hindhi basics

8/8/2019 Hindhi Basics

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Pronouns

First Person

I - main

To me - mujhko

My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)We - ham

To us - hamko

Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)

Second Person

You - tum , ap (r)

To you - tumko , apko (r)Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)

Your (r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)

Third Person

He, she, it (there) - vo , ve (r)He, she, it (here) - yaha/ yeh, ye (r)

To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)

yaha/ yehTo him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)

They - veTo them - unkoTheir - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)

Demonstrative & relative

This - yaha/ yeh

This very, this same - yaha/ yehinThat - vo

That very, that same - voin

These - ye

Those - veWho - kaun

Whom (s) - kis koWhom (pl or r) - kin ko

Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)

Which (s) - kaun si

Which (pl) - kis koOf which (s) - kis ki


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Of which (pl) - kin ki

Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases

Singular Plural

Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirectyaha/ yeh - is | ye - in

yaha/ yehin - isin | ye hin - inhinvo - us | ve - un

voin - usin | ve hin - unhin

kaun - kis | kaun - kin

koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhinjo - is | o - in

Hindi Verbs

Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to

gender of the subject (masculine, feminine)

number of the subject (singular, plural)

tense (present, past, future)

action (perfect, imperfect, continuous) degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)

Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.

Examples:

bolna to speak

likhna to write

lena to take

ana to come

The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.

Examples:

bol

likh


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le

a

Present Tense

Present tense ofhona (to be):

main hun I am

tu hai you are (intimate)yaha/ yeh hai this, he, she, it is

vo hai that, he, she, it is

ham hain we are

tum ho you are (familiar)ap hain you are (respect)

ye hain these, they are

ve hain those, they are

Present Imperfect

The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, orti to

the stem of the verb followed by the present tense ofhona.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by

replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.

main bolta hun I speak tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)

yaha/ yeh bolta hai this, he, it speaks

vo bolta hai that, he, it speaksham bolte hain we speak

tum bolte ho you speak (familiar)

ap bolte hain you speak (respect)ye bolte hain these, they speak

ve bolte hain those, they speak

Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It isformed like this:

stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense ofhona


replacing raha and rahe with rahi.


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main bol raha hun I am speaking

tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)yaha/ yeh bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking

vo bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking

ham bol rahe hain we are speakingtum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)

ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking

ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking

Past Tense

Past tense ofhona (to be):

main tha / thi I wastu tha / thi you were (intimate)

yaha/ yeh tha / thi this, he, she, it wasvo tha / thi that, he, she, it was

ham the / thin we were

tum the / thin you were (familiar)ap the / thin you were (respect)

ye the / thin these, they were

ve the / thin those, they were

(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)

Past Imperfect

The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present

imperfect but with the past tense ofhona instead of the present tense.


replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bolta tha I used to speak

tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)yaha/ yeh bolta tha this, he, it used to speak

vo bolta tha that, he, it used to speak

ham bolte the we used to speak tum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)

ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)

ye bolte the these, they used to speak ve bolte the those, they used to speak


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Past Continuous

The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in

English. It is formed like this:

stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense ofhona


replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bol raha tha I was speakingtu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)

yaha/ yeh bol raha tha this, he, it was speaking

vo bol raha tha that, he, it was speakingham bol rahe the we were speaking

tum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)ye bol rahe the these, they were speakingve bol rahe the those, they were speaking

Future Tense

Future Imperfect

The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about

the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, oroge/i to

the stem.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed byreplacing the ending a ore with i.

main bolunga I will speak

tu bolega you will speak (intimate)

yaha/ yeh bolega this, he, it will speak

vo bolega that, he, it will speak ham bolenge we will speak

tum bologe you will speak (familiar)

ap bolenge you will speak (respect)ye bolenge these, they will speak

ve bolenge those, they will speak

Future Continuous

The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the

present imperfect but with the future ofraha instead ofhona.


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replacing the ending a ore with i in both verbs.

main bolta rahunga I will be speaking

tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)yaha/ yeh bolta rahega this, he, it will be speaking

vo bolta rahega that, he, it will be speaking

ham bolte rahenge we will be speakingtum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)

ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)

ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speakingve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking

Imperative

There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.The tu imperative is the stem itself

The tum imperative is the stem + oThe ap imperative is the stem + ie oriye

Examples:

pani la bring water (intimate)

pani lao bring water (familiar)

pani laie bring water (respect)

The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, ornahin.

Use mat with the tu imperative.Use mat orna with the tum imperative.Use na ornahin with the ap imperative.

Examples:

voan mat ja don't go there (intimate)

voan na jao don't go there (familiar)

voan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)

To Have

There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.

Movable Objects

Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.


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Examples:

Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")

mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")

Immovable Objects

Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive

particles ka, ki, ke.

Examples:

uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")

Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")

Verb list

A

to advance - age barhna

to answer - awab denato arrive - ana, pahunchana

to attack - hamla karna

to attempt - koshish karna

B

to bathe - nahana

to be - honato bear - sahna

to beat - marna

to beg - mangnato behave - bartav karnato believe - vishwas karna

to be sleepy - nind ana

to be tired - thaknato bind - bandhna

to bite - katna

to break - torna


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to breakfast - nasta karna

to bring - lana

to bring up - palnato burn - alna, jalana

to burst - phutana

to bury - dafnana

C

to call - bulana

to care - parwah karna

to cast - dhalnato catch - pakarna

to change - badalna

to clean - saf karnato climb - charhna

to comb - kanghi karnato come - anato converse - bat karna

to cook - pakana

to copy - nakal karna

to cover - dhaknato creep - rengna

to cry - chillana, rona

to cruch - kuchalnato cut - katna

D

to depart - uda hona, alag hona, janato decend - utarna

to dig - khodna

to die - marna

to dine - khana khanato do - karna

to dream - sapna dekhna

to drink - pinato dry - sukhna, sukhana

to dye - rangna

E

to eat - khana

to excuse - maf karna

to expect - asha karnato explain - samjhana


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to express - vichar prakat karna

F

to fall - girna

to fear - darnato fight - larna

to fill - bharnato fly (in air) - urna

to fly (run away) - bhag jana

to forget - bhulna

to forgive - maf karna

G

to get - pana

to get up - uthanato give - dena

to go - ana

H

to have - hona, rakhna

to hate - nafarat karna

to hear - sunna

to help - sahayata dena, madad denato hide - chhipana

I

to improve - thik karnato irrigate - pani dena

to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna

J

to jump - kudna

to join - orna

to judge - vichar karna

K

to keep - rakhna

to kick - thokar marna

to kill - marnato kiss - chumna, chumma lena


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to know - anna

L

to laugh - hansna

to lead - karne denato learn - sikhna

to let - makan kiraye denato lie (on bed) - letna

to lie (speak) - huth bolna

to lift - uthana

to like - chahnato live (reside) - rahna

to live (not to die) - ina

to look - dekhnato lose - khona

to love - pyar karna

M

to make - banana

to measure - napnato mould - dhalna

to move - sarkana

N

to nibble - kutarna

O

to open - kholna

to order - hukum dena

P

to pat - thapthapana

to pay - dena

to play - khelnato play (music) - baja bajanato pour - dalna

to promise - vada karna

to pronounce - bolnato pull - khinchna

to push - dhakka dena

to put - rakhna


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Q

to quarral - hagra karna

R

to read - parhna

to receive - panato recollect - yad karna

to recommend - sifarish karna

to reject - napasnd karnato reply - awab dena

to ride - charhna

to rise - uthana

S

to say - kahna

to scold - dantna

to see - dekhna, talash karnato seek - dhundhana

to sell - bechna

to send - bhejnato sew - sina

to shake - hilna

to shout - chillanato show - dikhana

to shut - band karnato sing - gana

to sit - baithnato sleep - sona

to smell - sunghana

to solve - hal karnato sow - bona

to speak - bolna

to spin - katnato spit - thukna

to stay - thaharna

to steal - churanato stop - thaharna, tharana

to swim - tairna

T

to take - lenato talk - batchit karna


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to taste - chakhna

to tear - pharna

to tease - tang karnato tell - kahna, batana

to think - sochna

U

to understand - samajhna

V

to mit - ulti karna

W

to walk - chalna, ghumnato wander - idhar-udhar phirna

to wash - dhonato waste - barbad karna

to weep - rona

to weave - bunna

Nouns

Gender

There are two genders in Hindi: masculine and feminine.

Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are feminine.There are exceptions.

Number

There are two numbers in Hindi: singular and plural.

Case

There are two cases in Hindi: direct and indirect case.


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Indirect case: Used when the noun is followed by a postposition.

Direct case: Otherwise

Masculine nouns on -a

Direct Indirect (larka = boy)

Singular larka larkePlural lark e larkon

Other masculine nouns

Direct Indirect (guru = teacher)Singular guru guru

Plural guru guruon

Feminine nouns on -i

Direct Indirect (larki = girl)

Singular larki larkiPlural lark iyan larkiyon

Other feminine nouns

Direct Indirect (kitab = book)

Singular kitab kitab

Plural kitaben kitabon

Postpositions

Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.

The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.

The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.

nominative larki the girl (direct case)

genitive


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s, m larki ka kam the work of the girl

s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl

pl, m larki ke kam the works of the girl

pl, f larki ki baten the words of the girldative larki ko to the girl

accusative

larki a girl (direct case)

larki ko the girl

cative larki girl! (direct case)

ablative larki se from / with / of the girl

agentive larki ne the girl

locative

larki men in the girl

larki par on / upon / after the girl

larki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl

Adjectives

An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of thenoun it qualifies.

chota = small

SingularMasculine Femininechota kamra choti narangichota ghar choti mez

Plural Masculine Femininechote kamre choti narangiyanchote ghar choti mezen

Other adjectives do not change form.


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saf = clean

Masculine Feminine

Singular saf kamra saf mez

Plural saf kamre saf mezen

The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (orse) andsabse in front of the positive form.

Positive sundar

Comparative usase sundar / se sundar

Superlative sabse sundar

When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the

intensity or selectivity.

Adjective list

easy - asandifficult - mushkil

sweet - mitha

bitte - karwa

sour - khattagood - achchha

bad - kharab

blunt - bhauntasharp - paina

dark - light

open - khulaclosed - band

full - bhara

empty - khalitired - thaka

fresh - taza

stale - basifat - mota


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lean - dubla

dirty - ganda

clean - saf thick - mota

thin - patla

true - sachchafalse - hutha

distant - dur

near - pas

hot - garamcold - thanda

honest - imandar

dishonest - beimanhollow - pola

solid - thos

liquid - taral

glad - khusk sad - ranjida

wealthy - maldar rich - dhani

poor - garib

healthy - tandurustsick - bimar

long - lamba

short - chhota

new - nayaold - purana

young - awan

old - buddhalight (color) - halka

dark (color) - gahra

light - halka

heavy - bharipolite - namra

rude - badtamiz

mannerless - badtamiznarrow - sankra, tang

wide - chaura

broad - chauraactive - phurtila

lazy - sust

smart - hoshiyar dull - mattha, manda

angry - naraz

kind - meharbanpleased - khush


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displeased - naraz

proud - ghamandi

humble - namracheap - sasta

dear - mahnga

dry - sukhawet - gila

clever - hoshiyar

stupid - bewakuf deep - gahra

shallow - uthla

urban - shahri

rural - dehatibrave - vir

coward - kayar

handsome - sundar

pretty - sundar beautiful

- A "DCC TD>u 8 A>

&;- kachcha

cooked - pakasmelling good - khushbudar

smelling bad - badbudar

noisy - shorgul kaquiet - shant

all - sab

little - kuchhinteresting - dilchaspa

dull - ubane wala

durable - mazbutnot durable - kamzor

strong - takatwar

weak - kamzor elder - (usase) bara

younger - (usase) chhota

big - bara

small - chhotahigh (person) - bare

low (person) - chhote

high (things) - unchalow (things) - nicha

some - thora

much - zyadafew - kuchh

many - bahut

right - sahi

wrong - galat


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excellent - barhiya

worthless - raddi

wise - buddhimanfoolish - bewakuf

sweet - mitha

harsh - karanational - deshi ya rashtriya

foreign - videshi

this much - itna, itni

as many - itne, jitnaseveral - kai

that much - utna, utni

such - aisa, aisiwhatever - o kuchh

hard - sakhta

soft - mulayam

other - dusrasame - voi

Different words

Questions

who - kaun

what - kyawhy - kyon

when - kab

where - kahan

how - kaisewhich - kaunsa

how many - kitne

how much - kitna

Cardinal numbers

0 - sunya, sifar

1 - ek 2 - do

3 - tin

4 - char


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5 - panch

6 - chhah

7 - sat8 - ath

9 - nau

10 - das20 - bis

30 - tis

40 - chalis50 - pachas

60 - sath

70 - sattar

80 - assi90 - nabbe

100 - ek sau

101 - ek sau ek

200 - do sau1.000 - ek hazar

lac - ek lakh (100.000)crore - ek karor (10.000.000)

Other words having to do with numbers

1st - pahla

2nd - dusra3rd - tisra

4th - cautha

5th - pancvan6th - chatha

7th - satvan

8th - athvan9th - nauvan

10th - dasvan

1/2 - adha

1/3 - tihai1/4 - cauthai

3/4 - pauna

Colors

black - kala

blue - nila

bright - chamkila

brown - bhuracolor - rang

golden - sunahra


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gray - bhura

green - hara

indigo - baingniorange - naranji

red - lal

rosy - gulabiwhite - safed

yellow - pila

Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...

about (place) - as-pasabout (pertaining to) - bare men

above - upar

across - uspar after - bad men

again - phir again & again - bar-bar

against (opposite) - khilaf against (touching) - bhira kar

alas - afsosaloof - dur almost - karib-karib

also - ohi

although - halankialtogether - ekdam

always - hamesha

among - unke bich men

and - aur around - as

as if - mano

as far as - ahantak as soon as - yonhi

at - taraf

backward - pichhe

backwards &forwards

- age-pichhe

because - kyonki

because (him) - vajah se (uski)


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before - pahle

behind - pichhe

below - nichebeneath - niche

between - bich men

beyond - us par bra - shabash

but - lekin

by - secertainly - zarur

certainly not - hargiz nahin

down - niche

downward - niche ki taraf during - us bich men

early - aldi

either - ya to

enough - kafiespecially - khas kar

even - bhieven then - tab to

ever - hamesha

every moment - hardam

far - dur for - (uske) liye

for ever - hamesha ke liye

forward - agefrom - se

generally - am taur par

gradually - dhire-dhirehence (place) - yaha/ yehan se

hence (time)-&nb "D"OC i8

-yaha/ yehan

voan

hither - yaha/ yehanhow - kaise

how much - kitna

if - agar if not - agar nahin to

if possible - ho sake to

if so - agar aisa hai toimmediate - zaruri, turamt andar

in - andar

in brief - thore menindeed - vastav men

in front of - samne

inparticular - khas taur sein general - am taur se


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in short - thore men

inside - andar

just now - abhi-abhilate - der se

little by little - thora-thora karke

near - pasnever - kabhi nahin

neither - na vo

no - nahinnor - na vo

not - nahin

nothing - kuchh nahin

not yet - abhi tak naninnow - ab

now or never -abhi ya phir kabhi

nahin

of - kaof course - albatta

off - dur oft / often - aksar

on - upar

once - ek bar only - kewal

or - ya

out - bahar out and out - bilkul

over (higher) - upar

over (finished) - khatam

perhaps - shayadplease - krpaya

quite - bilkul

quietly - chupchapreally - sachmuch

scarcely - mushkil se

seldom - kabhi-kabhisince (time) - tab se

since (conditional) - chunki

so - isliyasome - kuchh

somehow - yon tyon karke

so much - itna

so and so - falanaso late - itni der se

so soon - itni jaldi

soon - aldi

still - phir bhi


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sorry - afsos

suddenly - achanak

surely - zarur that (conjunction) - ki

than - se

then - to, tabthere - voan

therefore - isliye

thither - yaha/ yehan sethough - yadyapi

through - us mense

thrice - tin bar

thus - aisetill - tab tak

today - aj

together - ek sath

tomorrow - kaltonight - rat ko

towards - taraf truly - sach taur par

truly - sahi

twice - do bar under - niche

until - tab tak

up - upar unless - ab takvery - bahut

well - achchha

when - kabwhenever - ab kabhi

whenever it de - ab kabhi ho sake

where - cahan

wherever - kahin bhiwhereas - chunki

while - ab tak

why - kyonyes - han

yesterday - kal

hindhi basics

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