hormones and the endocrine system by elizabeth chapman, alec smith, and niki williams
TRANSCRIPT
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Hormones and the Endocrine System
By Elizabeth Chapman, Alec Smith, and Niki Williams
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Hormones and the Endocrine System
Key Points of Focus:
• Nervous system relationship
• Maintenance of homeostasis
• Types of hormones/effects on vertebrates
• Effect on invertebrates
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Review and Overview
• The Endocrine System is composed of all of the body's hormone secreting cells
• Hormones are chemical signals carried by the circulatory
system that communicate regulatory messages through the body • One hormone can elicit a variety different responses from
different target cells • There are 3 simple hormonal pathways
1.Simple endocrine2.Simple neurohormone3.Simple neuroendocrine
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The Three Simple Pathways
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Review of Hormonal Signaling
• Hormonal signaling occurs through the binding of a receptor protein to a target cell:
1.Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane, triggering a signal transduction pathway
2. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor (Either the cytoplasm or nucleus), where it acts as a transcription factor
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Review of Hormone Signaling
Water-Soluble Hormone
Hormone binds to receptor on plasma
membrane
Triggers signal transduction
pathway; leads to response
Lipid-Soluble Hormone
Signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor
Hormone binds to intracellular receptor either in the nucleus (as shown) or the cytoplasm
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Anterior and Posterior Pituitary
anterior pituitary:• synthesizes/secretes
hormones;• four are tropic (regulate
function of other endocrine organs)
• others nontropic• growth hormone
posterior pituitary:• stores/secretes two
hormones made by hypothalamus1. ADH2. Oxytocin
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Anterior Posterior Hormones
Growth Hormones• release insulin-like growth factors which circulate in the blood
to stimulate bone/cartilage growth
• hypersecretion leads to gigantism
• hyposecretion leads to dwarfism
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Thyroid Gland
• Two lobes on trachea
• Maintain homeostasis (blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and digestion)
• Affected by iodine in diet
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Control of Blood GlucosePancreas:• produces bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes• carried to small intestine via pancreatic duct
Exocrine: tissues and glands that discharge secretions into ducts
Islets of Langerhans: clusters of endocrine cells (in exocrine tissue of pancreas
Blood glucose regulated by glucagon and insulin
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Glucagon• Raises Blood Glucose Levels
• From alpha cells
• Promotes liver's glycogen breakdown and release of glucose
• Only liver cells are responsive to glucagon
• Fat cells convert sugars to fats
• Skeletal muscles use released glucose for use in exercise
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COOKIES
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Insulin
• Lowers Blood Glucose Levels
• From beta cells • Slows liver's glycogen breakdown
• Inhibits conversion of amino acids and glycerol to glucose
• Promotes uptake of glucose by most somatic cells and synthesis and storage
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Glucose Homeostasis (blood glucose regulation)
When blood glucose is too HIGH insulin is released to lower blood sugar concentration
When blood glucose is too LOW>glucagon is released to increase blood glucose concentration
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Diabetes MellitusType 1: Insulin Dependent (usually children)• Immune system destroys pancreas's beta cells which produce insulin
Type 2: Non Insulin Dependent (anyone, yet obese susceptible)• deficiency of insulin or reduced responsiveness of target cells from change in insulin receptors
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Calcium Homeostasis
Too much calcium:thyroid gland releases calcitonin which is deposited in bones; reduces kidney absorption
Too little calcium:parathyroid glands (on thyroid) release PTH, take calcium from bones, increase absorption from kidneys
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Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress
Adrenal Cortex: (outer)-made of true endocrine cells Adrenal Medulla: (center)made of secretory cells-secretes catecholamines
Catecholamines: act directly on target tissues for a bioenergetic boost
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Catecholamines: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Positive or negative stress: catecholamines released by adrenal medulla
Epinephrine(adrenaline)- heart and metabolic rates Norepinephrine(noradrenaline) - sustains blood pressure
Functions: -increase rate of liver's glycogen breakdown -promote glucose release by liver cells -stimulate release of fatty acids from fat cells
Effects on Respiratory and Cardiovascular System -increased rate of heart beat -dilated bronchiloes in lungs, more oxygen to body -smooth muscles contract, other relax, blood goes to heart brain and skeletal muscles
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Steroid Hormones from Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal cortex: endocrine signals cause hypothalamus to secrete releasing hormone that stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release tropic hormone ACTH, causes release of steroids
Corticosteroids: Mineralocortecoids-act on salt/water balanceie:aldosteronestimulates kidney cells to reabsorb salt ions and water, raising blood pressure and volume
Glucocortecoids-breakdown of muscle proteins-helps body with longterm environmental changes-anti-inflammatory, supresses immune system-carbon skeletons go to liver and kidneys, converted to glucose, released
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Gonadal Sex Hormones
Androgens: (testosterone)-stimulates development of male reproductive system-can determine gender of fetus-PUBERTY
Estrogen:(estradiol)-maintenance of female reproduction system-female secondary sex characteristics
Progestins(progesterone)-prepares and maintains uterus
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Melatonin and Biorhythms
Pineal gland: small mass of tissue near center of brain-sometimes has light sensitive cells that control secretory activity-synthesizes and secretes MELATONINMelatonin regulates light/season changing /day length related functions(ie: reproduction)
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Invertebrate Regulatory System- Insects
Brain Hormone: made by neurosecretory cells in brain-stimulates release of ecdysone
Ecdysone: promotes molting and development of adult characteristics Balanced out by: Juvenile Hormone: promotes larval characteristics
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Overlap of Endocrine and Nervous Systems
• Specialized nerve cells called neurosecretory cells release hormones into the blood via the extracellular fluid
• Some chemicals serve as both
o hormones in the endocrine systemo chemical signals in the nervous system
• Nervous system plays a role in regulating the secretion of certain
endocrine glands in certain sustained responses like the reproductive cycles of many animals
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Quick Note About Local Regulators
• Local regulators convey messages between neighboring cells- paracrine signaling
• Elicit quicker responses than long-distance endocrine signaling by hormones
• The binding of a local regulator triggers events within the target cell that are similar to those elicited by hormones
• Includes neurotransmitters, the key local • regulators of the nervous system, growth factors, • prostaglandins, and nitric oxide
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Group Activity
• Get one set of notecards
• Use notecards to answer questions asked by Alec, Elizabeth, or Niki
• First person to put up the correct notecard wins a point
• Group that wins gets a random bag of stuff