how much scots do they speak in the bahamas? robin sabino & mary stephens diamond auburn...
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How Much Scots Do They Speak in the Bahamas?
Robin Sabino & Mary Stephens Diamond
Auburn University
SECOL XLIII
April 6-8, 2000
Overview
•San Salvador
•Farquharson History: Clan, Family, & Personal
•Farquharson’s Dialect
•Current Dialect of San Salvador
San Salvador, Bahamas
San Salvador
Map adapted from Gail Saunders 1983. Bahamian Loyalists and Their Slaves. London: MacMillian Caribbean.
Farquharson - Clan History
•Farquharson clan recognized 1697•Renowned for military prowess• Renowned for loyalty to Scotland•Clan motto, “Fide et Fotitudine”•Ancestral home in Aberdeenshire
Farquharson - Family History
Know all men by these Presents we Charles Farquharson of the Parish of Kirriemuir and County of Forfar Francis Farquharson of Mill(t)on of Bruickly in the Parish of Glenmuick and County of Aberdeen Murray Farquharson late Captain in His Majesty’s First West India Regiment of Foot residing at Redclock and Ian Farquharson and Catherine Farquharson both of Store Haven in Parish of Fetteresso and County of Kincardine.
Ian & Catherine Farquharson
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/KCD/ParishMap.html
Francis Farquharson
http://www.urie.demon.co.uk/genuki/ABD/parishmap1.html
Charles Farquharson
http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/genuki/ANS/ansmap.html
Farquharson’s Personal History
• 1760 born in county Forfar• 1789 acquired four 40 acre grants on Long Island• 1795 purchased 60 acres on Watlings Island (San
Sal) from Duncan Taylor• 1803 received a grant of 200 additional acres• Served as Justice of the Peace of San Salvador• 1831-32 Farquharson’s journal of estate activities• Died 1835
Farquharson’s Dialect /I/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /I/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F’s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd.
Frf.
San Sal
chist
>chest=
[…s(t)]
drisiling
>drizzling=
[drIzIlIn] ~ [drIzlI]
minites
>minutes=
[mInIts]
pigon
>pigeon=
[pIIn]
prity
>pretty=
[I]
[prIti]
shiped
>shipped=
[I] ~ []
[I] ~ []
[šIp(t)]
skined
>skinned=
[I]
[skIn(d)]
strick
>strike=
[straik]
striped >stripped=
[strIp(t)]
triming >trimming=
[trImIn] ~ [trImI]
Farquharson’s Dialect /E/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /E/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F’s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf.
San Sal
bests
>beasts=[i] ~ [e]
[e] ~[e]
[bis]~[bist]
felling ‘falling’ [a] [a] [f lI] ~ [f lIn]
reff ‘reef’
[rif]
repeted >repeated=
[ripitd]
repeted >repeated=
[ripitd]
shep ‘sheep=
[i] [šip]
ventor >venture=
[vn…ž] ~ [wn…ž]
wemon >women=
[] [womæm]
whewls >wheels=
[i] [i] [vilz] ~ [wilz]
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /E/ Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F=s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf
San Sal
leat
>late=
[e]
[e]
[let]
leatly
>lately=
[letli]
mearly
>merely=
[mrli]
pease
>pea=
[e] ~[i]
[piz]
seain
>seine=
not used
Farquharson’s Dialect /A/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /A/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F’s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf.
San Sal
anckle
>ankle=
[ækl] ~ [aikl]
bracking
>breaking=
[a] ~
[a]
[brekI]
fadom
>fathom=
[a]
[fdžm] ~ [fædžm]
faverable
>favorable=
[fevrIbl] ~ [fvrIbl]
Farquharson
>Ferguson=
Harcules
>Hercules=
[hžrkžliz] ~ [hrkuliz]
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /A/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F=s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf.
San Sal
pomato
>palmetto=
[palmato] ~ [pa(l)mto]
pastor/pastor
>pasture’
[past ž] ~ [pæst ž]
rack
>rake=
[riek]
rack
>rock=
[rk]
shad
>shed=
[šd]
vassel
>vessel=
[vsl]
wrack
>wreck=
[a]
[a] ~ []
--
Farquharson’s Dialect /O/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /O/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F’s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf.
San Sal
altho
>although=
[aldo]~[ldo]~[alo]
bon
>bone=
[i]
[bn]
brock
>broke=
[U]
[] ~ [U]
[brok]
foll
>foal=
[o]
[o] ~[o]
[f l] ~ [fol]
gon
>gone=
[e] ~ []
[gn]
of
>off= [] ~ [a]
[]
[f]
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /O/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F’s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd.
Frf.
San Sal
pomato
>palmetto=
[palmato] ~ [pa(l)mto]
rowe
>row=
[rau]
spock
‘spoke(n)’
[]
[spok]
showing
‘showing’
[o]
[o]
[o]
[šowin] ~ [šowi]
throw
‘through’
[ru]~[tru]
threw ‘through’
[ru]~[tru]
Farquharson’s Dialect /U/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /U/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F=s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd.
Frf.
San Sal
bruse
>bruise’
[I] ~ [i] ~ [u]
[i]
[ø] ~[I] ~ [œ]
[bruz] ~ [brus]
crue
>crew=
[u]
[kru]
foules
>fowls=
[U] ~ [u]
[iu]~ [(j)u]
[U] ~ [u]
[fauls]
shours
>showers’=
[u]
[u]
[šauwz]
Farquharson’s Dialect /^/
Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland /^/Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar
F=s Journal
English
Abd.
Kcd
Frf.
San Sal
cups
>coops=
[kžb]~[kžp]
cuting
>cutting=
[ž]
[kžtI]
duble
>double=
[džbl]
dum
>dumb=
[džm]
futer >future=
[fju…ž] ~ [fjužr]
super
>supper=
[ž] [sžpž] ~ [sžpžr]
enterupted
>interrupted=
[Intžržp] ~ [Intžržptd]
BibliographyCraton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. 1992. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the
Bahamian People, Volume I. Athens: University of Georgia Press.----. 1991. On Slavery’s Margins: The Farquharson Estate, San Salvador, Bahamas. Slavery
and Abolition 12:2:49-72.Farquharson, Charles; McDonald, Ormond (ed.). 1957. A Relic of Slavery: Farquharson’s
Journal for 1831-32. Nassau: The Deans Peggs Research Fund. Gerace, Kathy. 1982. “Three Loyalist Plantations.” Florida Anthropologist 35:4:216-22 Holm, John and Shilling, Allison. 1982. Dictionary of Bahamian English. Cold Springs,
NY: Lexik House.Holm, John. 1980. “African Features in White Bahamian English.” English World-Wide 1:
45-65.----. On the Relationship of Gullah and Bahamian. American Speech 58.4:303-318.Saunders, Gail. 1983. Bahamian Loyalists and Their Slaves. London: Mcmillan Publishers. Mather, J. H. and Speitel, H. H. 1986. The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland, Volume III.
London: Croom Helm. Warrack, Alexander. 1965. Scots Dictionary: Serving as a Glossary for Ramsay,
Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Galt, minor poets, kailyard novelists, and a host of other writers of the Scottish tongue. University of Alabama Press.
Wright, Joseph. 1968. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.