HOW THE BODY IS STRUCTURED

ACOS 3Organ Systems -- Mr. Anderson

Describe how tissues, organs, and organ systems are related

• Read p.580-583• How are tissues, organs, and organ systems

related?• Cells make tissues, that make organs, that make

organ systems.• What are the four kinds of tissues?• Epithelial (skin), Nervous (sends electrical

signals), Muscle (produce movement), and Connective (protects and supports organs)

The 12 Organ Systems

• Draw figure 3 on page 582-583• Also, do the math. There is 206 bones in the

human skeleton. The human skull has 22 bones. What percentage of human bones are skull bones?

• 10.7%

Identify the major parts of the skeletal system

• Read p. 584-587• What is the major parts of the skeletal

system?• Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue.• What are the two types of marrow?• Red marrow that produce red and white blood

cells and yellow marrow that is found in the bones and stores fat.

4 Functions of Bones

• So, what 4 things does bones do?• Protection, storage, movement, and blood cell

formation• How do bones grow?• As people grow, most of the cartridge that

they start out with is replaced with bones.

3 kinds of joints

• Draw figure 3 on page 586• Define joint.• A place where two or more bones meet• What holds joints together?• Ligaments• Cartridge helps to cushion what area?• Where the bones meet

3 kinds of muscle tissues• Read p.588-591• What is a muscular system?• The organ system whose primary function is

movement and flexibility• Draw figure 1 on p.588 about the three kinds of

muscles• How do muscles work in pairs?• 1 muscle, the flexor, bends part of the body,

while the extensor, straightens part of the body• Types of Muscles

Compare aerobic and resistance exercise

• What is the difference between resistance and aerobic exercise?

• Resistance used weights or resistance of an object to strengthen their skeletal system. Aerobic helps to strengthen the heart and increases endurance.

The Heart of the Matter

• Read 606-611• What are the 4 main parts of the cardiovascular

system and describe them?• The heart, which pumps blood through blood

vessels. Then there are 3 types of blood vessels. The arteries carry blood away from the body. The capillaries allow an exchange between blood and cells in other tissues. Then veins carry blood back to the heart.

Problems of the heart

• Name 4 cardiovascular problems and describe them.

• Atherosclerosis – cholesterol blocks up blood vessels. High Blood Pressure – this can cause heart attacks and strokes. Heart Attacks – this is when heart cells die, usually caused by loss of blood flow. Heart Failure – when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body.

Components of Blood

• Read p.612-615• What are the four main components of blood?• Plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white

blood cells.• Why is plasma important?• They are a mixture of water, minerals,

nutrients, sugars, and proteins. It helps transport these all ove the body.

Blood Types

• Copy figure 4 on page 614.• Copy table 1 on page 615.• Why are people with type O blood called

universal donors?• Because they have no A or B antigens, so O

blood will not react with any other type of blood.

Lymphatic System

• Read p.616-619• What is the lymphatic system?• Collection of organs whose primary function is

to collect extra cellular fluid and return it to the blood.

• Why is it a secondary circulatory system?• Because it collects fluid and particles from

between the cells and returns them to the cardiovascular system.

Parts of the Lymphatic System

• What are the six parts of the lymphatic system?

• Vessels, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils.

• Draw figure 2 on page 617• Interstitial Fluid

Breathing

• Read p.620-623• What is respiration?• The process by which a body gets and uses

oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water.• Circulatory System -- Mr. Anderson

Breathing• Name and describe the 7 parts of the Respiratory

System.• Nose – main passageway. Pharynx – passage way

from mouth to larynx. Larynx – area of throat with vocal cords. Trachea – Tube that connects larynx to lungs. Bronchus – One of two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea. Alveoli – tiny sacs where gases are exchanged. Diaphragm – muscle that expands so lungs can fill.

• Crash Course -- Circulatory and Respiratory

Cellular Respiration

• What is cellular respiration?• The process inside a cell in which oxygen is

used to release energy stored in molecules of glucose. Water and Carbon Dioxide are released during the process.

• Draw figure 1 and 2 on pages 620 and 621

Digestion

• Read p. 634-635• What is chemical digestion?• Large molecules are broken down into nutrients• What is mechanical digestion?• The breaking, crushing, and mashing of food• Draw figure 1 on page 634• Digestion -- Mr. Anderson• Crash Course -- Digestion

What happens in digestion?

• Read p.636-641• Describe digestion.• You put food in mouth. You chew food with teeth

as it mixes with saliva. It leaves the mouth going down the esophagus. It is forced into the stomach, where it is broken down into a soupy mixture called chyme. It leaves the stomach going into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed. Then it goes to the large intestine to be forced out the rectum. That is the end of the line.

Urine and You

• Read p. 642-645• What is the purpose of the urinary system?• To produce, store, and eliminate urine.• What does your kidneys constantly do?• Clean the blood• What is a nephron?• The unit in the kidney that filters blood

Urine and You

• Draw the figure on p.643• How does your body keep the balance of fluids? • By using chemical messengers called hormones.• What is ADH? • It is antidiuretic hormone, it tells your kidneys

to take water from nephrons. This is a reaction to you being thirsty.

Problems

• What are 3 urinary system problems?• Bacterial infections, kidney stones, and kidney

disease.

Communication and Control

• Read 656-657• What is the difference between the CNS and

the PNS?• The CNS (central nervous system) is the brain

and the spinal cord. The PNS (peripheral nervous system) is all of the parts of the nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord.

Communication and Control

• What is a neuron?• A cell that has a cell body and a nucleus. A

neuron also has dendrites that receive signals from other neurons and axons that send signals to other neurons.

Communication and Control

• Read p. 658-659• What does the autonomic nervous system do?• It controls body functions that you do not

think about.• Copy table 1 from page 659• The Nervous System -- Crash Course

Communication and Control

• Read p.660-662• What does the cerebrum do?• This is where you think and most memories are

stored. It controls voluntary movements and allows you to sense touch, light, sound, odors, taste, pain, heat, and cold.

Communication and Control

• What does the cerebellum do?• It processes sensory information from your

body. It helps your body make adjustments so that you can stand upright.

• What does the medulla do?• It controls involuntary movement, such as

heart rate and blood pressure.

Actions

• What is a voluntary action?• An action that you can control in your body.• What is an involuntary action?• An action that you cannot control.

Feedback

• Read p. 664-665• What are the 4 sensations detected by

receptors in the skin?• Pressure, temperature, pain, or vibration• Explain a feedback mechanism.• It is a cycle of events in which information

from one step controls or affects a previous step.

Can you make sense out of this.

• Read p.666-669• What are the five senses?• Sight, hearing, taste, smell, tough.• Copy these to your notebook.• Figure 6 page 661• Figure 1 page 664• Figure 4 page 667• Figure 5 page 668

Endocrine System

• Read 670-673• Define the endocrine system.• A collection of glands and groups of cells that

secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis.

• Define gland• A group of cells that make special chemicals for

the body• Endocrine System -- Mr. Anderson

Endocrine System

• Copy figure 2 on page 671• Copy figure 3 on page 672• What is diabetes mellitus?• The condition that your body does not

produce enough insulin or use it properly.• What is a hormone imbalance?• It is when your body creates too much or too

little of a hormone.

Reproduction

• Read 684-687• What are the 2 types of reproduction?• Asexual and sexual reproduction• What is asexual reproduction?• Reproduction that does not need the union of

sex cells. So, you only need one parent to have offspring.

Reproduction

• What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?• Budding -- when a parent organism pinches

off and forms a new organism• Fragmentation – a part breaks off and then

develops into a new organism• Regeneration – losing a body part that may

develop into an entirely new organism

Reproduction

• What is sexual reproduction?• Reproduction in which sex cells from two

parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents.

• What are the two sex cells?• Sperm --- Male Egg --- Female

Reproduction

• What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction?• Internal and external fertilization• What is internal fertilization?• The union of sex cells inside the female body• What is external fertilization?• The union of sex cells outside the bodies of

the parents.

Reproduction

• What are the 3 ways that mammals reproduce?

• Monotreme – egg layers• Marsupial – give birth to partially developed

live young (kangaroo)• Placental Mammal – They stay inside their

mother until developed. (humans)

Reproduction

• Read p.688-691• Draw figure 1 on page 688• Draw figure 2 on page 689• Copy table 1 on page 690

Reproduction

• What are some reproductive problems?• STD’s – sexually transmitted diseases• Cancer – they can develop in reproductive

organs• Infertility – This means they are unable to

produce children because they cannot produce enough healthy sperm or ovulate normally.

Reproduction

• Read p. 692• Describe the process of fertilization and

implantation.• Fertilization happened when the nucleus of a

sperm unites with the nucleus of an egg. Implantation happens after the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus and embeds itself in the wall of the uterus.

Reproduction

• Draw figure 1 on page 692• Draw figure 2 on page 693• Draw figure 3 on page 695

Birth to death• Make an outline of events that happen from birth to

death.• A baby is born around the 42 week of being inside

the mother.• Infancy happens until 2. Quick growth• Childhood from 2 till puberty. Teeth and muscles• Adolescence – Puberty to around 20. Reproductive

system matures.• Adulthood – 20 till death. 20 to 40 is peak physically.

Aging begins around 40. You become weaker as you age after 40 or so. The health you are in determines how long you live.