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Sustainability 1001 Glossary:

Anthropocentric: - a human centered view of the world. It considers human

beings to be the most important living thing on earth and argues that all decisions

should be made to benefit human beings.

Aquifer: - is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move.

Aquifers must be both permeable and porous and include such rock types as

sandstone, conglomerate, fractured limestone and unconsolidated sand and

gravel. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalts also make good

aquifers. The rubble zones between volcanic flows are generally both porous and

permeable and make excellent aquifers. In order for a well to be productive, it

must be drilled into an aquifer.

Biocentric: - an ethical point of view which extends inherent value to non-human

species, ecosystems, and processes in nature - regardless of their sentience.

BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD): - the amount ofdissolved oxygen needed by

aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material

present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time

period.

Biodiversity:Ecosystems with more species function with more efficiency, are

better able to withstand disturbances, are more productive. To have a diversity of

animal species, we first must have a diversity of plant species. Most insect

herbivores can only eat plants with which they share an evolutionary historythe

plants that are native to the same area. Biodiversity refers to the need for many

species to keep an ecosystem healthy.

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Biomimicry: a science that studies natures phenomena and processes and uses

them as inspiration for the design of new and useful processes.

Brownfields: are abandoned or underused industrial and commercial facilities

available forre-use.Expansion orredevelopment of such a facility may be

complicated by real or perceived environmentalcontaminations.

The carbon cycle:carbon dioxide is consumed by plants to produce sugars and

oxygen; decomposers break down dead organic matter to release the carbon back

into the air and water. Carbon composes 0.03% of the earths atmosphere.

Emissions and burning fossil fuels add excess carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Carbon footprintThe total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused

directly and indirectly be an individual, organization, event or product (UK

Carbon Trust 2008). An individual, nation, or organizations carbon footprint is

measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment. Once the size of a carbon

footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it.

Climate Mitigation: -is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the

long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property.

Climate Adaptation: - refers to the ability of a system to adjust to climate change

(including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damage, to

take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.

Climate Model: - use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the

atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. These models incorporate the physics

and chemistry of the atmosphere and the oceans and aim to answer questions

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such as when the next El Nio might occur, and what might happen if greenhouse

gas concentrations double.

CoagulationFlocculation: - coagulationthe process by which colloidal particles

and very fine solid suspensions initially present in a wastewater are combined

into larger agglomerates that can be separated via sedimentation, flocculation,

filtration, centrifugation or other separation methods. Flocculationis the slow

mixing process in which particles that have had their charge neutralized

(coagulation) are encouraged to clump together with other particles, creating

larger masses that will settle more rapidly.

Consumerism-- the concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is

advantageous to the economy; the fact or practice of increasing consumption of

goods.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Corporate initiative to assess and take

responsibility for the company's effects on the environment and impact on social

welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may

be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. Corporate social

responsibility may also be referred to as "corporate citizenship" and can involve

incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediatefinancial benefit to

the company, but instead promote positive social and environmental change.

Criteria Pollutants: - air pollutants for which standards forsafe levels ofexposure

have been set under the CleanAir Act. Current criteria pollutants aresulfurdioxide,particulate matter,carbon monoxide,nitrogen oxides,ozone andlead.

Daylighting: is the redirection of astream into an above-ground channel with the

goal of restoring a stream of water to a more natural state. It is intended to

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improve theriparian environment for a stream which had been previously

diverted into aculvert,pipe, or a drainage system.

Deep Ecology:ecological philosophy distinguished by its advocacy of the

inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to humanneeds.

DowncycleMost recycled industrial nutrients (materials) lose viability or value

in the process of recycling. This means they can only be used in a degraded form

for components other than their original use. White writing paper, for example, is

often downcycled into materials such as cardboard and cannot be used to create

more premium writing paper.

Eco-efficiencyA term for leveraging technological and process changes in order

to generate solutions that offer more value than current offerings while reducing

resource use and environmental impact throughout the product or services life.

Ideally, eco-efficiency not only achieves the best possible efficiency in terms of

materials and energy used in the creation, use and disposal of a product or

service, but it might leave residual value equal to or higher than these inputs. See

also: ecoeffectiveness.

EcoeffectivenessThe central strategy in the cradleto- cradle development

method seeks to create industrial systems that emulate healthy natural systems.

The central principle of ecoeffectiveness is that waste equals food. The

concept was developed in response to some of the perceived limitations of eco

efficiency which critics claim only slow down the rate of environmental depletion

and dont reverse the production of unused or non recycled waste. See also: eco

efficiency.

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particular discourse is hegemonic or dominant. Discourses are not stable, but

dynamic and may shift and adjust over time.

Environmental Justice: - fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people

regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the

development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws,

regulations, and policies

Eutrophication: -natural process of nutrient enrichment that occurs with

sedimentation over time in a body of water. Biological growth of algae as a result

of sewage and agricultural or industrial waste discharge into the water deprives

the ecosystem of oxygen and causes stagnation.

Executive Order 13514:- is anexecutive order titled Federal Leadership in

Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance thatU.S. PresidentBarack

Obama issued on October 5, 2009.This executive order mandates that at least 15

percent of existing federal buildings and leases meet Energy Efficiency GuidingPrinciples by 2015, and that annual progress be made toward 100 percent

conformance of all federal buildings, with a goal of 100% of all new federal

buildings achievingzero-net-energy by 2030.

Filtration: - is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for

the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium

through which only the fluid can pass.

Food chain: the food chain indicates the flow of energy in an ecosystem, flowing

from plants to herbivores to carnivores to decomposers.

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Food web:real pattern of food consumption in an ecosystem. Its more like a

complex interwoven web than a linear chain.

Producers:or autotrophs are organisms in an ecosystem that produce their

own food, using energy from the sun, and carbon from the air. Plantsoccupy the first trophic level

Consumers: or heterotrophs, are organisms in an ecosystem that occupy

the second and third trophic levels obtaining both their carbon and their

energy from organic sources. Consumers include herbivores (second

trophic level) and carnivores (third trophic level).

Decomposers: are organisms that break down dead organic material to

release their elemental components into the soil, air and water.

Fossil Fuel: - arefuels formed by natural processes such asanaerobic

decomposition of buried deadorganisms.The age of the organisms and their

resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650

million years.

Greenhouse gases: GHGsinclude carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, and other

gaseous elements that get trapped in earths atmosphere and exacerbate global

warming. A greater drawdown of CO2occurs in the NH spring and summer as

plants convert CO2to plant material through photosynthesis. It is then released

again in the fall and winter as the plants decompose. Methane(CH4) it is released

as part of the biological processes in low oxygen environments, such as in

swamplands or in rice production (at the roots of the plants). Chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) have no natural source, but were entirely synthesized for such diverse uses

as refrigerants, aerosol propellants and cleaning solvents.

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Gross Domestic Product -- thevalue of all goods and services produce within a

country in one year.

Ground Water: -water located beneath the earth's surface insoilpore spaces and

in thefractures ofrock formations.Groundwater is recharged from, and

eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

springs andseeps,and can formoases orwetlands.

Human Development Indexthe standard used by the United Nations since

1993 to measure average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of

human development:

GDP purchasing power (decent standard of living) life expectancy (a long and healthy life) Literacy (knowledge)

Hydrofracking: - is a fairly new economic and technological method, which

enables natural gas producers to recover natural gas from dense shaleformations. During the drilling process, the drill will bore deep down into the

earth and then horizontally for approximately 8, ooo feet in each direction. The

Hydrofracking process uses a relatively substantial more amount of water

compared to that used in conventional drilling about 6-8 million gallons more,

as well as a mixture of chemical additives that are pumped into the shale to

fracture the rock and release the gas.

LEED Certified Buildings: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

is intended to provide building owners and operators a concise framework for

identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design,

construction, operations and maintenance solutions.

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Life cycle analysis- An examination, like an audit, of the total impact of a product

or services manufacturing, use, and disposal in terms of material and energy.

There are few standards yet in measuring and assessing these impacts but a LifeCycle Analysis is usually aider in scope than similar assessments, such as the

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and the Substance Flow Analysis (SFA). This

includes an analysis and inventory of all parts, materials, and energy, and their

impacts in the manufacturing of a product but usually doesnt include social

impacts.

Life cycle costthe total environmental and economic costs of a product orservice over its full lifecyclecradle to grave. Can be used as a more

comprehensive, long term decision making tool.

Limnology: is the study of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of

fresh water rivers and lakes.

Millennium Development Goals -- In September 2000, building upon a decade

of major United Nations conferences and summits, world leaders came together

at United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations

Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to

reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time-bound targets - with a

deadline of 2015 - that have become known as the Millennium Development

Goals.

There are eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These are:

1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2) Achieve universal primary education3) Empower women and promote equality between men and women

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4) Reduce under-five mortality by 2/35) Reduce maternal mortality by three quarters6) Reverse the spread of killer diseases, especially HIV-AIDs and malaria7) Ensure environmental sustainability8) Create a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and

debt relief

The nitrogen cycle:nitrogen is another fundamental building block of life on

earth, (proteins are made up of 16%nitrogen), and composes 78% of the earths

atmosphere. Nitrogen is not freely available to organisms the way carbon or

oxygen are, it needs to be fixed or converted to a more usable state such as

ammonium, nitrate or organic nitrogen which plants can then take up easily.

Fixation happens in industry (burning of fossil fuels) in the soil by roots of certain

plants of the bean family, by decomposition or in the atmosphere during lightning

storms. The balance has been disrupted by combustion of fossil fuels and

agricultural fertilizers, contributing to acid rain, smog, GHGs, algal blooms and

aquatic dead zones.

Organic and Inorganic compounds:- An organic compound is any member of a

large class ofgaseous,liquid,orsolidchemical compounds whosemolecules

containcarbon.Inorganic compounds are of inanimate, not biological, origin

which lackcarbon andhydrogenatoms and are synthesized by the agency of

geologicalsystems.

Potable Water:-water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with lowrisk of immediate or long term harm.

Precautionary principleThe Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary

Principle summarizes the principle this way: When an activity raises threats of

harm to the environment or human health, precautionary measures should be

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taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established

scientifically.

Pervious and impervious surfaces: Impervious surfaces prevent infiltration of

water, such as roofs, streets and parking lots. Pervious surfaces allow water toinfiltrate, and include soft surfaces like grass, gravel, and some modern paving

materials.

Point and Non-Point Source Pollution:- point source of pollution is a single

identifiable source ofair,water,thermal,noise orlightpollution.Apoint source

has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution refers to both water and air pollution from

diffuse sources. Nonpoint sourcewater pollution affects a water body from

sources such as pollutedrunoff fromagricultural areas draining into a river, or

wind-borne debris blowing out to sea.

Renewable Energy:-isenergy that comes from resources which are continuallyreplenished such assunlight,wind,rain,tides,waves andgeothermal heat.About

16% of global final energy consumption comes fromrenewable resources.

NonRenewable Energy: - is energy that comes from the ground and is not

replaced in a relatively short amount of time. Fossil fuels are the main category of

nonrenewable energy.

Smart growthConsciously planned community growth that creates a higher

quality of life for all stakeholders. Smart growth requires a collaboration ofperspectives, disciplines, and stakeholders. These principles can also be applied to

organizations in the pursuit of growth that creates a better organization for all

involved. Smart growth principles include:

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Directing development toward existing communities (Vs. newdevelopments)

Preserving open space, farmland, natural beauty, critical environmentalareas and historic and pre-historic resources.

Mixing uses for land and buildings Pursuing compact building design Offering a range of housing opportunities Creating walkable neighborhoods Creating diversity of appealing neighborhoods with a strong sense of place Providing for a variety of transportation choices Considering short-term and long-term public health concerns Encouraging community and stakeholder collaboration

www.smartgrowth.org

Social return on investment (SROI)The measure of an investments ability to

produce social value in a community or broader society. An attempt to monetize

social value in order to help investors assess potential investments based on

returns outside of traditional financial measures.

Social Ecology: - is the science of the relationships between human populations

and communities and their environments. Social ecology advocates an

empowered and re-constructive view of environmental and social issues, and

envisions a moral economy that moves beyond scarcity and hierarchy toward a

world that re-harmonizes human communities with the natural world while

celebrating diversity, and creativity.

Storm Water Runoff: - water that originates duringprecipitation events. It may

also be used to apply to water that originates with snowmelt that enters the

storm water system.

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Streambank erosion: gouging of the sides of a river or stream as a result of

stormwater runoff rushing through after a storm surge.

Surface Water:-water collecting on the ground or in astream,river,lake,

wetland,orocean;it is related to water collecting asgroundwater oratmospheric

water.Surface water is naturally replenished byprecipitation and naturally lost

through discharge toevaporation and sub-surfaceseepage into the ground.

Sustainability/Sustainable Development:There are many definitions of

sustainability. All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the

world as a systema system that connects space; and a system that connects

time. Here are some examples:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs". ---The Brundtland Report

living well within the limits of nature ---Mathis Wackernagel, authorSharing Natures Interest

not cheating our children --- Former UK Environment Minister JohnGummer

An extension of the Golden Rule through time, so that you do unto futuregenerations (as well as to your present fellow beings) as you would have

them do unto you ----Robert Gilman, Director of the Context Institute

A future with healthy and thriving resources for all ---- GWs definition

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Systems thinking: - is the process of understanding how things, regarded as

systems, influence one another within a whole. In nature, systems thinking

examples include ecosystems in which various elements such as air, water,

movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish

Three Es-- The Three Es of Sustainability are:

Ecological integrity Economic development Equity (social justice/ human well-being)

Three Ps-- also called the Triple Bottom Line. These are three principles

businesses follow with regard to Corporate Social Responsibility:

Profit (Sustainable business) Planet (eco-efficiency) People (ethical business)

Transboundary Pollution: - pollution that originates in one country but is able to

cause damage in another countrys environment, by crossing borders through

pathways like water or air.

Transportation Oriented Development: is amixed-use residential and

commercial area designed to maximize access topublic transport,and often

incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhoodtypically has a center with a transit station or stop (train station,metro

station,tram stop,orbus stop), surrounded by relatively high-density

development with progressively lower-density development spreading outward

from the center.

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UpcycleA term coined by William McDonough and Michael Braungart. The

process of converting an industrial nutrient (material) into something of similar or

greater value, in its second life. Aluminum and glass, for example, can usually be

upcycled into the same quality of aluminum and glass as the original products.

Vector- borne Disease: - is the term commonly used to describe an illness caused

by an infectious microbe that is transmitted to people by blood-sucking

arthropods. The arthropods (insects or arachnids) that most commonly serve as

vectors include: 1.) blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, biting

flies and bugs, and 2.) blood sucking arachnids such as mites and ticks. The term

vector refers to any arthropod that transmits a disease through feeding activity.

Wastewater: - is anywater that has been adversely affected in quality by

anthropogenic influence.

Watershed: a watershed is the total land area that drains to a water body, river,

lake or ocean.

The water cycle: the classic cycle of water movement, includingevaporation,

condensation, precipitation, runoff, groundwater, surface water.

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