism.htmlm.html

Here are some quotations from that site:Here are some quotations from that site:

Plan your paperPlan your paperPlanning your paper well is the first and most important Planning your paper well is the first and most important step you can take toward preventing plagiarism. If you step you can take toward preventing plagiarism. If you know you are going to use other sources of information, know you are going to use other sources of information, you need to plan how you are going to include them in you need to plan how you are going to include them in your paper.your paper.

Take effective notesTake effective notesOne of the best ways to prepare for a research paper is by One of the best ways to prepare for a research paper is by taking thorough notes from all of your sources, so that you taking thorough notes from all of your sources, so that you have much of the information organized before you begin have much of the information organized before you begin writing. On the other hand, poor note-taking can lead to writing. On the other hand, poor note-taking can lead to many problems-- including improper citations and many problems-- including improper citations and misquotations, both of which are forms of plagiarism! misquotations, both of which are forms of plagiarism!

See Appendix C for additional help on how to avoid See Appendix C for additional help on how to avoid plagiarism.plagiarism.

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Appendix BAppendix B

Additional Topics Additional Topics and Examples of and Examples of

CitationsCitations

6868

APPENDIX BAPPENDIX BAdditional Topics and Examples of Additional Topics and Examples of CitationsCitations

1. Book 1. Book (edition placed after the title in parentheses):(edition placed after the title in parentheses): Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J., Jr. (1987). Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An People in organizations: An

Introduction to organizational behaviorIntroduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.)(3rd ed.). New . New York: McGraw-York: McGraw- Hill.Hill.

2.2. Book Book (revised edition):(revised edition): Rosenthal, R. (1987). Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social researchMeta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). (Rev. ed.).

Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

3. Book3. Book (corporate author*, author as a group, that is, no individual names):(corporate author*, author as a group, that is, no individual names): Ohio State University. Natural Resources Institute (1959). Ohio State University. Natural Resources Institute (1959). A directory A directory

of Ohio facilities and services for resource conservation of Ohio facilities and services for resource conservation.. Columbus, OH: Natural Resources Institute. Columbus, OH: Natural Resources Institute.

*The names of groups that serve as authors (This includes corporations, *The names of groups that serve as authors (This includes corporations, government agencies, associations, universities, etc.) are spelled out each government agencies, associations, universities, etc.) are spelled out each time they are cited within the textj, as a general rule. However, when citing time they are cited within the textj, as a general rule. However, when citing a well-known organization, it suffices to spell out the first mention, and a well-known organization, it suffices to spell out the first mention, and abbreviate thereafter.abbreviate thereafter.

4. Book4. Book (no author): (no author): The American heritage dictionaryThe American heritage dictionary (2nd college ed.). (1991). Boston: Houghton (2nd college ed.). (1991). Boston: Houghton

Mifflin.Mifflin.

6969


5. Book5. Book ((English translation of a book):English translation of a book): Foucault, M. (1995). Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punishDiscipline and punish (A. Sheridan, Trans.) (2nd (A. Sheridan, Trans.) (2nd

ed.). ed.). Studies in Critical TheoryStudies in Critical Theory. New York: Vintage Books (Original . New York: Vintage Books (Original work work published 1978). published 1978).

6. Paper6. Paper ((Unpublished paper presented at a meeting):Unpublished paper presented at a meeting): Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Mobility and education of

Buraku: Buraku: The case of a Japanese minority.The case of a Japanese minority.. Paper presented at . Paper presented at the annual meeting the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago. Chicago.

7. Encyclopedia [print]7. Encyclopedia [print] (entry in an encyclopedia):(entry in an encyclopedia): Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and

musicians (6musicians (6thth ed.; Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.ed.; Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

9. Encyclopedia9. Encyclopedia (a(article from an online encyclopedia):rticle from an online encyclopedia): Containerization. (2008). In Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia BritannicaEncyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, . Retrieved May 6,

2008, from http://search.eb.com2008, from http://search.eb.com

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10. Book10. Book (electronic book, e-book):(electronic book, e-book): O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from

http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

11. Book (Chapter( in an electronic book): Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A.

White & S. E. Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287–330). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.

The database name is included in the reference to aid readers infinding an electronic version of the book because it may be difficultto find it in print.

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APPENDIX BAPPENDIX BAdditional Topics and Examples of CitationsAdditional Topics and Examples of Citations

A Quote from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007)A Quote from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007) regarding electronic resources in general:regarding electronic resources in general:

Electronic books are available in a variety of formats and delivery methods.

They may be viewed page-by-page on a public Web site, downloaded in part or in whole from a database (e.g., netLibrary, PsycBOOKS, Gutenberg Project), or purchased as audio files. Text or audio files can be delivered to computers and to personal audio devices or text readers.

The database name is included in the reference to aid readers infinding an electronic version of the book because it may be difficultto find in print.

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12. 12. DissertationDissertation (accessed online from a database):(accessed online from a database):

Young, R. F. (2007). Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to to sustainable cities sustainable cities. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & . Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Theses. (AT3276815) (AT3276815)

13. Data file13. Data file ( available from NTIS/National Technical Information ( available from NTIS/National Technical Information Service Web site):Service Web site):Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Health Statistics. (2003). Statistics. (2003). National Extended Care Facility RosterNational Extended Care Facility Roster [Data file]. [Data file]. Available from National Technical Information Available from National Technical Information Service Web Site:Service Web Site: http://www.ntis.gov. http://www.ntis.gov.

NOTE: If you have an URL that is too long to fit within a line, break it at NOTE: If you have an URL that is too long to fit within a line, break it at a “forward slash” section rather than just anywhere. Also, do not use a “forward slash” section rather than just anywhere. Also, do not use a period at the end of your URL, unless the period is part of the Web a period at the end of your URL, unless the period is part of the Web address.address.

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14. Electronic publication14. Electronic publication (with a (with a DOIDOI):): Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated

bibliography. bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), (11/12), 1245-1245-1283. doi:10.1108/030905607108211611283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

NOTE: As we all know, because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, NOTE: As we all know, because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, electronic resources are sometimes changed or no longer made electronic resources are sometimes changed or no longer made available as time goes by. Broken hyperlinks and nonworking URLs in available as time goes by. Broken hyperlinks and nonworking URLs in the References List are annoying and, worse than that, without them the References List are annoying and, worse than that, without them the information would be lost.the information would be lost.

To avoid this problem, a permanent ID has been created by the To avoid this problem, a permanent ID has been created by the publishing world. It is called a Digital Object Identifier, or DOI, for publishing world. It is called a Digital Object Identifier, or DOI, for short. It is a unique alphanumeric identifier.short. It is a unique alphanumeric identifier.

You can see the DOI for an article as you view the article in an electronic You can see the DOI for an article as you view the article in an electronic journal, or for an e-book, as you research your databases or other journal, or for an e-book, as you research your databases or other Internet sources. So, be sure to include it in your References.Internet sources. So, be sure to include it in your References.

Important: Notice that, when you use a DOI in your reference, you do Important: Notice that, when you use a DOI in your reference, you do not need to add : not need to add : Retrieved from … on (date you retrieved the Retrieved from … on (date you retrieved the information), etc. information), etc. The The DOIDOI identification suffices. identification suffices.

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APPENDIX BAPPENDIX BAdditional Topics and Examples of CitationsAdditional Topics and Examples of Citations

A Special Note on Alphabetizing Citations in the Reference ListA Special Note on Alphabetizing Citations in the Reference List

Alphabetizing Author Names in the Reference ListAlphabetizing Author Names in the Reference List

A. Alphabetize letter by letterA. Alphabetize letter by letterHarris, Patricia Harris, Patricia (Harris (Harris is placed before is placed before Harrison in the Harrison in the Reference list.)Reference list.)

Harrison, KevinHarrison, Kevin

B. B. Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and MacAlphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac(1) (1) MacMacArthur Arthur (MacArthur is placed (MacArthur is placed before McAllister)before McAllister)

(2) (2) McMcAllistserAllistser

(3) (3) M’M’ Carthy Carthy

C. Alphabetize author’s last names that contain C. Alphabetize author’s last names that contain articles & prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.) as per articles & prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.) as per the rules of original language.the rules of original language.

(a) If the prefix is commonly used as part of the last (a) If the prefix is commonly used as part of the last name, such as De Vries, alphabetize by the prefix.name, such as De Vries, alphabetize by the prefix.

(b) If the name is normally mentioned without the (b) If the name is normally mentioned without the prefix, such as Helmholtz (rather than von prefix, such as Helmholtz (rather than von Helmholtz), alphabetize by the last name. The Helmholtz), alphabetize by the last name. The prefix follows the initials. prefix follows the initials.

(a) (a) DeDe Vries (but) Vries (but)

(b) Helmholtz, H. L. F. (b) Helmholtz, H. L. F. von von

(Consult the (Consult the biographical section of biographical section of Merriam-Webster’s Coll. Merriam-Webster’s Coll. Dictionary for the Dictionary for the proper use.)proper use.)

7575

Appendix CAppendix C

Keeping Track of Your Citations during Your

Research

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Keeping Track of Your Citations during Your Research

For a practical and effective way to keep track For a practical and effective way to keep track of your citations while you compile materials of your citations while you compile materials for your research paper, you can refer to a for your research paper, you can refer to a teaching tool on your Library Web site.teaching tool on your Library Web site.

The following link will take you to Avoiding The following link will take you to Avoiding Plagiarism: Safe Practices:Plagiarism: Safe Practices:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/03/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/03/

An additional section provides exercises for you to An additional section provides exercises for you to safely avoid plagiarism.safely avoid plagiarism.

7777

Appendix DAppendix D

Additional Sources Additional Sources for Consultationfor Consultation

7878

I. Keiser Writes Online Writing Center

A. Plagiarism and StyleB. Writing Process

A. Plagiarism and Style

The Resources Module contains the following sections:

Dictionary, Thesaurus and Translation LinksGrammar and MechanicsPlagiarism and StyleWriting ProcessESL Resources

B. Writing Process II. The OWL at Purdue (the Online Writing Lab at

Purdue University)

Appendix D:Additional Sources for

Consultation

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I. Keiser Writes Online Writing Center

A. Plagiarism & Style

B. Writing Process

Keiser Writes Online Writing Center can be found in the first column of your Library home page. At the top of the Writing Center home page, click on Resources.


Consultation

8080

A. The Resources Module of Keiser Writes On-line Center contains the following sections:

Dictionary, Thesaurus and Translation LinksGrammar and MechanicsPlagiarism and StyleWriting ProcessESL Resources


Consultation

8181

If you can’t find the answer to a particular citation in this slide presentation, look for APA, APA (Electronic References) under Style Guides (for citing resources) in the Plagiarism and Style Section.

Keiser Writes On-Keiser Writes On-line Writing Centerline Writing Center

[ R E S O U R C E S ] [ R E S O U R C E S ] Plagiarism and StylePlagiarism and Style

Style Guides (for Style Guides (for citing resources)citing resources)Specific StylesSpecific Styles

APAAPA

General GuidesGeneral Guides

Citation MachineCitation MachineDiana HackerDiana HackerDuke UDuke UPurdue's OWLPurdue's OWL


Consultation

8282

The Section General Guides, below Style Guides (for citing

resources), further expands on the material covered in APA,

APA (Electronic References).

Keiser Writes On-Keiser Writes On-line Writing Centerline Writing Center

[ R E S O U R C E S ] [ R E S O U R C E S ] Plagiarism and StylePlagiarism and Style

Style Guides (for Style Guides (for citing resources)citing resources)Specific StylesSpecific Styles

APAAPA

General GuidesGeneral Guides

Citation MachineCitation MachineDiana HackerDiana HackerDuke UDuke UPurdue's OWLPurdue's OWL


Consultation

8383

B. Writing Process Tour the various modules

of Keiser Writes Online Writing Center to benefit from the wealth of information provided in the Center.

One such module is Writing Process. Tips on how to approach a research paper provide good guidance.

You can start with Keiser U OWL (Improving Your Writing Process).


ConsultationKeiser Writes On-Keiser Writes On-lineline

Writing CenterWriting Center[ R E S O U R C E S [ R E S O U R C E S

] ] Writing Process Writing Process

Grammar and MechanicsGrammar and Mechanics

Keiser Writes On-Keiser Writes On-lineline

Writing CenterWriting Center

Dictionary, Dictionary, Thesaurus and Thesaurus and

Translation LinksTranslation Links

Plagiarism and Plagiarism and StyleStyle

Writing Process Writing Process ESL Resources

Keiser U OWLKeiser U OWL

BYU BYU

Cleveland St U Cleveland St U

Colorado St U Colorado St U

MIT MIT

U of RichmondU of Richmond

U of Wisconsin – U of Wisconsin –

ESL DeskESL Desk

8484

SubjectSubjectIndexIndex

(Forthcoming)(Forthcoming)

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APA STYLE GUIDE TUTORIAL INDEX

NOTE: In order to easily access a slide number: (1) Place your cursor on the lower left-hand corner of a screen until you see the PowerPoint navigation icons. (2) Click on the rectangle icon in between the pencil and the forward arrow. (3) A fly-out window will open. (4) Rest your cursor on option # 4 Go to Slide. (5) Select the slide you need.

TitleSlide

Number

Additional Examples of References: Book (Chapter in an electronic book):70

Additional Examples of References: Book (corporate author, author as a group, that is, no individual names):

68

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Additional Examples of References: Book (edition placed after the title in parentheses):

68

Additional Examples of References: Book (electronic book, e-book):70

Additional Examples of References: Book (English translation of a book):69

Additional Examples of References: Book (no author):68

Additional Examples of References: Book (revised edition):

Additional Examples of References: Data file ( available from NTIS/National Technical Information Service Web site): 72

Additional Examples of References: Dissertation (accessed online from a database):

72

Additional Examples of References: Electronic publication (with a DOI):73

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Additional Examples of References: Encyclopedia (article from an online encyclopedia):

69

Additional Examples of References: Encyclopedia [print] (entry in an encyclopedia):

69

Additional Examples of References: Paper (Unpublished paper presented at a meeting):

69

Additional Sources for Consultation: APA, APA (Electronic References) 81

Additional Sources for Consultation: Improving Your Writing Process 83

Additional Sources for Consultation: Plagiarism 79

Alphabetizing Author's Names in the Reference List: Special Rules 74

APA Online 6

APA Style Guide for Electronic Resources 7

APA STYLE GUIDE: HOW TO FORMAT YOUR PAPER AND CITE YOUR SOURCES 8

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Appendices & Indexes 62

Appendix A: Plagiarism 63

Appendix B: Additional Topics and Examples of Citations 67

Appendix C: Keeping Track of Citations During Your Research 75

Appendix D: Additional Sources for Consultation 77

Avoiding Plagiarism: WriteCheck Student Resources 66

Citing Sources: Why Do We Cite Sources? 21

Common Knowledge: Stating Facts of Common Knowledge 36

Copy Manuscripts vs. Final Manuscripts 19

Copyright Laws: What are Copyright Laws? 64

Creating the Reference List: Article in a Journal Title 48

Creating the Reference List: Basic Information on Author/Date 45

Creating the Reference List: Basic Rule for Books (Example 1) 42

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Creating the Reference List: Basic Rule for Books (Example 2) 44

Creating the Reference List: Book Title 47

Creating the Reference List: Chapter of a Book Title 47

Creating the Reference List: How to Format the Reference List 53

Creating the Reference List: Journal Title/Article Title Summary 49

Creating the Reference List: Physical Place of Publication (Book) 51

Creating the Reference List: Physical Place of Publication (Journal/Article ) 51

Creating the Reference List: Place of Publication (Rules for Cities ) 52

Creating the Reference List:Basic Information on Editor/Date 46

Creating the Reference List:Journal Title 48

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Direct Quotation ( of fewer than 40 words) 33

Direct Quotation ( of more than 40 words) 34

DOI: Explaining DOI 73

Examples of References: Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues from issue to issue): 59

Examples of References: Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later edition):

58

Examples of References: Book (editors in place of authors):58

Examples of References: Book (single author):57

Examples of References: Book (three to six authors):57

Examples of References: Book (two authors):57

Examples of References: Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors): rule for the corresponding in-text citation

58

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Examples of References: Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors):

58

Examples of References: Journal Article [Online version of print journal found on a database]:

59

Examples of References: Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not connected to a journal, such as an article appearing on an organization Website): 60

Examples of References: Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has volume number and starts each issue with page one). 59

Examples of References: Magazine Article [Print] (basic form): 60

Examples of References: Newspaper article [Online, no author] 60

Examples of References: U.S. government report [Online] (available on government agency Website, no publication date indicated [no date=n.d]): 60

Formatting a Paper: Why Do We Format a Paper? 18

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How to Format Your Paper: Basic Guidelines (for overall paper) 25

How to Format Your Paper: line spacing 25

How to Format Your Paper: margin 25

How to Format Your Paper: page numbering 26

How to Format Your Paper: short-title 28

How to Format Your Paper: title 28

How to Format Your Paper: title page main elements 28

Illustration ( c ): Creating the References List 87

Illustration (a): Title Page Format (Margin, Page Number Placement, Line Spacing 85

Illustration (b): Title Page Format (Page Numbering, Short Title, Full Title, Writer's Name/Class/Instructor's Name/Date. 86

In-text Citations & Corresponding References 39

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In-text Citations (examples) 40

In-text Citations (or parenthetical citations) 38

In-text Citations: Varying Your In-text Citations 41

Keiser Writes Online Writing Center79

Material Other than Journal Articles

Navigating this Tutorial 3

Outline: Tutorial General Outline 23

Paraphrases & Summaries 35

Plagiarism: What is Plagiarism? 64

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 5

What to Document 32

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Illustration (a) - Title Page Format: 1. Margins Illustration (a) - Title Page Format: 1. Margins (Upper/Lower/Left/Right); 2. Page Number Placement; 3. Line (Upper/Lower/Left/Right); 2. Page Number Placement; 3. Line Spacing.Spacing.

Click here to return to Section I, How to Format Your Paper, for more Basic Guidelines.

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Illustration (b): Title Page Format (1. Page Numbering; 2. Short Title; 3. Full-Illustration (b): Title Page Format (1. Page Numbering; 2. Short Title; 3. Full-Title; 4. Writer’s Name; 5. Class #; 6. Instructor’s Name; 7. Date.)Title; 4. Writer’s Name; 5. Class #; 6. Instructor’s Name; 7. Date.)

Click here to return to Section I, How to Format Your Paper, for more Basic Guidelines.

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Illustration (c): Creating Your References ListIllustration (c): Creating Your References List

Click here to return to Section II, How to Cite Your Sources, for more Basic Guidelines.

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APA STYLE GUIDEAPA STYLE GUIDE How to Format Your Paper andHow to Format Your Paper and How to Cite Your SourcesHow to Cite Your Sources

The End

Created by Marilene L. RiemerCreated by Marilene L. Riemer

January 2009January 2009

1 apa style guide how to format your paper and cite your sources a tutorial

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