Download - Homo habilis
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Homo habilis
Homo erectusHomo sapiens
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Migrated from one place to the other
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Domesticated animals and settled permanently (protection/help)
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Leaders emerge
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Systems of writing were invented
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Infrastructures were made
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What did man do/ create?
How would you define
civilization?
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Civilization• a form of culture characterized
by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.
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Requirements• Advanced cities-a city is a
center of trade for a larger area.
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• Specialized workers-workers with skills in a specific type of work
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• Complex institutions - long-lasting pattern of organization in a community
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• Record keeping - as government, religion, and the economy became more complex and structured, people recognized the need to keep records.
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• Advanced technical skills-- new tools and techniques created to solve problems that emerge when large groups of people live together.
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LET’S RECALL
What are the different Ancient river-valley civilizations?
Mesopotamia Nile Indus Early Chinese
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Lesson Objectives1. Define civilization;2. Explain how early civilizations were formed;3. Enumerate the contributions of the two prominent African communities using a chart4. Make a creative presentation (Transfer Task)
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ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
• The study of the continuum of human civilization reveals the ideals, beliefs, values, and institutions of its people.
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Lesson 1.4 Ancient Civilizations
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African empires
• North African empires Kingdom of Kush Kingdom of Axum
• West African empires Ghana empire Mali empire Songhai empire
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Dyad Activity
Task To listen to the video clip and list down important notes about the different African civilizatons ( geography, resources, leaders with accomplishements, downfall)
The information listed will be very useful in the next activity.
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Pre-Historic Africa
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Kingdom of Kush
( 750 BCE – 150 CE)
Nubia[modern-day
Sudan]
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The Emergence of Civilization
• The Land – 5,000 miles long – Sahara is the great divide
• Kush– Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather
than the lower Nile valley– Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom– Nubia became an Egyptian tributary– Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of
second millennium B.C.E.) resulted in the independent state of Kush• Kush became a major trading state• Little known about the society of Kush• Seems to have been widespread material prosperity
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Kingdom of Kush
• Located south of Egypt• Became subjects of Egypt• Became the 25th dynasty of the
pharaohs of Egypt
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Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
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Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
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Kingdom of Kush• Carried a lively trade with Arabia, India, Ethiopia
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Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE
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Kingdom of Axum [300-700]
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Stelae, Ezana’s Royal Tomb,Aksum (4c)
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Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]
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Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]
Coptic Christian Priest
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AXUM’SACHIEVEMENTSControlled
NE AfricanTrade
WrittenLanguage
Spread Christianityin No. & E.
Africa
TerraceFarming
BuiltStelae
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Ghana Empire
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Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
Ghana Empire [4c-11c]
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Ghana empire
• Developed in the markeplace of gold traders
• The king owned all of the gold nuggets, the empire taxed all goods, including salt, gold, entering and leaving Ghana
• Almoravids (Muslim group) spread Islam and invaded cities in Ghana not following the religion
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Berbers
GOLD
SALT
Gold-Salt Trade
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Salt
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Mali Empire [13c-15c]
GOLD
SALT
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Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”
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Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque
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Tuaregs
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Marketplace near the Niger River
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Mosque in Gao
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Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali
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Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali
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Sundiata [1210-1260]
“Lion Prince”
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Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]
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European Map
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Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
GOLD
SALT
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Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]
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Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]
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Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]
Gao, Mali
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Benin Empire [15c-19c]
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Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)
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Benin Bronze Leopard
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BantuMigration
s:
1000 BCETo
500 CE
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IslamicInvasion
s
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African Trade Routes
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Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic
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Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar
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Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
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Great Zimbabwe Street
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Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe
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Manamotopa Empire [1450-1630]
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Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c
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African Trade [15c-17c]