History 2313History 2313

55thth Century Greece Century Greece

War and SocietyWar and Society

War and Society I. Paths to Power: up to Persian Wars (490-480 BC)

Spartaterms: oligarchy, Council of Elders, Apella, helots, Spartan Creed

Athensterms: tyranny, democracy, archon, deme, ostracism

II. Peloponnesian War (first “world war”?)Delian League/Athenian empire

First War between Athens and Sparta (460-446)Pericles, General of Athens (457-430)“Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and SpartaThe Great Peloponnesian War (431-404)

History 2313History 2313

Paths to PowerPaths to Power Corinth, Sparta & Athens Corinth, Sparta & Athens

Variations on the PolisVariations on the Polis

CorinthCorinth

Corinth: AcropolisCorinth: Acropolis

Corinth and TyrannyCorinth and Tyranny

Role of TyrantsRole of Tyrants Tyranny of Cypselus in 657 BCTyranny of Cypselus in 657 BC Maintenance of TyrannyMaintenance of Tyranny

– Cypselus (d. 625 BC)Cypselus (d. 625 BC)– Difficulty of Periander (d. 585 BC)Difficulty of Periander (d. 585 BC)– End of Corinthian Tyranny End of Corinthian Tyranny

SpartaSparta

Sparta’s OligarchySparta’s Oligarchy Reforms of Lycurgus (6Reforms of Lycurgus (6thth century BC) century BC) 2 hereditary kings2 hereditary kings Council of Elders (Garousia)Council of Elders (Garousia)

(28 men over 60 years of age)(28 men over 60 years of age) Five Five EphorsEphors (annually elected (annually elected

magistrates)magistrates) Assembly of Equals (free adult male Assembly of Equals (free adult male

citizens-citizens-HomoioiHomoioi): mess mates ): mess mates ((sysstionsysstion))

Spartan SocietySpartan Society

Militarism-a reaction to external threatsMilitarism-a reaction to external threats

Messenian War leads to reforms of Messenian War leads to reforms of LycurgusLycurgus

Community comes before individualCommunity comes before individual

homoioi homoioi (equals)(equals) & perioikoi & perioikoi (“those living (“those living around” or outsiders)around” or outsiders)

Slave Society (helots)Slave Society (helots)

Fear of revolts always a problemFear of revolts always a problem

Society based on service to the stateSociety based on service to the state

Spartan IdealsSpartan Ideals

For men•The Spartan Creed•Warrior cult•Ares as patron•Military educationof boys•Military serviceof men

Spartan IdealsSpartan Ideals

For women•Artemis as Patron Goddess•Female Education•Athleticism•Motherhood

Edgar Degas, The Young Spartans (ca. 1860)

Athens: The Great Athens: The Great ExperimentExperiment

5th Century Athens

Athens and DemocracyAthens and Democracy Solon (639-c.550 BC) “Lifting of Burdens”Solon (639-c.550 BC) “Lifting of Burdens”

4 Grades of Citizens4 Grades of CitizensArchonship for first 2 GradesArchonship for first 2 GradesCouncil of 400Council of 400Assembly of AppealsAssembly of Appeals

Cleisthenes (570-c.507 BC)Cleisthenes (570-c.507 BC)demedeme: village (democracy – residence): village (democracy – residence)3 Tribes to 10 Tribes electing 50 reps 3 Tribes to 10 Tribes electing 50 reps

eacheachCouncil of 500Council of 500

The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens55thth Century BC Century BC

Athens and Sparta after the Persian WarsAthens and Sparta after the Persian Wars The Delian League and Athenian The Delian League and Athenian

ProsperityProsperity– Delos: 478 BCDelos: 478 BC

Athenian Leadership Athenian Leadership – ThemistoclesThemistocles – Anti-Sparta sentiment & building of Anti-Sparta sentiment & building of

fortificationsfortifications– Ostracism-471 BCOstracism-471 BC

A ballot to ostracize Themistocles (471 B.C.)

Ostraka: shard of pottery

Cimon (510-451 BC)Cimon (510-451 BC)– son of Miltiades (hero at Marathon)son of Miltiades (hero at Marathon)

Pro-Sparta sentiment Pro-Sparta sentiment – Aid to SpartaAid to Sparta in 464 BC in 464 BC– Earthquake and Helot rebellionEarthquake and Helot rebellion

Fall of Cimon 461 BCFall of Cimon 461 BC– His ostracismHis ostracism

Rise and Fall of Cimon

Pericles General General

(strategon)(strategon)– (457-430 BC)(457-430 BC)

Expansion and Expansion and contraction of contraction of Athenian Athenian democracydemocracy

Funeral oration Funeral oration summarizes summarizes Athenian valuesAthenian values

Advance of Democracy

1) Abolition of property qualifications for 1) Abolition of property qualifications for officeholdingofficeholding

2) Payment for those sitting on juries, 2) Payment for those sitting on juries, council, public officescouncil, public offices

Retreat of DemocracyRestriction of citizenship only to children whose parents both could claim to be Athenian citizens

•Athens’ fortification walls

•Naxos’s attempt to withdraw from the Delian League (467 BC), Thasos (465 BC) and Athenian coercion

•Treasury of the Delian League moved to Athens (454 BC)

•Universal Coinage and Courts

•An alliance or an empire....?

Delian League as Athenian Empire

Thucydides (c.460-401 BC)

Athenian generalExtensive military experienceHistory of the Peloponnesian War

Role of Pericles’s Funeral OrationRole of Pericles’s Funeral Oration•Values of Athenian societyValues of Athenian society•Model for othersModel for others•Duties of citizen men and womenDuties of citizen men and women

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

•First War between Athens and Sparta (460-446 BC)

•Pericles, General of Athens (457-430)

•446: “Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and Sparta

•The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404)

•Plague and death of Pericles (430)

•Athen‘s Failed Sicilian expedition (415-413)

•Persian Involvement and Spartan Victory (404)

The Peloponnesian Wars

End of Peloponnesian WarsEnd of Peloponnesian Wars

Athen‘s failed Sicilian expedition (415–413 BC)

Persian involvement and Spartan victory at Aegospotamie (404 BC)

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

Consequences of the War

Athens losesAthens loses FortificatioFortificatio

nsns FleetFleet EmpireEmpire

Sparta wins, yetLoses respect within Greek worldDifficulty maintaining navyHelot problemPopulation loss

Power Vacuum within Greek World Weakening of Polis