Honey Production & Processing

PRESENTED BY:SHRUTHI .K

Honey• Sweet fluid produced by honey

bees. • Derived from flower nectar.• Sweetness comes from

monosaccharides ,fructose and glucose.

• It has a long history in human consumption and is used in various foods and beverages as a sweetener and flavouring agent.

FATHER OF AMERICAN BEEKEEPING

TOP PRODUCERS• 2012– China– Turkey– Ukraine– Spain is also an important producer

SPECIES OF HONEYBEES1.WILD HONEYBEE

Apis florea Apis dorsata

• Apis andreniformis

• Apis laboriosa

2.DOMESTICATED HONEYBEES

Apis mellifera Apis cerana

CASTES OF HONEYBEES1.QUEEN

It is the mother of the colony

There is only one queen in a hive

She can lay over 1500 eggs per day

She will live for 2-8 years.

2.DRONESDrones are male member of the

familyThey are present in few hundred in

number in a hiveTheir life span is

6-8 weeksThey are stingless,

defenseless and unable to feed themselves

3. WORKERSThey are sterile

females. The worker bee

comprises the bulk of the population in the colony

The worker cells are flat hexagonal cells.

The workers usually live for about 5-6 weeks.

CASTES OF HONEYBEE

BEEHIVE PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES

WHAT IS ROYAL JELLY ?Royal jelly is the food fed to queen bee larvae. It is a creamy white color and is very rich in proteins and fatty acids. It is produced by mouth glands in young bees. Each queen needs only a teaspoon of royal jelly, so as health product it is very expensive.

WHAT IS BEE WAX?• Bee wax is one of the

valuable product of bee keeping industry.

• The wax is secreted by workers bees.

• The wax is discharged as a liquid later turns to pearly white scales.

• The bees have to consume 10-15 kg of honey to produce 1 kg of beewax.

WHAT IS PROPOLIS ?

• Propolis is a sticky, gummy resinous material gathered by bees.

• It can be used as a healing agent.

• Effective against Itching.

WHAT IS BEE VENOM?

• It is a clear liquid with sharp bitter taste, aromatic odour an acidic reaction.

• It is effective against asthma, neurosis, migraine.

• It increases haemoglobin content and decreases cholesterol and blood pressure.

Honey Production• Bee collect honey as a food

source• After collecting nectar the

bees use their honey stomachs to ingest and regurgitate the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested

• It is then stored in honeycomb cells

• After the final reguritation the honeycomb is left unsealed

• The process continues as bees inside the hive fan their wings to create a strong draft across the honeycomb

• This enhances evaporation which raises the sugar concentration and prevents fermentation

Inside the Hive• 1 Queen bee• Seasonally variable number of drone

male bees• 20,000-40,000 female worker bees– They raise the larve and collect the nectar

that becomes honey in the hive

HONEY SUPER

What is a honey super?

It is a hive box filled with honey.

Capped honeyIn a frame

How to take the honey supers off the hive

Various methods are used to drive bees

from a honey super/frames.

•Brushing/knocking them off the frames•Using bee escapes of various kinds.•Using a bee blower•Using Fume pads

BRUSHINGThis is time consuming but does little

damage to the bees.

.

BEE ESCAPE

•Using bee escapes of various kinds. Inner cover with bee escape placed in vent hole.

Conical bee escape

BEE BLOWER

USING FUME PADS

Removing honey from honey supers

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Removing honey from honey supers

•The process of removing honey from supers is called “extracting” if liquid honey is being obtained. For the sake of time, we are not going to discuss comb honey production. This is a topic for a more advanced class.

•The process begins with removing the cappings from the honey comb. This is usually done with a knife. If you have several supers of honey to extract, it pays to have a good knife.

•catalog.

Removing honey from honey supers

•Some of the equipment if you plan on getting into commercial beekeeping. Buildings to house your business, moving equipment such as trucks, and skid loader, honey house and supper storage, and of course a lot of bee hives.

Extracting Honey

HONEY EXTRACTOR

•The extractor

•A plastic uncapping tub

•Bottling bucket

•Capping scratcher

•A uncapping knife

•Our illustration is from the 2007 Dadant catalog.

PROCESSING OF HONEY• Uncap combs• Insert in extractor• Crank centrifuge• Honey draining• Closeup• Our output

Classifying Honey By Its Floral Source

Classifying Honey By Its Floral Source

• Classifed by the floral source of the nectar from which it was made

• Honeys can be from specific types of flower nectars, from indeterminate origins or blended after collection

BLENDED HONEY• Most commercially available honey• Mix of 2 or more honeys differing in

floral source, color, flavor, density or geographic origin

PASTEURIZED HONEY• Reduces mouisture

levels, destroys yeast cells, liquefies crystals

• Sterlizes the honey and improves shelf life

POLYFLORAL HONEY• Wildflower honey• Derived from the nectar of

many types of flowers• Taste may vary year to

year• Aroma and flavor can be

more or less intense depending on which bloomings are prevalent

MONOFLORAL HONEY • Made primarily from

the nectar of one type of flower

• Typical North America Monofloral honeys are– Clover– Orange blossom– Eucalyptus–Manuka– Buckwheat– Sourwood

HONEYDEW HONEY• Made from the sweet

secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects

• Dark in color with a rich fragrance

• Not as sweet as nectar honeys

• Popular in some areas (Germany’s Black Forest and some portions of Bulgaria)

• Production is much more complicated and dangerous

COMB HONEY• Meant to be

consumed still in the wax comb

• Collected by using standard wooden frames in honey supers

• The frames are collected and the comb is cut out in chunks before packaging

CHUNK HONEY• Chunk honey is

honey packed in widemouth containers consisting of one or more pieces of comb honey immersed in extracted liquid

ORGANIC HONEY• Produced, processed

and packaged in accordance with national regulations and certified as such by some government body or an independent organic farming certification organization

CRYSTALLIZED HONEY• Also called granulated

honey• Some part of the

glucose content has spontaneously crystallized from solution as a monohydrate

RAW HONEY

• Honey as it exsists in the beehive or as obtained by extraction, settling or straining without adding heat above 120 degrees F

STRAINED HONEY

• Honey that has been passed through a strain to remove particulate material without removing pollen, minerals or valuable enzymes

FILTERED HONEY• Honey processed by

very fine filtration under high pressure

• Removes all extraneous solids and pollen grains

• Very clean• Has a longer shelf

life• Preferred by the

supermarket trade

ULTRASONICATED HONEY

• Processed by ultrasonication• Non-thermal alternative for

processing• Destroys most of the yeast

cells and those that are not destroyed generally lose their ability to grow

• Reduces the rate of fermentation

WHIPPED HONEY• Aka—creamed honey,

spun honey, churned honey, candied honey, honey fondant

• Processed to control cyrstallization

• Also produces a honey with a smooth spreadable consistancy

PACKAGING OF HONEY• Generally honey bottled in its familiar liquid form

STORAGE• Suitable for long term• Recommended to be stored

for 2 (max. 3) years• Main goal is to prevent

fermentation• Best honey is that in the comb

that has been sealed with wax by the bee

• Should not be stored in metal containers. Ceramic or wood are best

• Dark, dry place to prevent moisture absorption

HONEY GRADING• Voluntary• Based on USDA

standards• Quality is based on –Water content– Flavor– Soluble solids– Aroma– Clarity– Absence of defects– color

HONEY GRADES• Grade A-

Good• Grade B-

Reasonably Good

• Grade C-Fairly Good

• Substandard- Poor

FOOD AND COOKING• Main uses are

cooking, baking and as a spread on breads

• Also used as an addition to tea

• Sweetener in commercial beverages

SOURCES• Wikipedia—www.wikipedia.org• Argus Leader—

www.argusleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=20090323/BJUPDATES/90323038

• http://www.state.sd.us/doa/das/valu_bee.htm• http://www.madeinsouthdakota.com/Cat

alog/Category.cfm?catId=587