History of ArchitectureHistory of ArchitectureFrom Greece to the 21From Greece to the 21stst Century Century

American architect Ludwig American architect Ludwig Rohe rightly said Rohe rightly said

“Architecture is the will of an “Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.” epoch translated into space.”

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece The Parthenon is a temple of The Parthenon is a temple of

the Greek goddess Athena, the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis. It is the the Athenian Acropolis. It is the most important surviving most important surviving building of Classical Greece, building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the generally considered to be the culmination of the culmination of the development of the Doric development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures order. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the high are considered one of the high points of Greek art. The points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of ancient enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian Greece and of Athenian democracy, and one of the democracy, and one of the world's greatest cultural world's greatest cultural monuments.monuments.

Greek OrdersGreek Orders

Roman ArchitectureRoman Architecture

Rounded Arches Rounded Arches replaced the post and replaced the post and Lintel system.Lintel system.

Use of concreteUse of concrete Use of Barrel ArchesUse of Barrel Arches

Examples of Important Roman Examples of Important Roman ArchitectureArchitecture

Key TermsKey Terms

Rounded ArchRounded Arch Barrel VaultBarrel Vault PilastersPilasters CoffersCoffers

Early Christian and Byzantine ArtEarly Christian and Byzantine Art

Earliest art forms found in the Earliest art forms found in the catacombs, catacombs, underground passageways. underground passageways.

Basilicas were built throughout the Roman Basilicas were built throughout the Roman Empire to accommodate the large numbers of Empire to accommodate the large numbers of Christian worshipers.Christian worshipers.

Technical advances from Roman architecture Technical advances from Roman architecture made making larger structures possible.made making larger structures possible.

Christian churches were seen as retreats from Christian churches were seen as retreats from the real world as a spiritual experience seen in the real world as a spiritual experience seen in these churches.these churches.

Plain Exterior but Ornate InteriorPlain Exterior but Ornate Interior

The Basilica was design with a large The Basilica was design with a large central aisle called a nave. At the end, central aisle called a nave. At the end, there was a semi-circular area called the there was a semi-circular area called the apse. apse.

Sant’ Apollinare in Classe. Sant’ Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna, Italy AD 533-49Ravenna, Italy AD 533-49

MosaicsMosaics

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rhttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/ravenna-sant-apollinare-classe-photos/indeavenna-sant-apollinare-classe-photos/index.htmx.htm

Byzantine ArchitectureByzantine Architecture Hagia Sophia built sixth century AD by the emperor Justinian.Hagia Sophia built sixth century AD by the emperor Justinian. Considered the greatest centrally planned churches.Considered the greatest centrally planned churches. Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a

museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral ever built in the world for nearly a thousand the largest cathedral ever built in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between current building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots). It was site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots). It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and Tralles. The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50 foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It featured, among other things, a 50 foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly 1000 years.1000 years.

Hagia Sophia’s dome rests on four hug piers, massive vertical pillars, that support arches made of cut stone.

Islamic ArchitectureIslamic Architecture

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture

1111thth-12-12thth Century Century Combining features of contemporary Western Roman Combining features of contemporary Western Roman

and and ByzantineByzantine buildings, buildings, Romanesque architecture is Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined Each building has clearly defined forms and they are frequently of very regular, forms and they are frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan so that the overall appearance is one symmetrical plan so that the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials.different materials.

Groin VaultsGroin Vaults

A A groin vaultgroin vault or or groined vaultgroined vault (also sometimes known (also sometimes known as a as a double barrel vaultdouble barrel vault or or cross vaultcross vault) is produced by ) is produced by the intersection at the intersection at right anglesright angles of two of two barrel vaultsbarrel vaults. The . The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults; cf. vaults; cf. ribbed vaultribbed vault. Sometimes the . Sometimes the archesarches of groin of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a barrel vaultbarrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of , a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour. The material and labour. The thrustthrust is concentrated along the is concentrated along the groins or groins or arrisesarrises (the four diagonal edges formed along (the four diagonal edges formed along the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need only be need only be abuttedabutted at its four corners. at its four corners.

Examples of Romanesque Examples of Romanesque ArchitectureArchitecture

Gothic ArtGothic Art

1313thth and 14 and 14thth Century Century Gothic is a term used to identify a period Gothic is a term used to identify a period

that began around the middle of the 12that began around the middle of the 12thth century and lasted to the end of the 15century and lasted to the end of the 15thth century and in some places, the 16century and in some places, the 16thth century.century.

Romanesque style paved the way to the Romanesque style paved the way to the Gothic styleGothic style

Gothic ArtGothic Art

Pointed arches rather Pointed arches rather than rounded archesthan rounded arches

Use of flying Use of flying buttressesbuttresses

A buttress is a A buttress is a support or brace that support or brace that counteracts the counteracts the outward thrust of an outward thrust of an arch or vaultarch or vault

Flying ButtreessFlying Buttreess

““Flying Buttress” is a Flying Buttress” is a support structure that support structure that reach the side aisles reach the side aisles of the church that of the church that created a thrust-created a thrust-counterthrust system counterthrust system that supports the that supports the ceiling.ceiling.

Stain GlassStain Glass

Many stories of bible, Jesus, the Virgin Many stories of bible, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, etc. Colored IlluminationsMary, etc. Colored Illuminations

Size- huge areas in cathedrals were Size- huge areas in cathedrals were dedicated to these windows. dedicated to these windows.

Color-artisans added minerals to the glass Color-artisans added minerals to the glass while it was molten to color the glasswhile it was molten to color the glass

Design-small pieces of stained glass were Design-small pieces of stained glass were joined with lead-strips and reinforced with joined with lead-strips and reinforced with iron bars. iron bars.