Homo habilis

Homo erectusHomo sapiens

Migrated from one place to the other

Domesticated animals and settled permanently (protection/help)

Leaders emerge

Systems of writing were invented

Infrastructures were made

What did man do/ create?

How would you define

civilization?

Civilization• a form of culture characterized

by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

Requirements• Advanced cities-a city is a

center of trade for a larger area.

• Specialized workers-workers with skills in a specific type of work

• Complex institutions - long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

• Record keeping - as government, religion, and the economy became more complex and structured, people recognized the need to keep records.

• Advanced technical skills-- new tools and techniques created to solve problems that emerge when large groups of people live together.

LET’S RECALL

What are the different Ancient river-valley civilizations?

Mesopotamia Nile Indus Early Chinese

Lesson Objectives1. Define civilization;2. Explain how early civilizations were formed;3. Enumerate the contributions of the two prominent African communities using a chart4. Make a creative presentation (Transfer Task)

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING

• The study of the continuum of human civilization reveals the ideals, beliefs, values, and institutions of its people.

Lesson 1.4 Ancient Civilizations

African empires

• North African empires Kingdom of Kush Kingdom of Axum

• West African empires Ghana empire Mali empire Songhai empire

Dyad Activity

Task To listen to the video clip and list down important notes about the different African civilizatons ( geography, resources, leaders with accomplishements, downfall)

The information listed will be very useful in the next activity.

Pre-Historic Africa

Kingdom of Kush

( 750 BCE – 150 CE)

Nubia[modern-day

Sudan]

The Emergence of Civilization

• The Land – 5,000 miles long – Sahara is the great divide

• Kush– Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather

than the lower Nile valley– Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom– Nubia became an Egyptian tributary– Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of

second millennium B.C.E.) resulted in the independent state of Kush• Kush became a major trading state• Little known about the society of Kush• Seems to have been widespread material prosperity

Kingdom of Kush

• Located south of Egypt• Became subjects of Egypt• Became the 25th dynasty of the

pharaohs of Egypt

Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

Kingdom of Kush• Carried a lively trade with Arabia, India, Ethiopia

Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE

Kingdom of Axum [300-700]

Stelae, Ezana’s Royal Tomb,Aksum (4c)

Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]

Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]

Coptic Christian Priest

AXUM’SACHIEVEMENTSControlled

NE AfricanTrade

WrittenLanguage

Spread Christianityin No. & E.

Africa

TerraceFarming

BuiltStelae

Ghana Empire

Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast

Ghana Empire [4c-11c]

Ghana empire

• Developed in the markeplace of gold traders

• The king owned all of the gold nuggets, the empire taxed all goods, including salt, gold, entering and leaving Ghana

• Almoravids (Muslim group) spread Islam and invaded cities in Ghana not following the religion

Berbers

GOLD

SALT

Gold-Salt Trade

Salt

Mali Empire [13c-15c]

GOLD

SALT

Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

Tuaregs

Marketplace near the Niger River

Mosque in Gao

Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali

Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali

Sundiata [1210-1260]

“Lion Prince”

Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]

European Map

Songhai Empire [15c-16c]

GOLD

SALT

Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]

Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]

Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]

Gao, Mali

Benin Empire [15c-19c]

Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)

Benin Bronze Leopard

BantuMigration

s:

1000 BCETo

500 CE

IslamicInvasion

s

African Trade Routes

Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa

SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar

Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450]

“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

Great Zimbabwe Street

Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe

Manamotopa Empire [1450-1630]

Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c

African Trade [15c-17c]