Grammar Book

Alicia (Ashley) King5th Period

Table of Contents1) Nationalities2) Stem Changers3) Para4) Object Pronoun Placement5) Indirect Object Pronouns6) Gustar7) Affirmative and Negative Words 8) Superlatives9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement11) Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement12) Sequencing events13) Preterite=Past Tense14) Deber=Should/ought to15) Present progressive16) Present progressive irregulars17) -ly=_mente18) End adjectives with a when adding mente.19) Preterite20.) Futuro21.) Demonsteative Pronouns22.) Ordinal numbers23.) Using the imperfect

Nationalities

Stem Changers

o ue e i e ie u ue

There are no stem changes in the

nosotros or vosotros form

Poder: To can

Puedo Podemos

Puedes Podéis

Puede Pueden

Pedir:To ask for

Pido Pedimos

Pides

Pedís

Pide Piden

Pensar:To thinkPienso Pensamo

s

Pienses

Penscáis

Piense Piensen

Jugar: To play

Juego Jugamos

Jueges

Jugáis

Juege Juegan

ParaPara is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”. It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions, and

recipients of items.-Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer.-Ex: El regalo para mi mamá.-Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo.-Ex: Eres para tú

Object Pronoun Placement

1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

Indirect Object Pronouns

These pronouns tell ‘to whom’ or ‘for whom’ the action of a verb is presented for.

Singular Plural

Me Me Nos UsTe You

(Familiar)Os You-all

Le He, she, it, you (formal)

Les You-all, them

Gustar• Gustar = To like

Gustar SingularMe gusta Nos

gustaTe gusta Os gustaLe gusta Les gusta

Gustar PluralMe gustan Nos

gustanTe gustan Os gustanLe gustan Les

gustanEx: Me gusta una mapa

Ex: Te gustan nachos

Affirmative & Negative Words

Alguien

También

SiempreAlgo Alguno

Algún

Nada Nadie NingúnNinguno Nunca

T

ampoco

Superlatives• Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express

extremes. Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the

adj. or adv. To agree with gender and numbers. -Ex: Mucho Muchísimo-Ex: Muchas Muchísimas

If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c. -Ex: Rica Riquísima-Ex: Largo Larguísima-Ex: Feliz Felicísimo

Reflexives Reflexives verbs are used to

show people doing things for themselves.

Reflexives Pronouns are used to show that the subject receives the action of the reflexive verb.

ReflexiveEx: Lola se lava la cabezaEx: Me despierto en la cama

Non-ReflexiveEx: Me hablo con RobertoEx: Ellos se lavan el perro

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Reflexive Pronouns

Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement

When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.

If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end.

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands• Di • Haz• Ve• Pon• Sal• Sé• Ten • Ven

Examples of affirmative tú commands:• ¡Cómelo! = Eat it!• ¡Ven aquí! = Come here!• ¡Hazlo! = Do it!

Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement

To informally command someone to NOT to do something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.

If there is an object pronoun then you must place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.

Opposite vowels:• Ar endings change into e• Er/Ir endings changes into a

Irregular negative tú commands:• Digas• Hagas• Vengas• Tengas• Pongas• Salgas• Vayas• Seas

Examples of negative tú commands:• No me digas• No seas estúpido• No vayas a la escuela

Sequencing eventsTransitions or time references.

Primero Entonces Luego Después Por Fin

First Then Later After Finally

Antes de Después de

Before… After …

Por la mañana Por la tarde Por la noche

In/during the morning

In/during the afternoon

In/during theevening/night

Los lunes Los martes Los miércoles

Los jueves

Los viernes

On mondays

On tuesdays

On wednesdays

On thursdays

On fridays

Los sábados

Los domingos

On saturdays

On sundays

Preterite=Past TenseAr and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs.Perfected action in the past.-é -amos

-aste

-ó -aron

-í -imos

-iste

-ió -ieron

Preterite Changes

-car for a preterite changes into –qué in the yo form.

-gar for a preterite changes into –gué in yo form.

-zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo form.

• Sacar la basura-Saqué la basura.

• Jugar el tenis-Jugué el tenis

• Comenzar la tarea-Comencé la tarea.

Trigger words Un dia Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteyear Por una hora Por fin Do Veces

It is set up for a preterite.

-car for a preterite changes into –que in the yo form.

-gar for a preterite changes into –gué in yo form.

-zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo form.

Deber

It means to should or to ought to.

Examples:Debo sacar la

basura.I should take outthe trash.

Debo Debemos

Debes

Debe Deben

Modal verbs Deber-Should, out to. Desear-To desire Necesitar-To need Poder-To can, could , be able

to. Querer-To want, would like to Saber-To know info, to know

how. Soler-Usually, used to.

The 2nd verbs is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form.

Present Progressive

It a verb stating that a person is doing something currently in the present. It is like the english version of –ing.

-ando -ando-ando-ando -ando

-iendo -iendo-iendo-iendo -iendo

Example: Estoy estudiando.-I am studying.

Present Progressive Irregulars

When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it changes from –iendo to –yendo.

Leer LeyendoOír OyendoTraer Trayendo

E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel stem-changers change in the present progressive.

Pedir Pidiendo

Servir Sirviendo

Decir Diciendo

Dormir Durmiendo

Venir Viniendo

-Mente

Using adjectives or adverbs, change them into adverbs and add -mente.

If an adjective ends with an e, l, or z, just add –mente.

Reciente Recientemente

Frecuente Frecuentemente

Fácil Fácilmente

Normal Normalmente

Especial Especialmente

End adjectives with an a when adding -mente

Adjectives that end in –o or –a changes to the feminine form.

Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente

Rápido Rápidamente

Lento Lentamente

Tranquilo Tranquilamente

When using two adverbs, drop the –ment from the first one.

Example: Lenta y cuidadosamente.

PreteriteAndar>Anduv_Estar>Estuv_Poder>Pud_Poner>Pus_Querer>Quis_Saber>Sup_Tener>Tuv_Venir>Vin_Conducir>Conduj_Producir>Produj_Traducir>Traduj_Decir>Dij_Traer>Traj_

-e-iste-o-isteis-ieron

“j” verbs drop “i” in -eron

Trigger Words are words that might emphasis a preterite verb coming up. Examples: Ayer, el mes pasado.

-car,-gar,-zar -car for a preterite changes into –qué in

the yo form. -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in

yo form. -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo

form.

SpockHacer• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron

Dar• Di• Diste• Dio• Dimos• Dieron

Ver• Vi• Viste• Vio• Vimos• Vieron

Ir/Ser• Fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• Fueron

Snakey VerbsPreterite verbs with a y spelling changeEx: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Singular Adjectives Plural AdjectivesEste/Esta-This Estos/Estas-TheseEse/Esa-That Esos/Esas-ThoseAquel/Aquella-That Aquellos/Aquellas- Those (over there) (over there)

Singular Pronouns Plural PronounsÉste/ésta éstos/éstasÉse/ésa ésos/ésasAquél/aquélla aquéllos/aquéllas

Neuter-An unidentified nounEstoEsoAquello

Add accents when not clearly stating the object or thing.

Ordinal Numbers Primero(a)-First Segundo(a)-Second Tercero(a)-Third Cuarto(a)-Fourth Quinto(a)-Fifth Sexto(a)-Sixth Séptimo(a)-Seventh Octavo(a)-Eight Noveno(a)-Ninth Décimo(a)-Tenth

When using nouns, they must agree in numbers and gender.

Primero turns into primer and tercero turns into tercer when in front of a masculine noun

El Futuro

-é-ás

Infinitive+ -á-emos-án

Los Irregulares:Decir DirHacer HarPoner PondrSalir SaldrTener TendrValer VendrPoder PodrQuerer QuerrSaber Sabr

Prepositions Derecha(de)-Right Detrás(de)-Behind Lejos(de)-Far Adentro(de)-Within Encinma(de)-Above Al lado(de)-Side

Izquierda(de)-Left Delante(de)-In front Cerca(de)-Close/near Afuera(de)-Outside Debajo(de)-Below Entre-Between

Using the imperfect for the past-ar -er -ir• -aba -ía -ía• -abas -ías -ías• -aba -ía -ía• -ábamos -íemos -íamos• -aban -ían -ían

IrregularsSer Ir VerEra Iba VeíaEras Ibas VeíasEra Iba VeíaÉramos íbamos VeíamosEran Iban Veían

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Mío(a) Tuyo(a)Suyo(a)Nuestro(a)Suyo(a)

Míos(as)Tuyos(as)Suyos(as)Nuestros(as)Suyos(as)

Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

Me Ex: Me escondoTe Te escondesSe Se escondeNos Nos escondemosSe Se esconden