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8/6/2019 SUST 261online Etc

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Adnominal Person

in the Morphological System of Erzya


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Jack Rueter

Adnominal Personin the Morphological System of Erzya

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Abstract

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Acknowledgements

->F>:@;M':HJ'JB;=C>H?:?EBH'B]':'D:HG=:G>'M:F'C:HK'@>e=E@>C>H?Fd'aME;M':@>'b>F?'C>?'aE?M'?M>'M>DL'B]'B?M>@Fc''$H':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'L@>ÈB=F'aB@:;M>@Fd'FL>:@Fd'a@E?>@F':HJ'D>_E;BG@:LM>@F'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'F?=JKd'?M>@>':@>'?M>'EHJEÈJ=*:DFA''C>H?B@Fd'?>:;M>@Fd':;e=:EH?:H;>Fd'>?;c'aMB'M:`>':DD'M:J':H'=HJ>HE:bD>'ECL:;?'BH'?M>']B@C=D:?EBH':HJ':@?E;=D:?EBH'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'F?:G>F'EH'?M>'L@B;>FFd':F'a>DD':F'?M>'>HJ'@>F=D?c'$'aEFM'?B'>_L@>FF'CK'a:@C'?M:H'L>BLD>'aMB'M>DL>J'C>':;ME>`>'CK'GB:DA'[E@'EH'aB@_?';B@LB@:d':HJ'M:F'F>>H'?B'E?'?M:?'$';BH?EH=>':HJ'ECL@B`>'CK'FLEHG'EH`BD`>Ji'1ECCB'1BFHHE>CEd'5EEH']B@'B=@'JEF;=FFEBHF':HJ'aB@*F?:?>'?>;MHBDBGKi''7CE?@K'&FKG:HBCLD:?EBH'B]'.@^K:'CB@LMBDBGKd'LBFF>FFEBH':HJ'?M>'D:H*G=:G>'EH'G>H>@:Di'!>LLB'1E??EDl']B@'JEF;=FFEBHF'B`>@'>:@DK'CB@HEHG';B]]>>d'D>H?'bBBFFEBHi'&M>'>_?>@H:D'>_:CEH>@Fd')EEH:')=Q:HÊH:*6:FCl>':HJ'7:HE>D'5c'6bBHJBDB'aMB'M>DL>J'C>'ECL@B`>'?M>'e=:DE?K'B]'?MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBH'bK'B]]>@EHG'a>DD*C>@E?>J'F=GG>F?EBHFd':HJ'6HH:'1=@ÈH>H']B@'EJ>:F'BH'MBa'?B'ECL@B`>'?M>'D:KB=?'B]'?MEF'bBBJ'1:@DFFBHd']B@'MEF'F=LLB@?'EH':DD'LM:F>F'B]'?M>'a@E?EHGc

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Contents

Abstract VAcknowledgements VI

List of Hierarchies and Tables IX

Abbreviations XV

0. Purpose 1

0.1. General outline 2

1. Introduction 3

1.1. Introduction to Erzya 31.2. Introduction to person 27

1.3. Research in the Erzya category of adnominal person 35

1.3.1. Background 35

1.3.2. The category of adnominal personin contemporary grammars of Erzya 38

2. Methodology and Corpora 45

2.1. Corpora 46

2.2. Phonological phenomena of modern Erzya 48

2.3. Morpho-semantic evaluation of stems and axes 49

2.4. Compatibility of case andadnominal-person morphology 49

2.5. The semi-automatic parser 51

2.6. Sublexicon-case alignments and variationin adnominal person 54

2.7. Defectivity in the genitive slot of the possessive declension 54

2.8. Secondary declension 55

3. Phonology 573.1. Phonemes in Erzya transliteration 57

3.2. Phonetic phenomena behind allomorphic variation 62

3.2.1. Vowel harmony 62

3.2.2. Palatal harmony 64

3.2.3. Devoicing 66

3.2.4. Voicing 67

3.2.5. Loss of ax-initial V 67

3.2.6. Stem-nal vowel loss 68


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4. Morphology 69

4.1. Nominal-type word-stem morphology 69

4.2. Axes 74

4.2.1. Case 744.2.1.1. Core cases 75

4.2.1.2. Local cases 84

4.2.1.3. Attributive Cases 94

4.2.2. Number 104

4.2.3. Deictic markers 108

4.2.3.1. Possessor-index markers 109

4.2.3.1.1. First person 112

4.2.3.1.2. Second person 116

4.2.3.1.3. Third person 1184.2.3.2. Denite markers 127

4.2.4. Nominal conjugation markers 129

4.2.5. The clitic -Gak 132

4.3. Adnominal-type person in parts of speech 134

4.3.1. Possessive declension compatibilityfor distinguishing parts of speech 136

4.3.2. Attested parts of speech and sublexica 149

4.3.3. Drawing conclusions 157

4.4. Paradigm defectivity in Erzya possessor indexing 164


4.4.2. A dialect attesting [NUMBER] and [KIN] parameters 166

4.4.3. Distinct common-noun referentsindenite genitive forms in literature 168

4.4.4. Orkino 169

4.4.5. Recent grammatical presentation of the possessive declension 171

4.5. Adnominal syntax and secondary declension 174


4.5.2. Compatibility ofZERO marking and adnominal-person 188

4.5.3. Compatibility of possessive-declension modierswith ZERO marking strategy 191

4.5.4. Personal and reexive/intensive pronounsand secondary declension 193

5. Conclusions 207

Erzya Source Literature (Corpora) 213

Reference Bibliography 225


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Hierarchies

Hierarchy 1.1' &M>'EH:DE>H:bEDE?K'ME>@:@;MK' VV

Hierarchy 1.2' !:DE>H;K'ME>@:@;ME>F'B]':;;>FFEbEDE?K' VR

Hierarchy 1.3' &M>':;;>FFEbEDE?K'C:@H?@E>F'EH'

Mordwinisches Wrterbuch'$f$\' STable 1.2' 5:QB@';BHFBH:H?':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>' 4W

Table 1.3' 5:QB@'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>' 48

Table 1.4' $HJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>']B@';BCLD>_')['M>:JF''kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p' 4S

Table 1.5' )BCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@CF']B@'?M>'.@^K:'kudo oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp':HJ'tev o?:FFF=C' 4X

Table 1.6' \:@E>J'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M':JHBCEH:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'CBJE!>@'`Fc';BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBH' 22

Table 1.8' $HJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`>@b'palams 'o?B'*aB@J'>DDEL?E;'e=>F?EBH'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH' 2X

Table 1.10' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;':HFa>@'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH' 2Y

Table 1.11' 7>L>HJ>H?'`Fc'EHJ>L>HJ>H?''LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=H' 2Y

Table 1.12' &M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?';BHQ=G:?EBH'B]'?M>'`>@b'to be':F':??>F?>J'EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>' V3

Table 1.13' 6JHBCEH:D'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF':F':??>F?>J'EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>'oCK'MB=F>d'B=@'MB=F>d'>?;cp' V4

Table 1.14' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:':F';:H'b>'J>@E`>J']@BC',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYA'2WVf2WSh' V8

Table 1.15' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:'J>@E`EHG']@BC'[::FBH>H'g4YWVA'3R*3Wh' VS

List of Hierarchies and Tables


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Table 1.16' )>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'L:@:JEGC'EH'?M>'!`>'CBF?']@>e=>H?';:F>F' VY

Table 1.17' #@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@@F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>' VYTable 1.18' 1EH'?>@CF':F'LBFF>FF:'B]'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@F'

EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>';:F>F':;;B@JEHG'?B'6J=FMFF:'B?M>@'?M:H';D>HFEBH':;;B@JEHG'?B'6J=FMFF:'B?M>@'?M:H'@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>';:F>'=F>J':F'CBJE!>@F' R4

Table 1.22 ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF''FEHG=D:@'aE?M'`:@E>J';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F' R2

Table 2.1' &M>'5$)"-$&m'#"-[+!' RX

Table 2.2 &>H'CBF?']@>e=>H?'aB@J']B@CF'EH'?M>'.@^K:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'B]'RcW'CEDDEBH'aB@JF' RY

Table 2.3' 7>@E`:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'L@>JE;:?>*L>@FBH'L:??>@HF' W3

Table 2.4 ._:CLD>'B]':H':H:DK^>J'?>_?']@:GC>H?' W2Table 2.5' ._:CLD>F'B]'E?>CF'@>e=E@EHG'C:H=:D'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'

EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>' WR

Table 3.1 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'!@F?'FKDD:bD>' WS

Table 3.2' #BHFBH:H?FA'2Y';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F' WX

Table 3.3 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'LMBH>?E;':D`>BD:@'H:F:D'b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>'EH'.@^K:' WX

Table 3.4 [@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]'-=FFE:H''bK'.@^K:'FL>:@F'=H]:CEDE:@'aE?M'-=FFE:H' WY

Table 3.5 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D':HJ']@BH?'`Ba>DF'EH'.@^K:' 83

Table 3.6 rB@J*EHE?E:D'FEHGD>':D`>BD:@F']BDDBa>J'bK'`Ba>DF'EH'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'?M>'.@^K:';B@LB@:' 83

Table 3.7 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'aB@J'F?>CF'g8h' 84

Table 3.8 #BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'g2Yh' 84

Table 3.9' !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK' 82

Table 3.10' -:HG>'B]'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':] !_>F' 8V


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Table 3.11 !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK' 8R

Table 3.12 -:HG>'B]'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]!_>F' 8W

Table 3.13 7>`BE;EHG'B]':]!_:D'BHF>?'LDBFE`>F']BDDBaEHG'`BE;>D>FF';BHFBH:H?F':HJ'LDBFE`>F' 8S

Table 4.1 )BCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>F'EH'.@^K:' S2

Table 4.2 !?>C'`:@E:?EBH'EH')"+)!2'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>' SV

Table 4.3 )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' S8

Table 4.4' )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF' SS

Table 4.5 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' SX

Table 4.6' [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L:@F>'B]'HBH*']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' X4

Table 4.8' 7:?E`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'J>]>;?E`>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' X2

Table 4.9' 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XR

Table 4.10 $H>FFE`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XW

Table 4.11 .D:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' X8

Table 4.12 $DD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!

HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!

HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XXTable 4.13 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'EDD:?E`>';:F>' XX

Table 4.14 0:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XY

Table 4.15 [@BD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y3

Table 4.16 0B;:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y2

Table 4.17 &>CLB@:DEF']B@CF']@BC'?M>'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH' YV

Table 4.18 &@:HFD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' YR

Table 4.19 #BCL:@:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF'YWTable 4.20 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y8

Table 4.21 #BCE?:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' YS

Table 4.22 $HJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' YX

Table 4.23 7>!HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' YY

Table 4.24 7>!HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' 433

Table 4.25a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>d'

J:?E`>':HJ'EDD:?E`>'LBFF>FF:' 434Table 4.25b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'G>HE?E`>'LBFF>FF:' 432


12/252


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Table 4.48 !>D>;?E`>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>q@>D:?E`>'L@BHB=H'aE?M'L:@?E?E`>'@>]>@>H;>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'LD=@:D'L>@FBH'EHJ>_EHG' 4WR

Table 4.49a 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':HJ''@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5:QB@E?K';B@L=Fh' 4WW

Table 4.49b 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':HJ''@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5EHB@E?K';B@L=F'h' 4W8

Table 4.50 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>';:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4W8

Table 4.51 ->">_E`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>';:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4WS

Table 4.52 )B=H*]B;=F'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4WS

Table 4.53a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'lags'oBH?Bp''[BLU[BFF' 4WX

Table 4.53b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'lags'oBH?Bp''',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF' 4WX

Table 4.54a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp''[BLU[BFF' 4WY

Table 4.54b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp''',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF' 4WY

Table 4.55a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p'')B=HU[BFF' 4WY

Table 4.55b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 4WY

Table 4.56a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p'')B=HU[BFF' 483

Table 4.56b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 483

Table 4.57a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'i'oJ:Ki'F=Hp'')B=HU[BFF' 484Table 4.58a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'epe'oLB;?p'')B=HU[BFF' 484

Table 4.58b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'epe'oLB;?p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 484

Table 4.59' [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?:?EBH'B]'JEF;>@HEbD>'F=bD>_E;:' 482

Table 4.60 )E^MH>LpK:HF@p'LBFF>FF:'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'

J>;D>HFEBH'gL@>DECEH:@Kh' 488


14/252

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Table 4.61 &M>'2!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ''4!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'!"'o4!,pd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vama'oaEHJBapd'vee'o`EDD:G>ph' 4S4

Table 4.63b [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'to2FGpd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vakan'obBaDpd'pa'ob:@@>Dph' 4S4

Table 4.63c [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'sonze'oVFGpd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'om'oC>:JBapd'em'oH:C>ph' 4S2

Table 4.64 7EF?EH;?EBH']B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF>J'LBFF>FF:':LL:@>H?'BHDK'EH'4!,'C:@@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!"7'F>;BHJ:@K'HBCEH:?E`>']B@CF'B@':;;B@JEHG'?B'.`F>`t>`'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'J>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4XV

Table 4.66 !>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH' 4XW

Table 4.67 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>'=F>J':F'CBJE!>@F' 4YV

Table 4.68 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'gH>=?@:Dh'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' 4YR

Table 4.69 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' 4Y8

Table 4.70' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'C:@">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'^>@B*C:@@FBHF' 4YY

Table 4.72' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!"7'C:@">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'^>@B*C:@HE?E`>*;:F>'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'!"7'C:@HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH']=F>J'M>:J';BHF?@=;?EBHF''j!&.5*-.(0U["!!c,.)U7.5*7$!&U#TgU7.(hk' 23R

Table 4.76 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'?aB'CBJE!>@*aE?MB=?*HB=H'C:@?F'B]'L@BHB=HF' 23R

Table 4.77 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':HJ'@>">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF' 23W

Table 4.78 5B@J`:'V!,'L@BHB=HF'u'D:'n:E;^'g2338A'4YSh' 238


15/252

Abbreviations

1P (E@F?'[>@FBH1PL (E@F?'[>@FBH'[D=@:D1SG (E@F?'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@2P !>;BHJ'[>@FBH2PL !>;BHJ'[>@FBH'[D=@:D2SG !>;BHJ'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@3P &ME@J'[>@FBH3PL &ME@J'[>@FBH'[D=@:D3SG &ME@J'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@A 6JQ>;?E`>

ABE 6b>FFE`>ABL 6bD:?E`>ABS 6bFBD=?E`>ADV 6J`>@bAPPROX 6LL@B_EC:?E`>ARG1 [@EC:@K'6@G=C>H?ARG2 !>;BHJ:@K'6@G=C>H?ASSOC 6FFB;E:?E`>ATTR 6??@Eb=?>AUX 6=_EDE:@KCARD #:@JEH:DCDX )BH*;BH;:?>H:bD>';:F>'

:HJ'J>E;?E;'C:@@CLT #DE?E;COLL #BDD>;?E`>COM #BCE?:?E`>COMP #BCL:@:?E`>CONJ #BHQ=H;?EBHCONTR #BH?@:F?E`>CONNEG #BHH>G:?E`>Cx #:F>'5:@@DAT 7:?E`>DECL 7>;D>HFEBHDEF 7>!HE?>DEM 7>CBHF?@:?E`>DES 7>FEJ>@:?E`>DIM 7ECEH=?E`>DIST 7EF?:DDISTR 7EF?@Eb=?E`>DX 7>!HE?>H>FF'5:@@

ELA .D:?E`>GEN ,>HE?E`>'ILL $DD:?E`>IMP $CL>@:?E`>IND $HJE;:?E`>INDEF $HJ>!HE?>INE $H>FFE`>INF )BH*!HE?>''EH'OmINTER $H?>@@BG:?E`>INTERJ $H?>@Q>;?EBH

IRR $@@>D>`:H?LAT 0:?E`>LOC 0B;:?E`>LV 0EHF?>Jd')B?':LLDE;:bD>NEG )>G:?EBHNOM )BCEH:?E`>NB )=Cb>@NP )B=H'[M@:F>N-STAND )BH*!?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>NUM )=C>@:DNx )=Cb>@'5:@@O "bQ>;?OBL "bDEe=>OVS "bQ>;?'`>@b'F=bQ>;?'

aB@J'B@J>@P [>@FBHPERS [>@FBH:DPL [D=@:DPOP 6JLBFE?EBHPOR [BFF>FFB@POS [:@?'B]'FL>>;MPOSS [BFF>FFB@'$HJ>_PRED [@>JE;:?EBH'5:@@PRES [@>F>H?PRETI [@>?>@E?'$PRETII [@>?>@E?'$$PRO-ADV [@B*:J`>@b


16/252

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PRO-DET [@B*J>?>@CEH>@PROH [@BMEbE?E`>PROL [@BD:?E`>PRON [@BHB=HPRO-N [@B*HB=HPRO-Q [@B*e=:H?E!>@PROX [@B_EC:DPRP [@BL>@'HB=HPRT [:@?E;D>[*"n [:F?'L:@?E;ELD>d',>@=HJ'

EH'OPUM [BFF>FF=CqLBFF>FF:

Q v=:H?E!>@REFL ->">_E`>q$H?>HFE`>REL ->D:?E`>S !=bQ>;?SG !EHG=D:@

SOD !L>:'@*B@E>H?>J'J>CBHF?@:?E`>

SOV !=bQ>;?'BbQ>;?'`>@b'aB@J'

B@J>@STAND !?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>SVO !=bQ>;?'`>@b'BbQ>;?'aB@J'

B@J>@TEMP &>CLB@:DEFTRNSL &@:HFD:?E`>&_' &>HF>'5:@@ V \>@bVI $H?@:HFE?E`>'`>@b

VT &@:HFE?E`>'`>@bwo rB@J'"@J>@X +HFL>;E!>J':G>H?':@G=C>H?'

EH'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH


17/252

0. Purpose

&MEF'F?=JK'EF'J>JE;:?>J'?B'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'.@^K:'aE?M':H'B=?DEH>'B]'D:HG=:G>*EH?>@H:D'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]'?M>'LM>HBC>HBH';D=F?>@':F':??>F?>J'EH'L@>F>H?*J:K'G@:CC:@F':HJ'H:?E`>'a@E?EHGFd':DD'L@>F>H?>Jd'aM>@>'LBFFEbD>d'?B'?M>'b@B:J>F?'@>:J>@FMEL'f'?M>'.HGDEFM*@>:JEHG'aB@DJ'f'aMB'>`>H'?BJ:K'c

&M>'6=?MB@'F>?F'?M>']BDDBaEHG'GB:DFA

f' [@BÈJ>' :H' :CLD>' EH?@BJ=;?EBH' ?B' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' aE?M' ;BHFEF?>H?DK' :HHB?:?>Jd'

;BH?>_?=:DDK'F=]!;E>H?'>_:CLD>F']@BC'?M>'DE?>@:@K'B@'FLBH'D:HG=:G>c

f'[@BÈJ>':H':JQ=F?>J':HJ':??>F?>J'LMBHBDBGE;:D':;;B=H?'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'?M>'@:HG>':HJ'C:HE]>F?:?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@;E!;F'EH'gVch'[MBHBDBGKh

f'[@BÈJ>':' CB@LMBDBGE;:D'L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH' aE?MEH' ?M>' F;BL>'B]' ;B*B;;=@@EHG' EH">_EBH:D' LM>HBC>H:d' Ec>c' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' CB@LMBDBGK' :F' J>F;@Eb>J' EH'.@^K:'G@:CC:@Fc'g!>>'FL>;E!;F'EH'Rc'5"-[/"0",mh

f' [@BÈJ>' :??>F?:?EBH' :HJ' F?:?EF?E;F' ]B@' :JHBCEH:D' :HJ' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' L>@FBHd' bB?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ'D>_E;:Dd'EH'?M>'.@^K:'HB=H'LM@:F>d'e=:H?E !>@Fd':JLBFE?EBH:D'LM@:F>':HJ'HBH*!HE?>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'EH'Omc

f'$H`>F?EG:?>';BH?@B`>@FK'EH'G@:CC:?E;:D'J>F;@EL?EBHF':HJ'LM>HBC>H:':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'@>F>:@;M';B@LB@:d']B@'>_:CLD>d'?M>'b>:@EHG'B]'@C'gMEGM*:HEC:;K'?aB*:@G=C>H?h'F>C:H?E;F'BH'?M>'J>]>;?EÈ?K'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L:@:JEGC'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc'g!>>'FL>;E!;F'EH'gRcRch'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),ch

f'[@BÈJ>':H':??>F?>J':;;B=H?'B]';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'aME;M'?B'@>FBD`>';BH?@B`>@FE>F'EH'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH'b>?a>>H'@> ">_E`>qEH?>HFE`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF' aE?M' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBHc' g!>>' FL>;E!;F'EH'gRcWch'67)"5$)60' !m)&6T' 6)7'7$!&$),+$!/$),'[.-!")60'[-")"+)'[6-67$,5!ch

f'[@BÈJ>'J:?:']B@':H'.@^K:';BH?@Eb=?EBH'?B'?M>'?KLBDBGK'B]'HBH*L@>JE;:?EBH']=H;?EBH'L>@FBHA' ' &M>' @BD>' B]' :JHBCEH:D' :HJ' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' L>@FBH' EH' .@^K:' :JHBCEH:Dd':JLBFE?EBH:D':HJ'HBH*!HE?>'FKH?:_c


18/252

2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6

0.1. General outline

&MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'FKF?>C'B]'.@^K:':LL@B:;M>F'

?M>'L@BbD>C']@BC':'CB@LMBDBGE;:Dd';BCLBFE?EBH:D'LBEH?'B]'J>L:@?=@>c''#M:L?>@'2'aEDD'>F?:bDEFM':'J:?:b:F>'?B'F>@`>':F'?M>'>CLE@E;:D'b:FEF'B]'?M>'F?=JK':HJ'FB=@;>'B]'aB@J']B@CFc' ' $?'aEDD'L@BÈJ>':'J>?:ED>J'B=?DEH>' B]'C:??>@Fd'F=;M':F'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':H:DKFEFd'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fd';D:=F>*;BHF?E?=>H?'LM@:F>'FKH?:_d':F'a>DD':F'CB?E`:?EBHF':HJ'C>:HF'B]':??>F?:?EBH']B@'L>@FBHc''#M:L?>@'V'aEDD'L@BÈJ>':'e=:DE !;:?EBH'B]'LMBH>C>F'=F>J'EH'?@:HF;@EL?EBH':HJ'LMBHBDBGE;:D'LM>HBC>H:'L>@?EH>H?'?B'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]':H':=?BC:?E;'?aB*D>`>D'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'L:@F>@d'F=;M':F'?M>'BH>'=F>J'EH'?M>':H:DKFEF'B]':'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>';B@LB@:c''!>;?EBHF'gRc4cfRc2ch'aEDD'GE`>':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';BCLBFE?EBH'B]'J>;DEH:bD>'aB@JFd':HJ':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'F>C:H?E;'HB?EBHF'EH`BD`>J'EH'?M>'JEÈFEBH'

B]'.@^K:'F?>CF']B@'>F?:bDEFMEHG'J>;D>HFEBH';D:FF>F'L>@?EH>H?'?B'?M>'F?=JK'B]':JHBCEH:D*?KL>'L>@FBHc''!>;?EBH'gRcVch'aEDD'>F?:bDEFM'F=bD>_E;:'aE?MEH'?M>'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'@:HG>'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@'J:?:'BH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@':HJ'L:@?'B]'FL>>;Mc'!>;?EBH'gRcRch'aEDD'J>:D'aE?M'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K'EH'.@^K:'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'g?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FDB?F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHhc'6HJ'!>;?EBH'gRcWch'aEDD':JJ@>FF':JHBCEH:D'FKH?:_':HJ';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc'#M:L?>@' W' aEDD' ?M>H' L@BÈJ>' ;BH;D=FEBHF' L>@?EH>H?' ?B' ?M>' @BD>' B]' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@'CB@LMBDBGK'B]'.@^K:c

On transcription

&M>'?@:HF;@EL?EBH'=F>J'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:':JM>@>F'?B':'@>D:?E`>DK'LMBH>C:?E;'@>HJ>@EHG'B]'?M>'+@:DE;'[MBH>?E;'6DLM:b>?c''&M>'DECEH:D';BHFBH:H?F'LMBH>?E;:DDK'@>L@>F>H?>J':F'd

dccc':@>'@>HJ>@>J'M>@>':F'kd md p..c''6D?MB=GM':'MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'`BE;>':HJ'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK';:H'b>'L@>JE;?>J'EH'?M>'H:?E`>'.@^K:'`B;:b=D:@Kd'E?'C=F?'b>'F?@>FF>J'?M:?'a>':@>'C:EHDK'J>:DEHG'aE?M'?M>'a@E??>H'@>GEF?>@F'B]':'DEÈHG'D:HG=:G>d'Ec>c'bK'J@BLLEHG':DD'aB@J']B@CF'b>GEHHEHG'aE?M'bd dd zd:HJ gd'?KLE;:DDK'HBH*H:?E`>d'a>'aB=DJ'DBF>'BH>'F>`>H?M'B]'?M>'>H?E@>'?>_?c''/>H;>':D`>BD:@F':@>'C>;M:HE;:DDK'@>HJ>@>J'aE?M'L:D:?:D'C:@@>'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'EF'L@>JE;?:bD>']@BC';BH?>_?i'`BE;>J';BHFBH:H?F':@>'GE`>H':F'F=;MQ'

>`>H'aM>H'`BE;EHG'EF';BH?>_?=:DDK';BHJE?EBH>J':F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'aB@J'tovuro'ws' tov'o"B=@i'JB=GMp'U'uro'oG@:EHd';>@>:Dpc''0EaEF>d'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D' i':HJ'?M>'`>D:@'H:F:D:@>':@>'C>;M:HE;:DDK'@>HJ>@>J'EH':DD'LBFE?EBHF'aMED>'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'ed'aME;M'D:;C>d'EF'HB?'gF>>'#M:L?>@'Vhc


19/252

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction to Erzya

Location

&M>'.@^K:'xeay':@>'BH>'B]'?M>'?aB'L@BCEH>H?'j5B@JÈHk'H:?EBHF'F>??D>J'EH'aM:?'?BJ:K'EF''\BDG:'->GEBHc''&M>'>_BHKC':HJ'@:?M>@'L>QB@:?E`>'?>@C'j5B@J EHk'EF'=F>J'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K'-=FFE:H'D:HG=:G>':HJ'bK'-=FFE:H':=?MB@E?E>F'aM>H'C:BLD>Fc''7=>'?B'?MEF':CbEG=E?K'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'JB;=C>H?:?EBHd'?M>'EHJEÈJ=:D'G@B=LF'M:`>'F>DJBC'b>>H';BHFEF?>H?DK'JEF?EHG=EFM>J'EH'F?:?EF?E;F':HJ';>H*F=F'e=>F?EBHH:E@>Fc''(B@'CBF?'L@:;?E;:D'L=@LBF>Fd'?M>'v:@:?:Kd':F'a>'G@:?>J'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>'&:?:@*FL>:@K=G@:?>J'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>'-=FFE:H*FL>:@>:F'?M>'.@^K:d'!MB:@F'B]'?M>E@'@>FL>;?E`>'EHJEG>HB=F'D:HG=:G>Fc''6;;B@JEHG'?B'MEF?B@E;'JB;=C>H?:?EBHd'?M>';BHGDBC>@:?>'?>@C'j5B@JÈHk'M:F'b>>H'=F>J'EH'@>]>@>H;>'?B'LBL=D:?EBHF'EH'-=FFE:'B`>@'?M>'L:F?']>a';>H?=@E>F'?M:?':@>'F;:?*?>@>J']@BC'H>:@')E^MHK')B`GB@BJ'g.@^K:A'Obran oh'W8#23t')d'EH'?M>'HB@?Mi'?B')B`K'+^>HF'FB=?Mi'!L:FFH*b=@Gd'[>H^:d'!:@:?B`':HJ'&:CbB`'aE?M'H>a>@d'F;:??>@>J'F>??D>C>H?F':HJ'LBL=D:?EBHF'EH'@>GEBHF'B]'?M>']B@C>@'-=FFE:H'.CLE@>':HJ'!BÈ>?'+HEBHd':F']:@'>:F?':F'1:C;M:?KBHJ'?M>'bB@J>@F'B]'?BJ:KtF'-=FFE:'EH'6@C>HE:d'6^>@b:EQ:Hd'Z>D:@=Fd'.F?BHE:d'1:^:?MHB'DBG=>c;BCqFMBaz;B=H?@Kc:FL{H:C>s-+.|hc'

!?:?EF?E;:DDKd'?M>@>'M:F'b>>H':'C:@J']:DD'EH'?M>'.@^K:'LBL=D:?EBHc''Z:F>J'BH'J:?:']@BC'?M>'D:?>F?'6DD*-=FFE:H';>HF=F'g2332h'?M>'j5B@JÈHk'LBL=D:?EBH'EF'@>;B@J>J':F'3cXR'CEDDEBHc''$]'a>':JM>@>'?B'?M>';BCCBHDK'M>DJ'b>DE>]'?M:?'?M>'.@^K:';BCL@EF>'?aB*?ME@JF'B]'?M:?'?B?:Dd'B@':'G>H>@B=F'M:D]':'CEDDEBH'L>BLD>d'a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?'?M>'>e=E`:D>H?'B]':'H:?E`>*FL>:@Fp'!G=@>'>F?EC:?>J'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'j5B@JÈHk'LBL=D:?EBH';B=H?'B]'4d4WVdW48'EH'?M>'4YXY';>HF=F'g;]c'0:DD='EF'L@BÈJ>J' bK'?M>'.?MHBDBG=>'@>LB@?' BHDEH>' aE?M':'aB@DJ*aEJ>'.@^K:'LBL=D:?EBH'B]'8Y8d8V3c''"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>F>'!G=@>Fd'a>';:H'MKLB?M>FE^>'J@:F?E;'CB@?:DE?K'@:?>Fd'D:HG=:G>';M:HG>d'B@';M:HG>'EH'FB;E:D';DEC:?>d'aME;M'aB=DJ'b>';:=F>']B@'


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21/252

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&M>'>?MHBHKC'Erzya' xea ~ y'M:F'b>>H':DEGH>J'bK'FBC>'aE?M'?M>'L>B*LD>' j6@EF:k' C>H?EBH>J' EH' ?M>' 1M:^:@' 1EHG' 9BF>LMtF' D>??>@d' J:?>J' Y84' g;]c' 1DEC:'4YYWi'&FKG:H'B]'?M>'#M=`:FM'->L=bDE;A'wM??LAqqGB`c;:Lc@=qME>@:@MKz;:Lc:FL{L:G>scqX8qVSRVq43R8q43W3|hc'&MEF'a:F'BH>'B]'?M>'C:HK'L>BLD>'aMB'L:EJ'?@Eb=?>'?B'?M>'1M:^:@'1EHGd'b=?d':F'&FKG:HH']B@'?M>'aB@Jc''&M>'>_BHKC'Mordvind'MBa>`>@d';:H'b>'?@:;>J'b:;BLD>'J>]>:?>J'bK'.@C:H:@E;=F'gx9B@J:H>Ft',>?E;:'WW4A'TT$$$d'448yhc''&MEF'aB@Jd'MBa>`>@d'BHDK'M:F':'C=?=:D';BGH:?>';:HJEJ:?>'EH'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B'FLB=F>p'g;]c'n:E;^'4YYXd'2338hd'aM>@>:F'JE:D>;?F'B]'?M>'5B@>'?M>'!H:D'>D>C>H?'EF'mord'>cGc'ora mor'oC:H'gDE?c'FEHG=D:@'B]'C:H*]BDDK'@>D:?>J'J'EH'5B'G>BG@:LME;:DDK';DBF>DK'FE?=:?>J'b=?'CB@>'JEF*?:H?DK'@>D:?>J'/EDD':HJ'5>:JBa'5:@E'D:HG=:G>Fc''7=>'?B'?M>'FL:@F>'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5B@>':@>']>a'F>??D>C>H?F'aM>@>'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F':@>'=F>J':F':'C>:HF'B]'C=?=:D';BCC=HE;:?EBHd':HJ'F=;M'LD:;>F':@>' EH`:@E:bDK'b>KBHJ'?M>'@>:;M>F'B]'?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:'g7c'&FKG:H' 5BF?F':' MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'&=@


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M:`>':'F?@BHG'Fa:K'EH'?M>'EH"=>H;>'B]'L=bDE;:?EBH'!H:H;>Fc''&M>K'L@B]>FF':H':??E?=J>':DEGH>J'aE?M'?M>'?MEHB@E:D'EH'?M>'.@^K:'HB`>D'

j0:`GEHB`k'bK'1BDBC:FB d':HJ'?M>'FKCL:?ME>F'B]'FBC>'DEHG=EF?E;'?MEHcGc'4YY3d'4YYWA'RSfWWh'B=?DEH>F':';DBF>H>FF'b>?a>>H'?M>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5B'B]]>@F'DE??D>';BH;@>?>'J:?:'?B'`>@E]K'?MEF';DBF>H>FFc'',M>HB'g4YYWA'WSf84h'C:F'@>]>@>H;>'?B'1>@>F^?>F':HJ'EHJE;:?>F':'WRc3R}'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'EH':'e=:H?E?K'B]'4382'GDBFF>Fc''&MEF'L>@;>H?:G>d'CEGM?'b>'L@BCEFEHG']B@'LD:HH>J'D:HG=:G>'J>`>DBLC>H?'B`>@'233'K>:@F'g?M>')B@a>GE:H'LBDE;K']B@':'C=?=:D'jF:CHB@FJ'7>;>Cb>@'4Vd'2332hd'b=?':'GD:H;>':?'?M>'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@E>F'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5BF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>F':LL>:@'?B'FMBa'C=;M'D>FF';BM>FEBH'b>?a>>H'?M>Cd'F>>'?:bD>'4c4c

Table 1.1' !?:?EF?E;F'BH'M>:JaB@J'>H?@E>F'EH'Mordwinisches Wrterbuch'$f$\

.H?@E>F.@^K: 5B:JaB@JF'B]'@BB?':@?E;D>F

RdRS3 64.3% 2dY44 41.9% 8dYWW RW8 6.5%

5=?=:D'@BB?F Wd433 73.3% RdWY2 66% 8dYWW 2Y48 41.9%5=?=:D'@BB?F''D>FF'-=FFE:H';BGH:?>F

Vd3'44 69.4% Vd43X 71.6% RdVVX 4dSX4 41%

5=?=:D'@BB?F''D>FF'&:?:@';BGH:?>F

Wd324 75.4% RdRXW 67.3% 8d8WY 2dXRS 42.8%

5=?=:D'@BB?F''aE?MB=?'-=FFE:H'B@'&:?:@';BGH:?>F

2dYVR 69.5% Vd33V 71.1% Rd22V 4dS4R 40.6%

5EHEC:D'C=?=:D'@BB?F'@:?EB'?B'@BB?'?B?:D

2dYVR 42.2% Vd33V 43.2% Rd22V 4dS4R 24.6%

&M>' Mordwinisches Wrterbuch g:'JE:D>;?'JE;?EBH:@K'B]'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B_?>HFE`>';BDD>;?EBHF'B]'/>EH;>]B@?M'j5rkh';BH?:EHF'B`>@'2S33'L:G>F'B]'JE:D>;?'@>L@>F>H?:?EBHF']@BC'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F'EH':LL@B_EC:?>DK'V8d8XY':@?E;D>F'B]'aME;M':bB=?'84c8}'>_MEbE?'.@^K:':??>F?:?EBHF'B]'aB@J']B@CF':HJ'RYcX}'>_MEbE?'5B'aB@J':@?E;D>F':@>'a@E??>H'aE?M'>?KCBDBGE;:D';BM>FEBH'b>?a>>H'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>Fd'a>'FMB=DJ'>_L>;?':'MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'C=?=:D'EH?>DDEGEbEDE?Kd'b=?'BHDK':bB=?'44cW}'B]'?M>'aB@J':@?E;D>F';BH?:EH':??>F?:?EBH']@BC'bB?M'D:HG=:G>Fc''$HFL>;?EBH']B@':DEGHC>H?'B]' !@F?'M>:JaB@JF'EH'F?>C'>H?@E>F'EHJE*;:?>F'BHDK'8cW}'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@Kd'b=?'E]'a>':FF=C>'C=?=:DDK';BCL@>M>HFEbD>'CB@*LMBDBGK']B@'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F':HJ';B=H?'@BB?':@?E;D>F':??>F?EHG'M>:JaB@J':@?E;D>F']@BC'bB?M'D:HG=:G>Fd'a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?':'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'B]'BHDK'R4cY}c''$H'@>J=;EHG'?M>'


24/252

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5B@>'@>;>H?DK'bB?M'C:_EC:DEF?':HJ'CEHEC:DEF?':LL@B:;M>F'M:`>'b>>H'B]]>@>J']B@':??>F?:?EBH'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@Kc''0==?BH>Hd'5BFEH':HJ'!M;M:H'L@BJ=;>J':'DEF?'B]'B`>@'SWd333'aB@JF']@BC'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>Fd'b=?'L:@?E:DDK'J=>'?B'?M>'@EGEJ'@>`>@F>*:DLM:b>?EÊHG':'C=?=:D'D>_E;BH'B]'BHDK':bB=?'Y}'EF':??>F?>Jd':HJ'?MEF'EF'BHDK'BH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ'L:@?*B]*FL>>;M'D>`>DFd'Ec>c'HB'FL>*;E!;'F>C:H?E;F':@>'EH`BD`>Jc'''[BDK:?>@'g233Rh'L=bDEFM>J':'b@E>]'CB@LMBDBGK':HJ'?M@>>*D:HG=:G>'JE;?EBH:@K'.@^K:*5BL@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'C=?=:DDK';BCL@>M>HFEbD>'`B;:b=D:@Kc'')>>JD>FF'?B'F:Kd'?M>';BM>FEBH'B]'?M>'?aB'D:H*G=:G>F'EF'JE]!;=D?'?B':??>F?'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'D>_E;:D'@>F>:@;M';BHJ=;?>J'?M=F']:@c'

Erzya dialects

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Erzya-language in publications and its development

as a literary language

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$H!HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'?M@>>'@>HJE?EBHF'B]'?M>'EH!HE?E`>'o?B'?:p'EH'g4h'J>CBHF?@:?>'aB@J']B@CF'?M:?d':;;B@JEHG'?B'5rd'aB=DJ'>H;BCL:FF'CBF?'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBH'B]'?BJ:Kd']@BC'?M>'!MBF?'aM>@>'?M>'`>@b'M:F':' EH'E?F'F?>Cd'?B'?M>'mks'?@:HFD:?E`>'EH!HE?E`>'B]';>@?:EH'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?Fd':HJ'!H:DDK'?B'?M>']B@C']:CEDE:@']@BC'?M>'DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J'sajems o?B'?:pc''&M>';BHQ=G:?EBH']B@CF'EH'g2hd':;;B@JEHG'?B'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBH'FMBaH'bK'1>@>F^?>F'g4YYYA'24Rh'aB=DJ':LL>:@'?B'@>L@>F>H?'D:HG=:G>'`:@E:H?']@BC'BLLBFE?>'>HJF'B]'?M>'JE:D>;?';BH?EH==Cc''6HJ'!H:DDK'?M>'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'B]'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'!@F?'L>@FBH'LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@':F'J>CBHF?@:?>J'EH'gVh'aB=DJ';B@@>D:?>'?B'6D:?K@t*JE:D>;?'L:@:JEGCF':HJ'?M>'?>HJ>H;E>F'EH'FBC>'L:@?F'B]'?M>'1B^DB`


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g4XVYhd'?M>'5B'H:?E`>*D:HG=:G>'EH]B@C:H?F'DEÈHG'EH'.F?BHE:c''&MEF'.@^K:'G@:CC:@':HJ'FMB@?'`B;:b=D:@K'g:LL@B_c'Vd8W3'.@^K:'M>:JaB@JF':HJ'8V33',>@C:Hh':DBHG'aE?M'?M:?'B]'6MDeÈF?tF'5B@>'?M>H'?M>'b:FEF'B]':'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'5B@JÈH'D:HG=:G>F'bK'Z=J>H^'g4X8Yhc''$H'4Y3V';:C>'?M>'F?=JK'B]'5B@JÈH'LMBH>?E;F'bK'[::FBH>Hd':'F>;BHJ'>JE?EBH'?B'MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBH'B]'4YXVd']BDDBa>J'bK':';M@>F?BC:?MK'g4Y3Yhc''&M>']BDDBaEHG'K>:@'F:a'?M>':LL>:@:H;>'B]':'`>@K'>_?>HFE`>';BDD>;?EBH'B]']BD'aE?M':'G@:CC:@'F>;?EBH'J>JE;:?>J'?B':'FC:DD'JE:D>;?':@>:'bK'!M:H'bK':'H:?E`>'FL>:@'a:F';BCLD>?>J']B@'L@EH?'EH'4Y2X'bK'5c'.c'.`F>`t> c'

6]?>@'?M>'J>:?M'B]'.`F>`t>`'EH'4YV4d'aB@J'?B'?MEF'`>@K'J:Kc''$CLB@?:H?'H:?E`>':=?MB@F'EH;D=J>A'6c'[c'-K:bBì'5c')c'1BDK:JKBH@FA'FBC>'aMB'M:`>'=HJ>@DEH>J'?M>'D:HG=:G>'=F:G>'B]'L:@?E;=D:@':=?MB@F'aE?M':'?>HJ>H;K'?Ba:@J'L@>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@'a@E?EHGd':HJ'B?M>@F'aMB'M:`>'L:EHF?:@K'FL>;E!;':@>:F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c

The Erzya literary language of today

.@^K:' EF' >' aB@J' F?@>FFd' LMBH>?E;' ]>:?=@>Fd' F=;M' :Fd' `Ba>D':HJ' L:D:?:D' M:@CBHKd' `BE;EHGd' >?;cd' :CLD>' @>G=D:@' EH">;?EBH' :HJ' LBF?LBFE?EBHFd' :HJ'@>D:?E >DK']@>>'aB@J'B@J>@'aE?M'`:@E:?EBH' b>?a>>H'!"\' :HJ' !\"c' ' !>H?>H;>'F?@>FF' EF'?M>'L@>JBCEH:H?';:=F>'B]'F?@>FF'`:@E:?EBH'EH'.@^K:'aB@JFd'aM>@>:F'.@^K:'aB@JF';:H'?:'C:EH'F?@>FF'BH':DD']>>?'g;]c':DFB'-K:bB`'4YVWi'.F?EDD'233Rhc''&M>'LMBHBDBGK'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'CBF?'@>;>H?DK'J>F;@Eb>J'bK'$C:EF?F';>@?:EH'FMB@?;BCEHGF'EH' ?M>' =F>' B]' :H' =HCBJE!>J' #K@EDDE;' :DLM:b>?c' ' &M>' CB@LMBDBGK' JEFLD:KF' >_?>HFE`>'

J>;D>HFEBH:D':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBH:D'LBFFEbEDE?E>Fd':F'a>DD':F';BCbEH:?EBHF'B]'?M>'?aBc''&MEF'EF':']>:?=@>'aME;Md'EH'FBC>'EHF?:H;>Fd';:H'b>'F>?'EH';BH?@:F?'aE?M'FKH?:;?E;'>_L@>FFEBHF'B]'?M>'F:C>'F>C:H?E;Fi'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF';:Hd'?B'FBC>'>_?>H?d'b>'=F>J':D?>@H:?>DK'B@'EH'?:HJ>C'aE?M'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHGd':HJ'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'EF'FBC>?EC>F'F=bQ>;?'?B'`:@E:?EBH'EH'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'`>@F=F'J>L>HJ>H?'L>@FBH'C:@F>H?>J' :'L@BbD>C'J=>' ?B'E?F'`:@E:?EBHd' ?MEF'L@BbD>C'F>>CF'?B' b>'@BB?>J'EH'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BDÈHG'EH">;?EBH:D'C:@F>H;>':HJ'JEF;B=@F>']=H;?EBHc


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DBa'M:@CBHKc''(EH:DDKd'?M>'Nd'T':HJ'D':@;MELMBH>C>F':DD'M:`>'@>">_>F'EH'L:D:?:DE^>JqHBH*L:D:?:DE^>J']B@CF'J>?>@CEH>J'bK'`Ba>D':HJ'L:D:?:D*M:@CBHK';BH?>_?d'aM>@>:F'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>@>'>_EF?'F=@]:;>*D>`>D'L:D:?:DE^>J'':HJ't'LMBH>C>F'aE?MB=?'HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J';B=H?>@L:@?Fc''g&M>@>':@>'HB':@;MELMBH>C>F'Rd'L':HJ'S'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>d'aM>@>:F'DEe=EJF'?>HJ'?B'@>?:EH':'JEF?EH;?EBH'L:D:?:DE^>JqHBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'EH'EH ">;?EBH'g;]c'$C:E':D`>BD:@']@E;:?E`>':DBH>':LL>:@F'?B'M:`>'@>?:EH>J'E?F'L@B?B*D:HG=:G>'L:D:?:DE^>JqHBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'JEF?EH;?EBHc'g!>>'?:bD>'Vc8':HJ'L@>;>JEHG'JEF;=FFEBHd';]c'6bBHJBDB'4YXSA'24Y*2VVch

6DDBLMBHE;' `:@E:?EBH' ;:H' b>' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' F>`>@:D' ]>:?=@>Fc' ' &M>F>' EH;D=J>A' L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK':HJ'L@BG@>FFE`>'`BE;EHGc'6D?MB=GM'?M>'LMBH>C:?E;'JEF?EH;?EBH'n `>@F=F' EF':??>F?>J'EH'aB@J*EHE?E:D'LBFE?EBHd'>cGc'naka oM>@>'KB='GBp'aka oJBDDpd'E?'EF'e=E?>'C:@GEH:Dc'

&M>@>':LL>:@F'?B'b>':'G@>:?>@'L@>F>H;>'B]'b:;']B=HJ'EH'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'*ONd'>cGc'skal!"'oCK';BaFp#:HJ'ime'oCK'MB@F>Fpc''&M>'EHJ>!HE?>' G>HE?E >' EH' Od' M:`EHG' HB' :DDBCB@LME;' `:@E:?EBHd' @>HJ>@F' ]B@CFd' F=;M' :F'skal!oB]':';Bai'B]';BaFp':HJ'ime'oB]':'MB@F>i'B]'MB@F>Fpc''&M=F'a>':@>'L@B`EJ>J'aE?M' :??>F?:?EBH' ]B@' F>L:@:?>' H:F:D' LMBH>C>FA' 'nq'ws'N':HJ'c' ' &MEF' :??>F?:?EBH' B]':DDBLMBHE;'`:@E:?EBHd'G>H>@:DDK'DECE?>J'?B'F?BLF'gNd'Td'Dhd'D>:`>F':'LMBH>?E;'G:Ld'H:C>DKd'HBH*L:D:?:DE >J' :D`>BD:@'F?BLF' EH']@BH?* Ba>D';BH?>_?Fd' aM>@>' ?M>' L@>F>H;>'B]':' HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'F?BL'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>':'@>;>H?'-=FFE:H'DB:H'aB@Jd'>cGc'fen o]:Hpd'kit oaM:D>pd':HJ' ved o!a>J>pc' ' &M>' HB?EBH' B]'L@BG@>FFE >'`BE;EHG' :]]>;?F' BHF>?';BHFBH:H?F' bB?M'aB@J*EHE?E:DDK':HJ'EH?>@H:DDKd'F=;M'?M:?d':?'?M>'b>GEHHEHG'B]':'aB@J'`BE;EHG'B]'LDBFE`>Fd':]]@E;:?>F':HJ' ]@E;:?E`>' EF'>E?M>@' EHJE;:?E`>'B]'DB:HaB@J'B@EGEHd':F'EHd' dudo oQ=JBp'B@'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':'L@>;>JEHG'`BE;>J';BHFBH:H?d'HB?'H>;>FF:@EDK'EH'?M>'F:C>'LM@:F>d'>cGc'xkudow zity'MBC>z)c06&':@@E`>z\c$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2!,'o:@>'KB='b:;'`BE;>J'xzy'EF'?M>'@>F=D?'B]'L@BG@>FFE`>'`BE;EHGc'(EH:DDK'?M>'LBD>CE;F'B]'xwy'`>@F=F'xvy';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'L@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]'D:bEBJ>H?:DF'EH'H:?E`>'aB@JF'EF'DECE?>J'?B'BHF>?'LBFE?EBHd'b>]B@>'HBH*D:bE:D'`Ba>DFd'EH'?M>'@EC>'?M>'?>HJ>H;K'EF'?B'=F>'xwyc

Table 1.3' 5:QB@'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>(@BH? #>H?@:D Z:;<

/EGM i i u5EJ e e o0Ba :

#BHFEJ>@:?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH`BD`>F'?M>'?aB'F>L:@:?>'e=>F?EBHF'B]'?M>'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D':HJ'?M>'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>Dc''rMED>'?M>'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>D' e'CEGM?'b>':??>F?>J':]?>@'?M>':D`>BD:@']@E;:?E`>':HJ'LBF?*:D`>BD:@F'EH'F>e=>H;>Fd'F=;M':Fd's U'eB@'aE?M'EH?>@CE??>H?';BHFBH:H?'s U'xt''ky'U'e'E?'EF'BHDK':??>F?>J':F']B@CEHG'H>:@'CEHEC:D'L:E@Fd'>cGc'xeskey'o@EGM?'?M>Hp'`>@F=F'xekjey'oCBFe=E?Bpc'&M>'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'id'BH'?M>';BH?@:@Kd';:H'b>':??>F?>J'aE?MB=?'L@>;>JEHG':D`>BD:@Fd'>cGc'pi

xad

ems o?B'L=]]pd'F>>':??>F?:?EBHF'EH'

;M:L?>@'Vc


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Morphology

Declension

6'F>?'B]':?'D>:F?'!]?>>H'JE]]>@>H?'CB@LM>C>F';:H'b>':??>F?>J':F';B*B;;=@@EHG'aE?M';BCLD>_')[F'EH'G@:CC:?E;:D'gF=bQ>;?d'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?d'EHJE@>;?'BbQ>;?':HJ';BCLD>C>H?hd'DB;:D':HJ'CBJE!>@']=H;?EBHFd'F>>'?:bD>'4cRc

Table 1.4' $HJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>']B@';BCLD>_')['M>:JF''kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p0:b>D ._:CLD> ,@:Cc 0B;:D 5BJE!>@)"5 kudo oMBC>qMB=F>p U,.) kudo+ oB]'xMBC>':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U

76& kudo+e o]B@'?M>'MBC>p U U6Z0 kudo+do o:bB=?'xMBC>:'MB=F>yp' U U$). kudo+so ox:?'MBC>EH':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U U.06 kudo+sto o]@BC'xMBC>':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U U$00 kudo+s oEH?B':q?M>'MB=F>p U U U06& kudo+v oMBC>'g,"60hp U[-"0 kudo+va oxEH':@B=HJ'?M>'MB=F>EH'MBC>Fy'xU7$!&-yp U U&-)!0 kudo+ks oMBC>qMB=F>'g;BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBHhp U U#"5[ kudo+ka o?M>'FE^>'B]':'MB=F>p U U6Z. kudo+vtomo oaE?MB=?':'MBC>qMB=F>p U U#"5 kudo+ek oaE?M'?M>'aMBD>'MB=F>p U0"# mastor+o oBH'?M>'G@B=HJp U U&.5[ varma+e oaM>H'E?tF'aEHJKp U

.@^K:'M:F'?M@>>'JE]]>@>H?'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fc''6DD'?M@>>'?KL>F';:H'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'C:@!HE?>'@>]>@>H?F'?B'JE]]>@>H?'J>G@>>Fc''&M>@>':@>'gEh'?M>'EHJ> !HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'C:EHDK'aE?M'L@BL>@':HJ'L>@FBHE!>J'HB=HFd':F'a>DD':Fd'EHJ>!HE?>'HB=HF'gF>>'?:bD>'4cRhd'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'J>E;?E;'C:@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'C:EHDK'aE?M'EH]>@>H?E:D':HJ'FEHGD>?BH*F>?'J>!HE?>H>FFd':HJ'gEEEh'?M>'J>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'?B'

C:@'H=Cb>@'J>!HE?>H>FF'?KL>F'EH;D=JEHG'H>=?@:D'J>E;?E;':HJ'?BLE;:DE?Kc&M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd';>H?@:D'?B'?MEF'?M>FEFd'@>]>@F'?B'?M>'F>?'B]':]!_>F'=F>J'

EH'?M>'M>:J'C:@'.@^K:'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHc''&KLBDBGE;:DDK'FL>::J'C:@_?F'aM>@>'?M>';BH?@BDD>@'EF'J>!HE?>c' ' $]'?M>' ;BH?@BDD>@'B]'?M>' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_>J'M>:J':LL>:@F' EH'?M>'F:C>')[':F':'J>L>HJ>H?d'?M>H'E?'aEDD'b>'C:@J'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'M>H;>'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EF'F>>H':F':'C:HE*]>F?:?EBH'B]'JB=bD>*C:@J'LBFF>FFE >';BHF?@=;?EBHFd'aME;M'C>:HF'?M:?'?M>'?KL>'`:D=>'GE`>H'EGHB@>F'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]')")*7.($)$&.'#")&-"00.-!d'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'LBF*F>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'aE?M'7.($)$&.*56-1.7' /.67!d'BH'?M>'B?M>@c''&M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@@F';:H'b>'LBDK>_LBH>H?E:Dc''rMED>'?M>K'EHJE;:?>'?M@>>'L>@FBHF':HJ' ?aB' H=Cb>@F' B]' ?M>' ;BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@' EH' ?M>' C:@FF:d' e=:H?E!>@Fd'


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:J`>@bE:Dq:JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HBH*!HE?>Fd'FBC>'B]'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@@F';:H':DFB'EH*JE;:?>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF=Cd'F>>'?:bD>'g4cWhc

Table 1.5' )BCEH:?E >*;:F>']B@CF']B@'?M>'.@^K:'kudo oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp'' ' :HJ'tev o?:FFF=C

[BFF>FF:["- !, [0

'4 !, kudo+m tev+em kudo+n ~ kudo+m tev+e ~ tev+em[0 kudo+nok tev+eek kudo+nok tev+eek

2 !, kudo+t tev+et kudo+t tev+et[0 kudo+k tev+ek kudo+k tev+ek

V !, kudo+zo tev+eze kudo+nzo tev+enze

[0 kudo+st tev+est kudo+st tev+est

&M>F>' F:C>' :JHBCEH:D' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@@F' ;:H' b>' :??>F?>J' aB@J' ]B@CF' aE?M';:F>':]!_>Fd'F>>' ?:bD>'g4c8hc' ' $H'?M>'HBH*;B@>';:F>Fd' ?M>' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!_>F':@>'CBHB>_LBH>H?E:Dd'Ec>c'EH' ?M>F>';:F>F'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'C:F'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd':HJ'?M>':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@@F':@>'@>:JEDK'JEF?EHG=EFM>J']@BC'bB?M'F?>C':HJ'B?M>@';BH;:?>H:?E`>':]!_>Fc

Table 1.6' \:@E>J'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M':JHBCEH:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@i'MB=F>i'@BBCp o?M@>>p oaE?Mp o?B':@@E`>p

4!, kudo+m kudo+n ~

kudo+mkudo+so+n ~kudo+so+m

kolmo+e+ ~kolmo+e+m

marto+n ~marto+m

sa+m+oz+on ~sa+m+oz+om

[0 kudo+nok kudo+nok kudo+so+nok kolmo+e+ek marto+nok sa+m+oz+onok2 !, kudo+t kudo+t kudo+so+t kolmo+e+t marto+t sa+m+oz+ot

[0 kudo+k kudo+k kudo+so+k kolmo+e+k marto+k sa+m+oz+okV !, kudo+zo kudo+nzo kudo+so+nzo kolmo+e+nze marto+nzo sa+m+oz+onzo

[0 kudo+st kudo+st kudo+so+st kolmo+e+st marto+st sa+m+oz+ost

"]'?M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'C>H?EBH>J':bB`>d';>@?:EH'BH>F'B]'?M>C':LL>:@'EH';BH?>_?F'aM>@>'EHF?>:J'B]'J>L>HJ>H?'C:@'LBFF>FFB@d'E?'EF':DFB'LBFFEbD>'?B'=F>'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'L>@FBH:D'C:@@Fd'Ec>c'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''$H';>@?:EH';E@;=CF?:H;>F'E?'EF'LBFFEbD>'B@'>`>H'BbDEG:?B@K'?M:?'bB?M'?M>'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'b>'C:@Jd'F>>'b>DBac

&M>'J>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';BHFEF?F'B]'CB@LM>C>F']B@'?aB'H=Cb>@F'C:@CF'C:@J'LD=@:D'b>:@'JB=bD>'C:@@d'Ec>c'?M>'aB@J'skal o;Bapd'aM>H'@>HJ>@>J'EH'?M>'EHJ>!HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'skal+t o;BaFpd'@>;>E`>F'BH>'C:@@d'?M>'Td':HJ'aM>H'E?'EF'@>HJ>@>J'aE?M'?M>'J>!HE?>'LD=@:D':F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'skal+t+ne o?M>q?MBF>q?M>F>';BaFpd':H':JJE?EBH:D'

Ne C:@@'U7.(c[0c)"5'EF'L@>F>H?c


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gRh' :c' skal;Baz)c)"5c!,g$)7.(ho;Bap

bc' skal+t;Baz)c)"5c[0g$)7.(ho;Bap

;c' skal+ozoF@';Bap

Jc' skal+onzo;Baz)U["!!*V!,|x)"5c[0,.)yoMEFqM>@';BatF'gG>HE?E`>hpd'oMEFqM>@'MB=F>FqMBC>Fp

>c' skal+o;Baz)U)"5c7.(c!,o?MEFq?M:?q?M>';Bap

]c' skal+t+ne;Baz)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5o?M>F>q?MBF>q?M>';BaFp

&M>'J>!HE?>'C:@@F'EH'.@^K:':HJ'5BJ'?B'b>';B=H?>@*>_:CLD>F'?B'?M>'HB?EBH'?M:?'J>!HE?>H>FF'C:@:?=@>'g;]c'0KBHF'4YYYA'RYhc'#=@EB=FDKd'MBa>`>@d'0KBHF'C>H?EBHF'?M>'?>@C')B@?M'-=FFE:H'JE:D>;?Fd'BH'?M>'F:C>'L:G>d'M:`EHG'?M>'F:C>'HBC>HBHc''.@^K:':HJ'5B@*CE;'D:HG=:G>Fd'CBF?'B]?>H'EHJE;:?>J'aM>H'C:FFB@' EHJ>_EHG']:CEDE:@' ]@BC'?M>' +@:DE;'D:HG=:G>F'b=?'EH">;?EBH:D'J>!HE?>'C:@DDc''&@>:?EF>F';BCL:@EHG')B@?M'-=FFE:H'

JE:D>;?F'aE?M'?M>'[>@CE;'D:HG=:G>F':HJ'5:@E':@>'G>H>@:DDK'EH?>@>F?>J'EH'?M>'J> !HE?>']=H;*?EBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'?M>F>'+@:DE;'D:HG=:G>Fd':HJ'FEH;>'.@^K:':HJ'5BHF'EH'B?M>@'D:HG=:G>Fd'?M>K'?>HJ'?B'b>'EGHB@>J'g;]c'&E@>':@>']>a'EHF?:H;>F'B]':G@>>C>H?'EHFEJ>'?M>')[d'=F=:DDK'E?'EF'BHDK'?M>'M>:J'B]'?M>')['?M:?'J>;DEH>F'EH'?M>'`:@EB=F';:F>Fc''$H'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@d'MBa>`>@d':'J>?>@CEH>@';:H':DFB'b>'C:@J'gF>>'-=>?>@'")'v+6)&$($#6&$")'$)'&/.'.-nm6'06),+6,.d']B@?M;BCEHGhc''"H;>'?M>'M>:J'B]'?M>')['M:F'b>>H'J>;DEH>Jd'aME;M'C:K'EH`BD`>';:F>d'H=Cb>@':HJ'J>!HE?>'B@';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@']B@':'GE`>H'aB@J']B@C'?B'b>':=GC>H?>J'?M@B=GM']=@?M>@':]!_:?EBHd'>cGc'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'


36/252

23 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6

HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'aE?M'B@'aE?MB=?'F=bF>e=>H?'>H;DE?E;'C:@;DEH>J'EH'?M>'EH>FFE`>';:F>d']B@'>_:CLD>d';:H':LL>:@'EH'?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'FL:?E:D'CBJE!>@'EH':')['B@'EH'?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'L@>JE;:?EBH'?:@G>?':?'?M>';D:=F:D'D>`>Dd'>cGc'pa+so+nzo M>:Jz)U$).U["!!*V!,'oBH'MEFqM>@'M>:Jpd'pa+so+nzo+tM>:Jz)U$).U["!!*V!,U[-.&$$c[-.7*V[0'o?M>K'a>@>'BH'MEFqM>@'CEHJp'gZ:@GB`:'4YYSA''V3hc'6HB?M>@':D?>@H:?E`>'?M:?'L@>F*>H?F'E?F>D]'F?>CF']@BC'?M>'?>HJ>H;K'?B'J@BL'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J'HB=HFd'aME;M'@>F=D?F'EH'?M>'CBJE!>@'gH>:@>F?'!H:D'LBFE?EBH'EH'?M>')[h'b>;BCEHG'?M>')['C:EH'E?>C'g;]c',ED'r60!A'84'679.#&$\.!'r$&/"+&')"+)!hc''!EH;>'CBF?'CBJE!>@F';:H'F?:HJ':DBH>'aM>H':'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J'HB=H'EF'J@BLL>Jd':HJ'aB@J']B@CF';B@@>D:?EHG'?B'F>`>@:D'B]'?M>';:F>F';:H']=H;?EBH':F'CBJE!>@F'f'a>'CEGM?';MBBF>'?B'J>;DEH>'?M>'CBJE!>@F'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'434f43Vi'#BD*DEHJ>@'4Y8YA'2V4i'.GB@B`:'4YS8i'1>@>F^?>F'233Wi'-=>?>@'"H'5BJE !>@F'aE?MB=?')B=HF'EH'.@^K:d']B@?M;BCEHGhc'g!>>':DFB'F>;?EBH'RcWch

gWh' :c' a o kudo+aME?>z6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,o?M>'aME?>'MB=F>p

bc' a o +aME?>z6c6Z!'' z )U)"5c7.(c!,aME?>z6U)"5c7.(c!,o?M>'aME?>'xBH>yp

g8h' :c' kiej+e kudo+bE@;Mz)U,.)' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,o?M>'MB=F>'B]'bE@;Mp

bc' kiej+e+e +bE@;Mz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&'' z)U)"5c7.(c!,bE@;Mz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&A)U)"5c7.(c!,o?M:?'xBH>y'B]'bE@;Mp

gSh' :c'paka+so kudo+!>DJz)U$).''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,o?M>'MB=F>'EH'?M>'!>DJp

bc' paka+so +!>DJz)U$).''z)U)"5c7.(c!,!>DJz)U$).U)"5c7.(c!,o?M>'xBH>y'EH'?M>'!>DJp


37/252

$)&-"7+#&$") 24

gXh' :c' kurg+so+nzo uvar+otCB=?Mz)U$).U["!!*V!,' ' F:HJz)U,.)c7.(c!,o?M>'F:HJ'EH'MEF'CB=?Mp

bc' kurg+so+nzo +tCB=?Mz)U$).U["!!*V!,''' z)U,.)c7.(c!,CB=?Mz)U$).A)U,.)c7.(c!,g6b@:CB`'4YS4A'2YSh'o?M:?'EH'MEF'x$d>C>`'gDE?c'aEDJ'FLE@E?hy'CB=?Mp

$H'gWfXh'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>'?M@>>'JE]]>@>H?'EHF?:H;>F'B]'CBJE!>@F'b>;BCEHG'?M>'C:EH'E?>CF'B]'?M>E@'@>FL>;?E`>')[Fd':HJ'?M=F'=HJ>@GBEHG'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc''$H'gWh'a>'aE?H>FF':'e=:DE]KEHGd';BDB@'CBJE!>@d':HJ'EH'g8h':H'EHJ>!HE?>'G>HE?E`>'LD=F'JEF?:D*J>CBHF?@:?E`>'

;BCbEH:?EBHc''$H'gSfXh'?M>@>':@>'?aB'EHF?:H;>F'B]'EH>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF'=F>J'EH'CBJE]KEHG'LBFE?EBHA''?M>'EHJ>!HE?>'EH>FFE`>d':HJ'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'V!,'EH>FFE`>c''$H'.@^K:d'?M>@>':@>'F>`>@:D';:F>F'EH'?M>'EHJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?M:?';:H'b>'=F>J':F')['CBJE!>@F':HJ':@>'?M>@>]B@>'LBFFEbD>';:HJEJ:?>F']B@'F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH'C:EH'E?>CFc''&:bD>'g4cSh'L@B`EJ>F':'DEF?'B]'EHJ>!HE?>';:F>']B@CF'aME;M';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M')[*CBJE!>@':HJ'L@>JE;:?>'LBFE?EBHc''


38/252

22 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6

Table 1.7' $HJ>!HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'CBJE!>@'`Fc';BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBH#:F> [@>CBJE!>@ [@>JE;:?>6Z. kudo+vtomo psaka

MB=F>qMBC>z)U6Z.'';:?z)c6Z!oMBC>D>FF';:?p

psaka kudo+vtomo;:?z)c)"5c!,c7.(''MB=F>qMBC>z)U6Z.o?M>';:?'xEFy'MBC>D>FFp

#5[ vaz+oka kiska;:D]z)U#5[''JBGz)c6Z!oJBG'?M>'FE^>'B]':';:D]p

kiska vaz+okaJBGz)c)"5c!,c7.('';:D]z)U#5[o?M>'JBG'xEFy':F'bEG':F':';:D]p

.06 Turku+sto professoro&=@FFB@z)c)"5c!,c7.(

o?M>'L@B]>FFB@']@BC'&=@FFB@z)c)"5c!,c7.(''&=@'L@B]>FFB@'xEFy']@BC'&=@'xEFy'[=@G:^tFp

$00 jarsa+m+s kim>:?z\U$)(U$00''b@>:Jz)c["!!*4!,'ara'HBH*>_EF?>H?z[c$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,o$'JBHp?'M:`>'b@>:J'?B'>:?p

ki+m kad+ijab@>:Jz)U["!!*4!,''D>:`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c'[-.7*4!,|V!,'

ok ne+s jarsa+m+s'>`>HEHGz)U$00''>:?z\U$)(U$00o$'D>]?'CK'b@>:J']B@'>`>HEHG'?B'>:?p

$). paka+so loma!>DJz)U$).''M=C:Hz)c6Z!o:q?M>'L>@FBH'EH'?M>'!>DJp

loma+e paka+soM=C:Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,''!>DJz)U$).o?M>'L>@FBH'xEFy'EH':q?M>'!>DJp

)"5*6Z!

kiska evksJBGz)c6Z!''B]]FL@EHGz)c)"5c!,oL=LLKp

te kiska?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"T''JBGz)c)"5c!,o?MEF'xEFy':'JBGp

0"# ike+e pe+:M>:Jz67\U0"#''>HJz)c)"5c!,c7.(

o?M>']@BH?'>HJp

pe+ ike+e>HJz)U)"5c!,c7.('':M>:Jz67\U0"#

o?M>q?MEFq?M:?'>HJ'EF':M>:Jp[-"0 paka+va mo+ema+t

!>DJz)U[-"0'GBz\U)U,.)c!,c7.('kodamo'DEz[[c6Z!oDE'GBEHG'?M@B=GM':'!>DJp

ki+@B:Jz)U)"5c7.(c!,''

mo+ paka+va'GBz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''!>DJz)U[-"0o?M>'@B:J'a>H?'?M@B=GM?':q?M>'!>DJp

&-)!0 kudo+ks okoMB=F>qMBC>z)U&-)!0'DBGz)c)"5c!,o:q?M>'DBG']B@'xb=EDJEHGy':'MB=F>p

rama+ ok+tb=Kz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''DBGz)c)"5c[0 od kudo+ksH>az6c6Z!''MB=F>qMBC>z)U&-)!0'oM>qFM>qE?'bB=GM?'DBGF']B@'xbcy':'H>a'MB=F>p


39/252

$)&-"7+#&$") 2V

Conjugation

.@^K:']>:?=@>F'?aB';BHQ=G:?EBH'L:@:JEGCF']B@'E?F'!HE?>'`>@bFA'':'F=bQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ'

:'J>!HE?>qL>@]>;?*:FL>;?'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBHc''/>H;>'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'`>@b'palams o?B''5B'C:;:b@>']@>e=>H?:?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'`>@b'kalmams o?B'b=@Kp'=?EDE^>J'bK' "@H:?B`' g4XVXA' V2fW4hd' ;BCL@EF>F' 24' F>L:@:?>' aB@J' ]B@CFA' FE_' ]@BC' ?M>' F=bQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBHd'HEH>']@BC'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'BbQ>;?';:?>GB@Kd':HJ'?M@>>'>:;M']@BC'?M>' !@F?':HJ' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' BbQ>;?' ;:?>GB@E>F' g;]c' 1>@>F^?>F'4YYYi'&@BF?>@=J'2338A'2WVf2WXhc'6F'CEGM?'b>'BbF>@`>J'b>DBa'g>_:CLD>'g24h'B]'?M>'EH?@BJ=;?EBHh'EH'?M>'L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'?M>'F>H?>H;>'inetimdi vinado o&M>'G=>F?'a:F'GE`>H'DEe=B@'?B'J@EH@b']B@CF':FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' LD=@:D' imdid'palasami,'palatadi':HJ'palasi CEGM?'

:DD'b>'=F>J'EH';BHF?@=;?EBHF'aE?M'HBH*@>]>@>H?E:D'F=bQ>;?F'gL>@FBH:D'BbF>@`:?EBH']@BC'?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?>_?F'aE?M'F?=J>H?F'B]'(EHHEFM'EH'!:@:HFF>'' !@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'BbQ>;?']B@CF'CEGM?'b>';BHFEJ>@>J'J>]:=D?'EH';BH?@:F?'?B'?M>'FL>;E!;:DDK'EHJE`EJ=:?>J':@G=C>H?*F>C:H?E;F'B]'?M>'FEHG=D:?E`>']B@CFA'4 !,|2!,d'2!,|4!,d'V!,|4!,':HJ'V!,|2!,c'''/>H;>'?M>'HB?:?EBHF'[-.7*T|4[':HJ'[-.7*T|2['aEDD'b>'=F>J'?B'EHJE;:?>'J>]:=D?'!@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH'aM>@>'6-,4d'6-,2'B@'bB?M'6-,4':HJ'6-,2'M:`>'LD=@:D'@>]>@>H?Fc

Table 1.8' $HJE;:?E >'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`>@b'palams 'o?B'@FBHh

!=bQ>;?;BHQ=G:*?EBH

"bQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH

4!, 4[0 2!, 2[0 V!, V[04!, pal+an )6 )6 pala

+samakpala+samam

4[0 pala+tano )6 )6 pala+sami2!, pal+at pala

+tan )6 )6 pala +tanzat

2[0 pala+tado pala+tadi )6 )6 pala+tadi

V!, pal+i pala+sa pala+siek

pala+sak

pala+sikpala+si

pala+siV[0 pal+i+t pala

+sipala+sit pala+sie

(B@'?MBF>'aMB'DE'EH?@:HFE?E`>';D:=F>F'aE?M'C:@D>C>H?F'B?M>@'?M:H':'!HE?>'`>@bd'.@^K:'L@B`EJ>F':'H=Cb>@'B]'BLLB@?=HE?E>Fc'')BCEH:D*;BHQ=G:?EBH'C:@':??>F?>J'aE?M':HK'H=Cb>@'B]'?:@G>?F'EH;D=JEHG'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'B]'HB=HF'g:DD'?M@>>'J>;D>H*FEBHFh'gYf44hd'CBJE!>@':JQ>;?E`>F':HJ'L@BHB=HF'g42f4Vhd'FBC>'DB;:D':HJ'CBJE!>@';:F>F'


40/252

2R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6

g4Rf4Whd'?M>' F:C>'L@>JE;:?EBH'C:@':??>F?>J']B@' FBC>' HBH*!HE?>F'g48h':HJ'e=:H?E!>@F'g4Sh'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'44Wf42Wd'4VSf4VXd'4RXf4RYd'4W8d'4Y3d'2Y2d'2YRd'V3Vi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'48Yhc''

gYh' :c' ton $!%&"' ()*&+.KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,''' commander_N.NOM.SG+IND.PRES.PRED-2SGoKB=p@>':';BCC:HJ>@'g;D:FF'C>Cb>@hp

bc' ton komandir.KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,''' ;BCC:HJ>@z)c)"5c!,oKB=p@>';BCC:HJ>@'g;:L:;E?K'EH'EH]>@>H?E:D'F>??EHGhp

g43h' fjodor ivanovi+e(KBJB@z[-[c)"5c!,'' $`:HBÈ;Mz[-[U,.)''+ ,-+ ,*,.*&+? divaev+daughter_N+POSS-3SG>NOM+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG{b>*?:H*:b:;'KB='(KBJB@'$`:HBÈ;MtF'J:=GM?>@{':FJ'1BC^BDB`'EH':F?BH*EFMC>H?c''5Kd'$'JEJHp?'@>;BGHE^>'KB=d'aME;M'BH>':@>'KB=d'?M>'bEG'BH>'B@'?M>'DE??D>'BH>{p

g44h' i+i mon vee+se vaee;BC>'B=?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,'' $z [-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' ÈDD:G>z)U$).'' !@F?z)+5c6Z!/!%&**&"person_N+NOM.DEF.SG+IND.PRED-1SG

o$?'?=@HF'B=?d'$pC'H=Cb>@'BH>'EH'?M>'ÈDD:G>'gBH'?M>'"K'6?K:FM>`Bd'2332hp

g42h' %&.*&+, %&.*&+,beautiful_A+IND.PRES-PRED-2SGd''beautiful_A+IND.PRES-PRED-2SGd'teke nole+ vaz+atDEz#")9'' DE;'DE'?M:?'?BBcp


41/252

$)&-"7+#&$") 2W

g4Rh' $!*0*&+?wh-spatial_PRON-INTER+INE+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG

oaM>@>':@>'KB=p

g4Wh' koda a kodaMBaz[-")*$)&.-*67\*56)).-'''HB?z[-&*).,'''MBaz[-")*$)&.-*67\*56)).-''vao ea+m miek\:HKBz[-[U6Z!'''>DJ>@*b@B?M>@q;B=FEHz)U["!!*4!,|)"5c!,'''a>z[-")*[.-!c,.)c["!!*4[0'')&$,*0+,*.family_N+ELA+IND.PRETII.PRED-3SG

gZ:@GB`:'4YYSA'43Xh'o)B'C:??>@'MBa'KB='DBBJ':?'E?d'CK';B=FEH'\:HKB'a:F']@BC'B=@']:CEDKp'

g48h' &"'*!%*0*&+?feed_V+INF-OM+ILL+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG

o!M:DD'$'G>?'KB='FBC>?MEHG'?B'>:?{'gJ>DEb>@:?E`>hp

g4Sh' gebev marto pike+tano,@>bH>`z[-[c6Z!'''aE?Mz["[''' GB*?M@B=GM*?ME;z)+5*#6-7c6Z!''LD:;>z)U$).'''!`>z)+5*#6-7U6[[-"Tc6Z!''K>:@z)U[0c)"5d'e+ks vajge+enze koa+s?M:?z[-")*7.5U&-)!0'''`BE;>z)U["!!*V!,|,.)'':;;B@JEHG*?Bz["[U$00''tonad+i akod+em+e,G>?*=F>J*?Bz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,'' =HJ>@F?:HJz\U$)(U0"#''kodamo joo+zo, ejaM:?*;?EBH:D'FKF?>C'aE?M':CLD>':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH':HJ'@>G=D:@':]!_*C>:HEHG';=C=D:?EBHd'aME;M'CEGM?'L@BCB?>'JEF;=FFEBHF'EH'?M>'J>!HE?EBH'B]'J>@E`:?EBH'`>@F=F'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBHc''


42/252

28 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6

Word order

!KH?:;?E;:DDKd'.@^K:':LL>:@F'?B'=F>'G@:CC:?E;:D':HJ'BbDEe=>';:F>'C:@'

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