1. To be in biology first you mustdecide if something is living.

2. Remember the Characteristics of Life:1. Homeostasis2. Organization3. Metabolism4. Growth5. Adaptation6. Response to stimuli7. Reproduce3 3. Hierarchical Arranged or grouped in order ofrank. It is how biologists group andcategorize organisms. It refers to the system in whichgroups are nested in eachlevel. Higher levels are the mostgeneral and contain a collectionof groups Lower levels are more specific.GeneralDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesSpecific4 4. Living organisms thatare closely related aregrouped together. Domains are thebroadest group. Species are the mostspecific group.GeneralDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesSpecific5 5. DomainKingdomPhylum/DivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusspeciesSub-speciesEukaryaPlantaeAsteralesAsteraceaeTaraxacumofficinale DandelionAnimaliaChordataMammaliaCarnivoraFelidaeFelisdomesticus House CatPantheratigris TigerCanidaeCanislupusfamiliaris Doglupus WolfBacteriaProteobacteriaGammaProteobacteriaEnterobacterialesEnterobacteriaceaeEscherichiacoli6 6. Domain = Dear (biggest group) Kingdom = King Phylum (division) = Philip(David) Class = Came Order = Over Family = From Genus = Germany Species = Swimming (most specific)GeneralDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesSpecific7 7. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: F. domesticus8 8. Type of Cell Domains KingdomsProkaryote Bacteria BacteriaProkaryote Archaea BacteriaEukaryote Eukarya ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia There are threedomains1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya There are sixkingdoms9 9. Members of the Bacteria andArchaea are all prokaryotes(before a nucleus). They have no nucleus. Rathera single circle of DNA. They are unicellular, made ofone cell. Prokaryote cells are small andsimple. There are no organelles inprokaryote cells.Domains Kingdom(s)Bacteria BacteriaArchaea ArchaeaEukarya ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaFun Facts:One bacterium can give rise to 10million in 24 hours.10 10. 11 11. Bacteria are the mostabundant organisms onearth. Both aerobic (withoxygen) and anaerobic(without oxygen)respiration. Some usephotosynthesis (makefood using sunlight).E. coliFun Facts:There are approximately 10x as manybacterial cells in a human as there arehuman cells in the body.12 12. Archaea are less widespreadthan Bacteria. Differ from Eubacteria in details of cell wall structure. plasma membranes DNA structure. Many Archaebacteria aremethanogens. This means that to produce energythey use H2 gas to reduce CO2 toCH4 (methane), which releasesenergy.Halobacteria sp.Fun Facts:Some archaea obtain theirenergy from inorganiccompounds such as sulfur orammonia (lithotrophs)13 13. Many Archaebacteria areadapted to extremeenvironments. Thermophiles: heat lovers. Inhabithot springs. Tolerate temps from 70-- >110C. Halophiles: salt lovers. Requirewater that is 15-20% salt (seawateronly 3% salt). Archaebacteria more closelyrelated to the Eukarya than arethe Eubacteria.14 14. DNA is arranged in chromosomesin a nucleus. Include both1. Unicellular (single-celled) organisms.2. Multi-cellular (many-celled) organisms. Cells larger and more complex thancells of Prokaryotes. Contain organelles.Domains Kingdom(s)Bacteria BacteriaArchaea ArchaeaEukarya ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaGlossary:DNA: Deoxyribonucleicacid is the basic buildingblock of life.15 15. Organelles are structures incells specialized for particulartasks. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts wereonce free living bacteria. Over time they came to live insidethe eukaryotic cells and establisheda symbiotic relationship.Domains Kingdom(s)Bacteria BacteriaArchaea ArchaeaEukarya ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaGlossary:Symbiosis: very close,mutually dependentrelationship between twoorganisms.16 16. 1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia17 17. Kingdom OrganismsEubacteria Bacteria: Methanogens,Halophiles, Thermophiles,PsychrophilesArchaebacteria Bacteria, Cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae), ActinobacteriaProtista Amoebae, green algae, brownalgae, diatoms, euglena, slimemoldsFungi Mushrooms, yeast, moldsPlantae Mosses, angiosperms (floweringplants), gymnosperms, liverworts,fernsAnimalia Mammals, amphibians, sponges,insects, worms18 18. Two part name BinomialnomenclatureWritten in italics Genus is capitalized species is notcapitalized When hand writtenunderline each nameindividuallyCommonNameGenus SpeciesSub-speciesBengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigrisSiberian Tiger Panthera tigris altaicaHumans Homo sapiens sapien19 19. Common Name Genus Species Sub-speciesBengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigrisSiberian Tiger Panthera tigris altaicaHumans Homo sapiens sapienDomestic Dog Canis lupus familiarisDomestic Cat Felis catusDandelion Taraxacum officinaleDouglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii menziesiiOregon Grape Berberis aquifoliumWestern Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta20