central dogma: information flow in cells. nucleotides pyrimidine bases: cytosine (c), thymine (t),...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Nucleotides
• Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U, in RNA)
• Purine bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (U)
Genetic Elements
• Prokaryotes: Chromosome, plasmid, viral genome, transposable elements
• Eukaryotes: Chromosomes, plasmid, mitochondrion or chloroplast genome, viral genome, transposable elements
Melting of DNA
• Melting means separation of two strands from the heteroduplex
• Melting temperature of DNA is dependent on the relative number of AT and GC pairs
• Melted DNA can hybridize at temperatures below melting temperature– This process can be used to test relatedness between
species (interspecies DNA-DNA hybridization)– It is also possible to reanneal DNA with rRNA to test
relatedness of one species rRNA with the rRNA genes of another species
**DNA structure overview**
• complementary strands (antiparallel)
• 3 Angstrom separation of hydrogen bonds
• sugar phosphate backbone held together with hydrogen bonding between bases
• size is expressed in nucleotide bases pairs. E. coli has 4600 kbp. (E. coli chromosome is > 1mm, about 500X longer than the cell itself. How can the organism pack so much DNA into its cell?
• each bp takes up to 0.34nm, and each helix turn is 10bp(or 34 Angstroms), therefore how long is l kb of DNA? and how many turns does it have?
• supercoiled DNA (DNA-binding proteins)
DNA Organization
• In prokaryotes: naked circular DNA with negative supercoiling– Negative supercoiling is introduced by DNA gyrase
(topoisomerase II)– Topoisomerase I relaxes supercoiling by way of single-
strand nicks
• In eukaryotes: linear DNA packaged around histones in units called nucleosomes– The coiling around histones causes negative
supercoiling
Initiation of DNA replication
Origin of replication= oriC = ~300bpTemplates, primers, polymerase, primase
Replication overview
• 1. origin of replication+ 300 bases, recognized by specific initiation proteins = replication fork
• 2. bidirectional, therefore leading and lagging strands
• helicase unwinds the DNA a little (ATP-dependant) • single-strand binding protein prevents single strand from reannealing • Primase, DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I (also 5' to 3'
exonuclease activity), ligase • Okazaki fragments • Topoisomerases, and supercoiling regulation
• 3. Proofreading (3 to 5' exonuclease activity by DNA pol III)
Transcription
• RNA plays an important role
• tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
• Name three differences between chemistry of RNA and DNA
• RNA has both functional and genetic roles
More transcription
• Polycistronic mRNA
• How can mRNA be used in microbial ecology?
• Antibiotics and RNA polymerases
RNA processing
• Removal of introns
• Ribozymes (nobel prize-Tom Cech and Sid Altman)
• RNA-splicing enzymes
• Origins of life? Which came first RNA or DNA?
The genetic code
• Notice that the wobble base generally makes minor changes in the amino acid
• AUG is the start code (formyl methionine) for bacteria
• UAA, UAG, UGA are stop codons
• Specific tRNA for each other codon
Role of rRNA in protein synthesis
• Structural and functional role• 16S rRNA involved in initiation
– Base pairing occurs between ribosome binding sequence on the mRNA and a complementary seq on the 16S rRNA
• 23S rRNA involved in elongation– Interacts with EFs