ARISROTLEPrepared by:

Joevi Jhun A. Idul

born in 384 BCE. at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace.

Father Nichomachus, court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia

Aristotle's long associated with the Macedonian Court, iluenced his life

father died when Aristotle was 17

guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of the world, to complete his

education

STAGIRUS, GREECE

STAGIRUS, GREECE

joined Plato’s Academy and studied under him, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years

began to lecture on rhetoric

divergence from Plato's teaching was too great, Plato's nephew Speusippus was chosen instead

Plato died in 347, but Aristotle was not designated to lead Academy

PLATO TEACHING ARISTOTLE

stayed 3 years, married Pythias, the niece of the King married a second time to Herpyllis later; she bore him,

Nichomachus At the invitation of Philip of Macedonia he became the

tutor of his 13 year old son Alexander (later world conqueror); he did this for the next 5 years

Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor, and there were stories that Aristotle was

supplied by the Macedonian court, not only with funds for teaching, but also with thousands of slaves to

collect specimens for his studies in natural science. These stories are probably false and certainly

exaggerated.

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Upon the death of Philip, Alexander succeeded to the kingship and prepared for his subsequent conquests

Aristotle's work was finished, and he returned to Athens Platonism was then the dominant philosophy of Athens

he set up his own school: the Lyceum walked about as he discoursed = peripatetics, meaning

"to walk about."

13 yrs teaching and composing philosophical treatises

THE LYCEUM

sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE., pro-Macedonian government in Athens overthrown; general

reaction against anything Macedonian Aristotle charged with impiety

to escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322

BCE.Last great Greek Philosopher, but first

great biologist of Europe

CONTRIBUTIONS

CONTRIBUTIONS1. LOGIC

2. PHYSICAL WORKS

3. PSYCHOLIGICAL WORKS

4. NATURAL SCIENCES

5. PHILOSOPHY

1. LOGIC Father of Logic

First to provide a systematic way of solving arguments

a. Categories (10 classifications of terms) b. On Interpretation (propositions, truth, modality)

c. Prior Analytics (syllogistic logic) d. Posterior Analytics (scientific method and syllogism)

e. Topics (rules for effective arguments and debate) f. On Sophistical Refutations (informal fallacies)

Logic is an instrument used for organizing our thoughts

ex. (Syllogism)All creatures are mortalsGloria is a creatureGloria is a mortal

Clear thinking that leads to a definitely true conclusion.

2. PHYSICAL WORKS

a. Physics (explains change, motion, void, time)

b. On the Heavens (structure of heaven, earth, elements)

c. On Generation (through combining

material constituents) d. Meteorologics (origin of comets,

weather, disasters)

Aristotle proposed a fifth element, aether, in addition to the four proposed earlier by Empedocles.

Earth, which is cold and dry; this corresponds to the modern idea of a solid.

Water, which is cold and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a liquid.

Air, which is hot and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a gas.

Fire, which is hot and dry; this corresponds to the modern ideas of plasma and heat.

Aether, which is the divine substance that makes up the heavenly spheres and heavenly bodies (stars and planets).

ELEMENTS

EL:EMENTS

ANCIENT WORLD MAP

ARRANGEMENT OFTHE UNIVERSE

ARRANGEMENT OFTHE UNIVERSE

3. PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS

a. On the Soul (explains faculties, senses, mind, imagination)

b. On Memory, Reminiscence, Dreams, and Prophesying

4. NATURAL SCIENCES

-Father of Biology

-He is the one who first classified organisms based on their shared characteristics called “The

Ladder of Life” and recognized similarities of human anatomical structure to other animals.

 

a. History of Animals (physical/mental qualities, habits)

b. On the parts of Animals

c. On the Movement of Animals

d. On the Progression of Animals

e. On the Generation of Animals

f. Minor treatises g. Problems

ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATIONOF LIVING THINGS

ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATIONOF LIVING THINGS

5. PHILOSOPHY

a. Metaphysics (substance, cause, form, potentiality) b. Nicomachean Ethics (soul, happiness, virtue,

friendship)

c. Eudemain Ethics

d. Magna Moralia

e. Politics (best states, utopias, constitutions, revolutions)

f. Rhetoric (elements of forensic and political debate)

g. Poetics (tragedy, epic poetry)

METAPHYSICSAristotle defines metaphysics as "the knowledge of immaterial being," or of "being in the highest degree

of abstraction." He refers to metaphysics as "first philosophy", as well as "the theologic science.“

ARISTOTLEAN ETHICS

Good is that at which all things aim.

The proper function or excellence of a things is its arete (virtue).

The human arete or virtue is activity of the soul in accordance with virtue (over a lifetime).

Happiness

Good Character

Good Habits

Good Actions

Good thoughts

Aristotle’s Division of the Three Sciences

Theoretical Practical ProductiveContemplation of things that are permanent and cannot be “otherwise.” In the theoretical sciences, understanding is pursued for its own sake.

Example: metaphysics and logic.

Knowledge of things that can be “otherwise” or variable given human freedom, choice, and circumstance.

Example: politics, ethics.

Knowledge of rational production or the science of making, producing things.

Example: technological know-how, carpentry, pottery. The productive sciences result in the making of some “product.”

POLITICS

The Six Forms of Regimes

Number of Rulers Rule Serving the Common Good

Rule Serving Private Interest or Those Who Rule

One Kingship or monarchy TyrannyFew Aristocracy OligarchyMany Polity Democracy

RHETORICS

RHETORICS

RHETORICS

RHETORICS

ARISROTLE