grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
grammar bookShakira hale
Table of contents
1. Preterite2. Trigger words3. Car/gar/zar’s4. Spock verbs5. Cucaracha 6. Snake7. Snakey8. Imperfect9. Trigger words10.Irregulares11.Preterite vs.
imperfect
12.Ser vs. estar13.Verbs like gustar14.Comparatives/
superlatives15.Transition words16.Future17.Trigger words18.Irregulars19.Por20.Para21.Demonstrative adjectives22.Demonstrative pronouns
Table of contents.. continued
23.Conditional 24.irregulars25.Perfect tenses26.Present27.Past28.Present perfect
irregulars29.Subjunctive perfect30.Tanto y tan31.Impersonal se32.Saber vs. conocer33.Los mandatos34.Informal/ formal35.affirmative
36.Negative37.Irregular38.Dop + iop placement39.Nosotros commands40.Mono verbs41.Subjunctive42.Irregulars43.Trigger phrases44.Impersonal expressions45.Expressions of emotion46.Conjunctions of time47.Demonstrative adjectives 48.Demonstrative pronouns
Preterite-a completed action in the past (snap shot)
E
Aste
O
Amosaron
ArÍ
Íste
Ío
ÍmosÍeron
ErÍ
Íste
Ío
ÍmosÍeron
Ir
Trigger words
• El dia anterior- the day before• Ayer- yesterday• La semana pasada- last week• El fin de semana pasada- last weekend• El mes pasado- last month• Anoche- last night• Ya- already• Anteayer- day before yesterday
Car/gar/zar’s
• ex. Yo busqué por mi libro
Verbs w/ -car ending change to –qué
Verbs w/ -gar ending change to –gué
Verbs w/ -zar ending change to -cé
Spock verbs
Di
Diste
Dio
Dimosdieron
Dar vi
viste
vio
vimosvieron
ver fui
fuiste
fue
fuimosfueron
Ser/irHice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
hicieron
hacer
cucarachaAndar- anduv
Estar- estuv
Poder- pud
Poner- pus
Querer- quis
Saber- sup
Tener- tuv
Vener- vin
Traducir- traduj
Producir- produj
Conducir- conduj
Decir- dij
Traer- traj
É
Iste
Ó
imos
ieron
Snake verbs
• Stem changers in the preterite• Only change in the 3rd person- ex. dormir durmió
Snakey verbs
• Stem changers in the preterite• Change only in the 3rd person• Y is added- Leer leye
imperfect
• For actions repeated habitually
• For actions that “set the stage”
For another past action• For telling time• For stating age• For mental states• For physical states• To describe characteristics
of people, things, or conditions
Aba
Abas
Aba
ábamos
aban
ar Ía
ías
Ía
Íamos
ían
Er/ir
Trigger words
• A veces- sometimes• Mientras- while• Cada día- everyday • A menudo- often• Muchas veces- many times• Todos los días- everyday• Siempre- always• Frecuentemente- frequently
irregulars
Era
Eras
Era
Éramos
eran
Ser Iba
Ibas
Iba
íbamos
iban
irVeía
Veías
Veía
Veíamos
veían
ver
Preterite vs. imperfect
E
Aste
O
AmosAron
ArÍ
Íste
Ío
Ímos
Íeron
er/irAba
Abas
Aba
Ábamos
aban
ArÍa
ías
Ía
Íamos
ían
Er/ir
Irregulars- ir, ser, ver• No definite beginning or
end
Irregulars- spock, cucaracha• definite beginning or end
Ser vs. estar
• D-description• O-origin• C-characteristics• T-time• O-occupation• R-relationship• P-physical
characteristics• E-event• D-date
• H-health• E-emotional• L-location• P-physical
appearance• I • N -
ando• g
Verbs like gustar
• Show emotions about something
• Pronouns go before verb
-ex. Me gusta verde.• If object is plural, add n-ex. Les encantan las
peliculas.
Me
Te
Le
Nos
les
Comparatives/superlatives
• Show a relationship between two things.
• Comparatives use que, superlatives de más
menos
BuenoMaloViejojoven
que
El/ la másEl menos
BuenoMaloViejojoven
de
Transition words
• Aunque- even though• También- also• Mientras- while• A pesar de- inspite of • Por lo tanto- therefore• Sin embargo- nevertheless
future
• Used to tell what “will” happen
• Add endings to infinitive
-ex. hablaré
É
Ás
Á
Emos
Án
Trigger words
• maÑana• En el futuro• En el día próximo• En el año próximo
irregularsDecir- dir
Hacer- har
Poner- pondr
Salir- saldr
Tener- tendr
Valer- valdr
Venir- vendr
Poder- podr
Querer- querr
Saber- sabr
Caber- cabr
Haber- habr
É
Ás
Á
Emos
Án
por
• Passing through- portal• General rather than specific location-
portugal• How long something lasts- porever• The cause of something- porpose• An exchange- import/export• Doing something in place of
someone else• A means of transportation
para
• For whom something is done- surprise paraty
• Destination- paraguay• The purpose for which something is
done- parachute• To express an opinion- paradon (me)• To compare/contrast- comparason• Idea or deadline- paramedic
Demonstrative adjectives
• Describe a noun• Este- this• Ese- that• Aquel- that one over there
Demonstrative pronouns
• Describe a noun• Esto- this matter, this thing• Eso- that matter, that thing• Aquello- that matter/thing over there
conditional
• Expresses probability, possibility, or conjecture.
• “would”
Ía
Ías
Ía
íamos
ían
irregulars
• Same as future irregulars
Decir- dir
Hacer- har
Poner- pondr
Salir- saldr
Tener- tendr
Valer- valdr
Venir- vendr
Poder- podr
Querer- querr
Saber- sabr
Caber- cabr
Haber- habr
Perfect tenses
• Two parts: helping verb + past participle
• There are three main perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.
• Portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view.
Present
• Present tense of haber w/ past participle
• “has” or “have”-ex. He comido- I
have eaten.
He
Has
Ha
Hemos
han
past
• “had”-ex. Había vivido- I
had lived.
habÍa
habÍas
habÍa
habíamos
habían
Present perfect irregulars
• Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died• Han visto- you all have seen• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done
Subjunctive perfect
• Compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
Perfect subjunctiveYoTú
El/ellaNosotros
Ellos
HayaHayasHaya
Hayamoshayan
+hablado+Comido+vivido
Tanto & tan
To form comparisons of equalities with nouns.Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
-ex. Talia tiene tanto dinero como lola.
To form comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs.Tan + adj (adverb) + como
-ex. El libro es tan bueno como la película.
Impersonal se
• Verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object.
• Se + 3rd person singular-ex. Se habla espaŇol.
Saber vs. conocer
Saber
• To know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do something.
• -ex. Lola sabe conducir.
Conocer
• To be acquainted with a person, place, or thing.
• - ex. Conozco talia.
Los mandatos
• Used to directly address someone and give them an order
• Can be formal or informal• Can be nosotros• Can be affirmative or negative
informal/formal
Informal/formal
Informal mandatos are in the tú form and can be affirmative or negative.-ex. Compra los dulces
formal mandatos are in the ud. form and can be affirmative or negative.-ex. Compre el anillo.
affirmative
formal
•Same as present subjunctive
•Yo form, drop the –o, add –e for –ar verbs or –a for er/ir verbs
•-ex. hable
Informal
•Same as present indicative form ud. Form
•-ar + a•- er/ir +
e•- ex.
habla
negative
formal•Use the same
form as formal affirmative
•-ex. No coma
Informal•Use same form
as present subjunctive
•-ex. No comas.
Irregular
Decir- di
Hacer- haz
Ir- ve
Poner- pon
Salir- sal
Ser- sé
Tener-
ten
Venir-
ven
Dop & iop placement
• Placed before verb
• Answer the questions of who? & what?
• Placed before verb
• Answer the questions of to whom? & for whom?
Me
Te
Lo, la
Nos
Los, las
dop me
Te
Le
Nos
les
iop
Nosotros commands
• Used when speaker is included, used to express lets + verb
• Opposite nosotros ending-ex. Comamos allí.• For negative, just add no before verb
Mono verbs
• With affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se
-ex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos• But with negative nosotros
commands, the pronoun comes before the verb
-ex. No nos sentemos.
subjunctive• Used to express everything
but certainty and objectivity• Start w/ “yo” form of present
indicative, drop the –o ending, and add the following endings
• For stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotros.
-ex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen
• For –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:I
-ex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos
e
Es
E
Emos
en
arA
As
A
Amos
an
Er/ir
irregulars
• Car, gar, zars
• Tvdishes-ex. Dar
DéDesDé
Demosden
-ex. estarestéEstésesté
estemosestén
-ex. irVayaVayasVaya
Vayamos
vayan
-ex. SerSeaSeasSea
Seamossean
Trigger phases
• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible
que…• Es malo que…
• querer que…• sin que…• Negar que…• hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible
que…• Esperar que…
Impersonal expressions
• Triggers of the subjunctive
Conviene que…
Es bueno que…
Es importante que…
Es fácil que…
Es malo que…
Es necesario
que…
Es preciso que…
Es mejor que…
Es probable
que…
Expressions of emotionsalegrarse de que- to be happy that
es bueno que- it's good that
es conveniente que- it's convenient that
es difícil que- it's hard
es extraño que- it's strange that
es fácil que- it's easy
es increíble que- it's incredible that
es interesante- it's interesting that
es inútil que- it's useless that (there's no point)
es justo que- it's fair that
es (una) lástima que- it's a pity that
es malo que- It's ( too) bad that
es mejor que- it's better that
es peor que- it's worse that
es preferible que- it's preferable that
es raro que- it's strange that
es triste que- it's sad that
es útil que- it's useful that
Conjuctions of time
así que- as soon as
Cuando- when
despues de que- after
en cuanto- as soon as
hasta que- until
luego que- as soon as
tan pronto como- as soon as
Demonstrative adjectives
• Describe a noun• Este- this• Ese- that• Aquel- that one over there
Demonstrative pronouns
• Describe a noun• Esto- this matter, this thing• Eso- that matter, that thing• Aquello- that matter/thing over there