hmmm….. if there is 16% thymine and 34% cytosine in a dna strand, what percent would be adenine...
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HMMM…..If there is 16% Thymine and 34% Cytosine in a DNA strand, what percent would be Adenine and Guanine?
DO NOW:
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Chargaff’s Rule
Since Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine the percentages equal.
All percentages equal to 100%
If there is 24% Cytosine, there would be an equal amount of Guanine (24%)
If there is 26% Thymine, there would be an equal amount of Adenine (26%)
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DNA and Chromosomes• When cells get ready to divide, they pack up
all their DNA into chromosomes • Humans have 46 chromosomes located in the
nucleus of every cellhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8NHcQesYl8
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DNA Wrapping• A lot of DNA must be tightly packed into the nucleus
• CHROMOSOMES are made of CHROMATIN, which is DNA wrapped around PROTEINS called HISTONES
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DNA Replication• Make a copy of its DNA. • DNA unwinds and “unzips” splits down
the middle• DNA polymerase (an enzyme) joins new
nucleotides using base-pairing rules to
• make complementary strands of DNA: one strand makes two identical strands.
• DNA polymerase also “proofreads” the code to make sure it makes exact copies.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfZ8o9D1tus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wh0m5WRLSU&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bee6PWUgPo8&feature=relmfu
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phbio/active_art/dna_replication/index.html
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Think Pair Share
What does “COMPLEMENTARY” mean?
Complementary means things that go well
together.In DNA, this refers to the
two strands and their bases:
A always goes with T C always goes with G
http://johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
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Quickcheck:
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
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Risk Box:The second type of nucleic acid is RNA or ribonucleic acid. Using the diagram, compare and contrast DNA and RNAFill in the table on your guided notes sheet
DNA RNA
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RNA= RiboNucleic AcidRNA is a nucleic acid and it is made of long strands of nucleotides like DNA, but there are important differences:
DNA RNAType of Sugar
deoxyribose ribose
# of Strands
2 (double-stranded)
1 (usually single-
stranded)
Bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G (Uracil instead of
Thymine)
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There are 3 types of RNA:
1.mRNA- messenger RNA carries a copy of the DNA code
from the nucleus to the ribosome2.rRNA- ribosomal RNA is what ribosomes are made of
3.tRNA- transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes according to the 3-letter code
RNA has a very important role in the cell: Protein Synthesis (building proteins)
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• DNA is divided into segments called genes
• Genes can be 100 or more than 1000 base pairs long
• Each gene is a coded instruction for building a protein
• Proteins do all the jobs in the cell/body
Protein Synthesis means building proteins
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Step #1: Transcription (making mRNA)
First the cell must make a copy of the DNA because DNA never leaves the nucleus
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Risk Box:
Hmmm…DNA never leaves the nucleus.
Why do you think that is?
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• DNA unwinds and unzips• Transcription starts at a site on DNA called a promoter• RNA polymerase (an enzyme) uses the template strand
of the DNA to make mRNA (messenger RNA) from
free-floating nucleotides
Safe inside the nucleus…
RNA Polymerase
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• In RNA, A—U , C—G • mRNA is single stranded (only one strand)• the mRNA is a copy of the gene• when the gene is completely copied, the
mRNA leaves the nucleus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MfSYnItYvg&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtYz_3rkvPk&feature=related
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Sometimes the mRNA needs to be edited a little before it’s ready to go to
work.
INtrons are pieces that are taken OUTand EXons are pieces that are left IN
http://johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
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mRNA editing:
INtrons are taken OUTand Exons are left IN
http://johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
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What is one difference between DNA and RNA?
Record your response on a seperate sheet of paper.