Native People

History and Current IssuesNative PeopleOlympicsFour Aboriginal groups were official hosts of the Olympic Games

Olympic Medals

Contemporary artwork by First Nations artist Corrine HuntHand-cropped sections of an orca whale and a raven

Asian OriginsBering Strait is a waterway that now separates Russia from North AmericaSubmerged landmass once connected Siberian mainland with North AmericaPeople are believed to have moved across the land bridge 10,000 to 30,000 years agoThey are now called Canadas native people or Aboriginals.

Aboriginals Today1.4 million as of 2011 Census 4.3% of the total Canadian population50% increase since 1996, due to more people identifying themselves as Aboriginal, high birth rate and improved enumeration on reserves86% of the population of Nunavut, 52% of Northwest Territories and 23% of Yukon40% live on reserves

Norval Morrisseau's painting Androgynyhttp://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370438978311/13704390506105Aboriginal PopulationAboriginal peoplesFirst NationsRegistered Indians Status IndiansIndian RegisterNon-status IndiansInuitMtisIndian BandReserve

AboriginalsInuitMtisStatus IndiansNon-Status IndiansWab Kinew of 8th Firehttp://www.cbc.ca/doczone/8thfire/2012/01/wab-on-rethinking-the-relationship.html FirstNationsBetween 1971 and 2011, the Aboriginal Ancestry population grew by 487% while the Canadian population grew by 52%.http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370440209795/1370440350563#fig77Aboriginal Populationdescendants of Canadas first inhabitants constitutionally recognizedIndian term used by Christopher Columbus who thought hed reached IndiaInuitMtis

2011 http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ-AI/STAGING/images-images/abo_demo2013_fig1_1370438281485_eng.gif

8First NationsGroup of aboriginal people who share the same culture and heritage www.afn.caStatus and non-status IndiansNational Chief Shawn Atleo

First Nations in OntarioOntario has the largest Aboriginal population in Canada (301,430 in 2011)Aboriginal population in Ontario grew by 28.7 % from 2001 to 2006133 First Nations communitiesMap of reserves http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/scr/on/rp/mcarte/qwerty-eng.asphttp://www.aboriginalaffairs.gov.on.ca/english/about/moving_forward_together/first_nations_in_ontario_map.pdf

Status Indiansregistered as an Indian under the Indian Actare exempt from paying income tax on any income they earn on a reserve are not required to pay Ontario Retail Sales Tax (RST) on most goods or services that will be consumed or used on a reserve.personal property of a status Indian cannot be seized if it is situated on a reserveNatives to receive cash payments yearly.Most convincing = promises of fishing and hunting anywhere (continue cultural practices).

Non-status IndiansNot registered under the Act, but self-identify as native

MtisFrench word meaning mixed blood people of mixed ancestryChildren of French fur traders and Cree women in the prairies and of English and Scottish traders & Dene women in the NorthRecognized as Aboriginal since 1982Controversial as to who belongs

Mtis flag oldest flag in Canada. Used before 1816. Has an infinity sign with two different backgrounds: Red was the colour of the Hudsons Bay Company,Blue was the colour of the North-West Company.

InuitNatives originating from the region between Labrador to Northwest Territories 50% live in NunavutInuit Register defines as Inuit all children born to an Inuk and a person of another race, regardless of the second persons race59,115 in 2012 CensusMedian age of 21http://www.airinuit.com/en/index.aspx

http://courses.washington.edu/polarnor/images/inuit_circumpolar.gif15

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-634-x/2008004/figure/figure1-en.gif16

http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/ISC18/images/35_11_5736%20Ole%20Jorgen%20Hammeken.jpg17InuitLive in the most crowded living conditions in Canada; 31% in homes with more than 1 person/roomNunavut has highest rate of homicide, suicide and substance abuse in Canada

From:Bata Shoe Museumhttp://www.batashoemuseum.ca/collections/permanent/circumpolar/inuit/images/mainimage.jpg18

Aboriginal Identity Percentagehttp://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370438978311/1370439050610

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Aboriginal PopulationHalf are under age 25

2011 http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370438978311/1370439050610

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Where do Aboriginals live?

http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370438978311/137043905061022

2,600+ Indian Reserves

How many people live on reserves?Half of the small reserves are in B.C.Limited Google Street View.http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370438978311/137043905061025Treaty IndiansBelong to a First Nation that signed a treaty with the Crown

Indian BandDecision-making organization created under The Indian Act

Sculpture graces the entrance to the Osoyoos Indian Band community in British Columbia

Native PeopleA term preferred by some instead of Aboriginals or Indians

Aboriginal IssuesProblems ignored or glossed over by history textbooks.

Suicide rateSubstance abuse Conditions of extreme poverty and isolationLand Claims

http://www.netnewsledger.com/2011/12/10/true-or-false-do-aboriginal-people-pay-taxes/Residential SchoolsAbuse and cultural loss involving residential schoolsAbout 150,000 aboriginal, Inuit and Mtis children were removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools. Church-run, government-funded boarding schools Churches: Anglican, United, Presbyterian and Catholic (75% )

Chief Phil Fontaine and Prime Minister Stephen Harper during official apology for residential schools abuses 2008Residential School ProblemsStudents lived in substandard conditions (physical and emotional abuse.) Sexual abuse. Rarely had opportunities to see examples of normal family life. In school 10 months, away from their parents. Everything children wrote was in English, which many parents couldn't read. Brothers and sisters rarely saw each other, activities were segregated by gender.Students returned to the reserve, found they didn't belong. They didn't have skills to help their parents. Students discouraged from speaking their language, practising native traditions. If caught = severe punishment.Became ashamed of their native heritage.

Residential School Compensation$1.9 billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools set aside in 2007Common Experience Payment: Former residential school students were eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year. Deadline to submit Sept. 2012Any remaining money to support learning needs of aboriginals. As of Sept. 30, 2012, $1.55 billion paid, representing 75,800 cases. United Church of Canada formally apologized in 1986 Presbyterian Church statement of apology in 1994 Anglican Church of Canada apology in 1993 In April, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI expressed his "sorrow" to a delegation from Canada's Assembly of First Nations for the abuse and "deplorable" treatment that aboriginal students suffered.Common Experience Paymenthttp://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/goc/cep/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/publications/audits/2013/24/index.shtml

32Aboriginal IssuesYears of being excluded from Canada's formal political process Could vote only if gave up treaty rights, until 1960 Proposed assimilation of all First Nation peoples into the mainstream of Canadian society in 1969 Proposed removal of First Nations from the Canadian Constitution

Tsleil-Waututh, Squamish and Musqueam nations and environmentalists crossedBurrard Inlet in traditional canoes http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-first-nations-protest-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.205403933In 2007, the United Nations passed a resolution called the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:Self-determination and self-government; Pursue economic, social, and cultural developmentOwn and manage lands and resources; and, A nationality.