Pick up an Agenda on the stand in the front Turn in your vocab and quarterly reflection The following students earned an “A” on the

test: Tamir Myranda Rachel Cardenas Gracie Rachel Clem Brady Zaara Sammy Nicole Ahsan Kevin G Mike

Happy Monday!!!

4 candidates running- All call themselves

“Republicans” Andrew Jackson (Tennessee- wins popular

vote but not electoral votes) John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) William Crawford (Georgia- has a stroke,

not able to finish) Henry Clay (Kentucky- Big Loser)

Election of 1824

No clear winner- no majority 12th Amendment states that the House of

Representatives must choose among the top 3 finishers

Clay was the Speaker of the House and in charge of selection- lots of power in his hands Sided with John Q. Adams

Hates Jackson JQA was a nationalist and supported the American System

Manipulated the voting and secured JQA as president Became the Secretary of State Known as the corrupt bargain

Jackson leaves the party

Election 1824 cont.

Horrible president Hurt by 3 things:

Corrupt bargain Doesn’t reward party members

with positions Hatred between Adams and

Jackson

John Q. Adams as President

2 new parties emerge:

National Republicans (Whigs- Republicans) Clay, John Q. Adams Big on nationalism Throwback to the federalists- Wealthy, pro

bank, strong central gov’t, liked business Democrats

Jackson, Martin Van Buren Somewhat Jeffersonian- common man, small

farmers, city workers Big on mudslinging:

Adams on Jackson: mother is a prostitute, duels, wife martial scandal

Jackson on Adams: pool tables= gaming tables

Election of 1828

Before the election the right to vote was

limited to wealthy, white, landowning men and most Americans were ok with that

By 1828, most states had dropped the landowning qualification and more men voted- giving Jackson the edge

Political shift away from the conservative eastern seaboard to support from the west and south

Election of 1828 cont.

Individualistic, temper From the west, didn’t go to college Portrayed as the “common man” but not

really- rich, had lots of slaves and land Suspicious of the federal government

rule by the elite Favored states rights At times went against Congress and the

Sup. Court

Jackson as President

Spoils System- rewarding political supporters with public office Jackson used this more than anyone before him Threw out former appointees and replaced them

with his own friends Fired nearly 10% of federal employees from

Adams administration His friends became his primary advisors, called

his “kitchen cabinet” B/c they slipped into the White House through

the Kitchen

Jackson’s spoils system

Most Americans held one of two attitudes towards Indians Displacement and dispossession Convert them to Christianity and absorb them

into white culture Since the War of 1812, some southeastern

tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek and Chicksaw-”) had begun to adopt White culture “5 civilized tribes”- lived in Georgia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee- all places whites wanted to live

Treatment of Native Americans

• Jackson was not satisfied with the tribes assimilating (becoming more “white”)

• Felt it was unwise to regard the tribes as separate nations within individual states– Would require too many troops to keep the

areas free from white settlers– Only solution was to move them west to Indian

Territory in present day Oklahoma• Voluntary at first, then they were forcibly removed• More than 100,000 Indians were removed• Bureau of Indian Affairs- established in 1836 to

administer relations with NA

Indian Removal Act 1830

Developed certain aspects of society similar to whites Developed syllabic alphabet and had their own

newspaper Cherokee Had a constitution similar to the U.S. and similar

electoral system and an agriculture based economy Unfortunately sat on valuable land in NE

Georgia Gold discovered in 1829 Land could be used for cotton

Cherokee right to the land had been recognized in a treaty of 1791 Many Georgians ignored this

Cherokee Nation

Cherokee v. Georgia (1831)

Cherokee tried to stop GA declaration that Cherokee land was null and void

Supreme Court ruled that though Cherokee lacked jurisdiction over land, it was a “domestic dependent, nation” possessing some sovereignty Still not a foreign nation Major blow to Cherokee rights as an

independent nation

Cherokees Fight Back

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Cherokee nation teamed up with Samuel

Austin Worcester, a missionary who had been teaching Indians w/o a license Court would have to recognize a citizen’s right to be

heard John Marshall ruled that GA had no right to

regulate the Cherokee nor to invade their lands Jackson’s Response: “John Marshall has made

his decision: let him enforce it if he can” Cherokee realized their fate when Jackson ignored

the Supreme Court

Cherokee Fight Back cont.

1838- 18,000 Cherokees forcibly

removed from their homes and marched 1,000 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 4,000 died from malnutrition, exposure,

cholera, and harsh treatment Soldiers forced the march with rifles and

bayonets Robbed and ransacked on the way

Trail of Tears

25% of Choctaws died en route to Indian

Territory 3,500 out of 15,000 Creeks died during

removal in 1836 Seminoles forced to merge with Creeks

(old enemies) and relocate Waged war on each other in 2nd Seminole

War 1,500 US soldiers died in the war too

Other Native American Fates

Pick up an Agenda on the stand in

the front and start working on the warm-up on the back

Turn in your Indian Removal Act Newspaper Article

Happy Wednesday!!

Andrew Jackson- National BankAndrew Jackson- National Bank

Tariff of 1828

British manufacturers wanted to destroy American competitors by flooding the US market with inexpensive goods after War of 1812

Congress responds by passing a tariff to protect American industries Jackson’s VP John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

called it a “Tariff of Abomination” The high tariff on manufactured goods

reduced British exports to the US forcing the South to buy more Northern goods (more expensive) North getting rich at South’s expense

States Rights

Calhoun had long been known as a nationalist but the tariff situation made him switch his views

Calhoun devised a nullification theory which questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states Each sovereign state had the right to reject a

federal law that it viewed unconstitutional Believed that if the fed gov’t refused to allow

state to nullify, the states could leave the Union

Webster-Hanye Debate

January 1830- Senator Robert Hayne (SC) v. Daniel Webster (MA)

Hayne supported ability to secede, Webster did not

Everyone wanted to know Jackson’s position- “Our Union it must be preserved”

Calhoun responds

“The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear; may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States and distributing equally the benefit and burden of the Union”

Jackson is angry and will not stand for back talk from the states

Peggy Eaton Problem

Wife of Secretary of War-Snubbed by the wives of Jackson’s cabinet member (especially Calhoun's wife)

Jackson stood up for Peggy (remembered how his wife was treated) Demanded the cabinet to make their wives recognize

her Jackson began throwing out Calhoun’s allies in the

cabinet Some over exaggerated Eaton Affair as a major

cause of the civil war- cause a rift between Jackson and Calhoun

South Carolina rebels

SC still angry over “Tariff of Abomination”

Tariff of 1832: Jackson tried to lower the tariff of 1828 Still didn’t make South happy

SC nullified the Tariff of 1832 Threatened to secede from the Union

Henry Clay proposes a compromise- reduce tariff by 10% over time

Election of 1832

Henry Clay (National Republican) v. Jackson (Democrat)

Anti-Masonic party- First 3rd party! Attracted evangelical groups

Jacksonian Democracy

Aim was to divorce government from the economy (laissez faire)

Return to Jeffersonian democracy Give power to the states- equal

opportunity

Jackson and the National Bank

Distrusted monopolistic banks and huge businesses

Bank of US (BUS) was up for recharter Jackson vetoed the Charter “Bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!”

Removed federal deposits from the Bank of US and placed them in 23 “pet banks”- called this b/c of their loyalty to the Democratic Party

Whig Party formed

Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster formed a new political party called the Whig Party

Backed ideals of the American System Wanted protective tariffs and backed

federal control of the banking system Became the foundation of the modern

Republican Party

Van Buren picks up the pieces

Martin Van Buren wins election of 1836 Beats William Henry Harrison of Whig

Party Hand picked by Jackson

Major issue to face will be the panic of 1837

Panic of 1837 Causes: over speculation

Many of Jackson’s pet banks were wildcat banks Printed more money than they had gold and silver

on reserve- no money when people wanted to cash in Causes huge issues when people are buying land

Jackson made people pay for land in only gold or silver

May 1837-banks stopped accepting paper money Banks closed and the credit system collapsed

Hundred were bankrupt and lost their jobs

1840, Congress established a treasury that only used gold and silver but that made the problem worse

Harrison and Tyler

Van Buren lost reelection to William Henry Harrison (Whig) Portrayed Harrison as a war hero and a man of

the people and portrayed Van Buren as a pampered aristocrat Actually the opposite

Harrison died a month after his inauguration

John Tyler (VP) became President and went against the Whig platform- never meant to be Pres.

Welcome Back!!!

Agenda- Quick matching quiz on Andrew Jackson- look

over your notes!! Notes on Abolition and Reform Study Guide TEST ON WEDNESDAY!!!

Happy Monday

Slavery and AbolitionSlavery and Abolition

The movement to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison- one of the most radical

white abolitionists-newspaper editor, Boston, MA 1831- began publishing The Liberator, a newspaper

that called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation What does this mean?

1832-started the American Anti-Slavery Society, a group of white and black members who were committed to ending slavery

Alienated some whites by attacking churches and the government for failing to condemn slavery

Abolition

By 1850, most free blacks in the South worked as

day laborers but some held jobs as artisans In the North, only the lowest-paying jobs were

open to free blacks Frederick Douglass- abolitionist and escaped slave

from Maryland Became a public speaker for the American Anti-

Slavery Society Eventually published his own anti-slavery

newspaper The North Star

Free Blacks

By 1830, US had 2 million slaves; by 1860- 4

million Most slaves had been born in the US, spoke

English, and worked on plantations Marriage was allowed but not legally protected

by law Why is this significant?

Life Under Slavery

Plantation (rural) Slavery

Slaves worked from dawn to dusk in the fields A white overseer or slave driver was placed in

charge of work crews to make sure the slaves worked throughout the day

Urban Slavery- some skilled jobs in cities were opened for slaves Mill work, shipping, carpentry, blacksmithing Slave owners hired out their slaves to factory

owners Never kept their earnings-went to slave owner

Types of Slavery

Stono Rebellion (1739) REVIEW- 20 slaves in

SC tried to escape to Spanish Florida- all captured and killed

Gabriel Prosser (1800)-plotted to take over Richmond, VA- Captured and killed

Denmark Vesey (1820)- plotted to take over Charleston, SC- he and followers captured and killed before they rebelled

What do all of these have in common?

Slave Rebellions

Henry Box Brown

1831- 80 slaves in Virginia attacked several

plantations, killing 60 whites State militia captured Turner and his followers

Put on trial, convicted and hanged Significance:

White on black violence erupted- 200 killed Southern whites determined to defend the

institution of slavery Slave codes- state laws passed to restrict

slaves’ activities

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Reform MovementsReform Movements

Second Great Awakening

Preachers rejected the 18th century Calvinist belief that God predetermined one’s salvation or damnation (heaven or hell) Stressed individual responsibility for seeking

salvation- people could improve themselves and society

Christians churches competed to proclaim the message of a democratic God- possibility of salvation to anyone

Held gatherings call revivals- emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith

African-American Churches

2nd Great Awakening brought Christianity to slaves All people, black or white, belonged to the same God

Baptist and Methodist churches opened to both races

Many interpreted the Christian message as a promise of freedom

African Methodist Episcopal Church became a political, cultural and social center

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated truth found in nature and personal emotion and imagination

Literary movement that stressed American optimism, freedom, and self reliance

Henry David Thoreau lived on the shore of Walden Pond for 2 years Encouraged people to follow their inner voice

Tried to create perfect societies (utopia)

Dominant idea of the 1800s that women

should be restricted to housework and child care No political rights

Women became socially active in mid 1800s Providing women with an opportunity to

become active outside the home Helped lead to the push for increased women's

rights

Cult of Domesticity

Prison Reform

Dorothea Dix visited jails and was horrified to see that mentally ill people were there

Helped pass a law in Massachusetts to improve conditions

Between 1845-1852 Dix persuaded 9 southern states to create separate facilities for the mentally ill

Emphasized rehabilitation

Education Reform

Before mid 1800s there was no uniform education policy

1830s- Americans demand for tax-supported public schools- still optional

Horace Mann Established teacher-training programs Instituted curriculum reform and double the

money spent on schools By 1850, every state had publicly funded

elementary school

Temperance Movement

Prohibit the drinking of alcohol Liquor was not only used as a beverage but

was given to patients before surgery American Temperance Society was founded in

1826 Held rallies, produced pamphlets and brought

about a decline in alcohol consumption

Education for Women

1821- Emma Willard opened the first academically rigorous school for girls in NY

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary- 1873 First women's college

Oberlin College- first coeducational college

Women and Health Reform

Elizabeth Blackwell- first women to graduate from a medical college in 1849 Opened the New York Infirmary for Women and

Children Women’s health was very poor- rarely bathed

and little exercise

Women’s Rights

Seneca Falls Convention-1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”- listing their

grievances Held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott Fought for equality of men and women Mainly fought for women’s right to vote Sojourner Truth- argued for women's rights

and abolition

Workplace Reform

Textile factories opened up in the North Women and Immigrants flooded to work in

these factories Working conditions were very poor- long days

and unsafe conditions Workers conducted strikes-work stoppage Unions were established to fight for working

conditions