glossary introduction - amazon web services€¦ · parachute (v) /'udpliiw/ guindarse,...

�Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

science /gOLmg/� cienciasshelf /iCoc/� andel, estante shoe shop /'iI�iFU/� zapataríashorts /iGWg/� pantalóns curtossink /gBnY/� lavabosister /'gBgWL/� irmáskateboarding /'gYMWVGXBn/� ir / montar en monopatín

skirt /gYKW/� saiasnake /gmMY/� serpesocks /gFYg/� calcetínssofa /'gLHcL/� sofáson /gJm/� fillosports centre /'gUGWg�gCmWL/� polideportivosweater /'grCWL/� xerseiswimming /'grBlBn/� nataciónswimsuit /'grBlgIW/� bañadortable /'WMVo/� mesatail /WMo/� cola, rabotennis /'WCmBg/� tenistiger /'WOZL/� tigretrainers /'WpMmLh/� zapatillas de deportetrousers /'WpPhLh/� pantalónsT-shirt /'WAiKW/� camiseta de manga curtavan /dDm/� furgonetawashing machine /'rFiBn�lLiAm/� lavadora

Unit �beef /VAc/� carne de vitelabenefit /'VCmBcBW/� beneficio, proveito bill /VBo/� conta biscuit /'VBgYBW/� galleta blood /VoJX/� sangue brain /VpMm/� cerebro broccoli /'VpFYLoi/� brócoli butter /'VJWL/� manteiga cannoli /YL'mNoi/� cannoli (doces típicos de Sicilia)

carrot /'YDpLW/� cenoria chew /aI/� mastigar, mascarchewing gum /'aIBn�ZJl/� goma de mascarcrisps /YpBgUg/� patacas fritidas (de bolsa)delicious /XB'oBiLg/� gorentoso/adisturbance /XB'gWKVLmg/� barafunda, balbordodrinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn�aFYoLW/� batido de chocolate, chocolate líquido

introdUction

aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/� aviónarm /El/� brazobakery /'VMYLpi/� panadaríabasketball /'VEgYBWVGo/� baloncestobath /'VEe/� bañeirabathroom /'VEepIl/� cuarto de bañobed /VCX/� cama, leitobedroom /'VCXpIl/� dormitoriobicycle /'VOgBYo/� bicicletaboat /VNW/� barcobrother /'VpJfL/� irmánbus /VJg/� autobúsbutcher’s /'VHaLh/� carnizaríacar /YE/� cochecarpet /'YEUBW/� alfombrachair /aS/� cadeiracomputer technology /YLlUqIWL�WCY'mFoLbi/� informática

cupboard /'YJVLX/� armariocycling /'gOYoBn/� ciclismodesk /XCgY/� escritorio; pupitreeagle /'AZo/� aguiaear /R/� orellaeye /O/� ollofootball /'cHWVGo/� fútbolfridge /cpBb/� frigoríficofrog /cpFZ/� rageography /bi'FZpLci/� xeografíagrandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/� avóhat /kDW/� gorro, sombreiro, chapeuhistory /'kBgWpi/� historiahorse /kGg/� cabalohospital /'kFgUBWo/� hospitaljacket /'bDYBW/� chaqueta, cazadorajeans /bAmh/� pantalóns vaqueiroskitchen /'YBWiBm/� cociñalamp /oDlU/� lámpadalibrary /'oOVpLpi/� bibliotecaliving room /'oBdBn�pIl/� sala de estar, salónmaths /lDeg/� matemáticasmother /'lJfL/� naimotorbike /'lNWLVOY/� motopaw /UG/� pata, pouta, gadoupascarf /gYEc/� bufanda

GLoSSArY

�

glossary

Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

eater /'AWL/� persoa que comeeating habit /'AWBn�kDVBW/� hábito alimenticioegg /CZ/� ovoeyesight /'OgOW/� vistafirst course /cKgW�'YGg/� primeiro pratofizzy drink /'cBhi XpBnY/� bebida gasosafresh /cpCi/� fresco/afrozen /'cpNhm/� conxelado/afruit /cpIW/� froitahealthy /'kCoei/� saudábel, san/saimprove /Bl'UpId/� mellorarlemonade /oClL'mCBX/� limoadamain course /lCBm�'YGg/� segundo pratomeal /lAo/� comidamilk /lBoY/� leitemoussaka /lI'gEYL/� musaka (prato grego)muesli /'lqIhoi/� mueslimushroom /'lJipHl/� cogomelonatural /'mDapLo/� naturaloily /'Qoi/� aceitoso/aon time /Fm�'WOl/� puntualpancake /'UDmYMY/� freixó, filloapepper /'UCUL/� pementopopcorn /'UFUYGm/� flocos de milloprawn /UpGm/� gambaresearch /pB'gKa/� investigación, esculcasalmon /'gDlLm/� salmónsalty /'gGoWi/� salgado/asausage /'gFgBb/� salchichaschoolwork /'gYIorKY/� traballo de clasescore /gYG/� resultado, notaseed /gAX/� sementesoup /gIU/� sopasour /'gPL/� agrespicy /'gUOgi/� picante, con especiassugarless /'iHZLoCg/� sen azucresweet /grAW/� docetip /WBU/� propinaunhealthy /Jm'kCoei/� pouco/a san/sa watermelon /'rGWLlCoLm/� sandíaweight /rMW/� peso

Unit �artist /'EWBgW/� artistabeautiful /'VqIWBco/� fermoso/a, precioso/abin /VBm/� cubo do lixo; papeleiraboring /'VGpBn/� aborrecido/a, que aborrece

bridge /VpBXj/� pontebright /VpOW/� brillante; intelixente; vivo/a, rechamante (cor)

brilliant /'VpBoiLmW/� xenialcartoon /YE'WIm/� banda deseñada, viñetacartoonist /YE'WImBgW/� debuxantecave /YMd/� covacave painting /'YMd�UCBmWBn/� pintura rupestreclown /YoPm/� pallasocute /YqIW/� precioso/a, curro/adancer /'XEmgL/� bailarín/inadesign /XB'hOm/� deseñodisappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/� decepcionantedraw /XpG/� debuxar, pintardrawing /'XpGBn/� debuxodull /XJo/� esmorecido/a, aborrecido/aeggshell /'CZiCo/� casca de ovoexciting /BY'gOWBn/� emocionanteextraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/� extraordinario/afocus /'cNYLg/� centrarsegraffiti /ZpL'cAWi/� graffiti graffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/� graffiteiro/aimaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/� imaxinativo/ainside /Bm'gOX/� interior, parte de dentroitem /'OWLl/� artigomural /'lqHLpLo/� muralmusician /lqI'hBim/� músico/aordinary /'GXmpi/� normal, correntepainter /'UCBmWL/� pintor/apainting /'UCBmWBn/� cadro, pinturaphotograph /'cNWLZpEc/� fotografíaphotographer /cL'WFZpLcL/� fotógrafo/apotter /'UFWL/� oleiro/apottery /'UFWLpi/� cerámica, olaríaremain /pB'lCBm/� permanecersculptor /'gYJoUWL/� escultor/asculpture /'gYJoUaL/� esculturaspecial /'gUCio/� especialsurprising /gL'UpOhBn/� sorprendentethrow /epN/� tirar, guindarugly /'JZoi/� feo/awatch /rFa/� reloxo de pulsowild /rOoX/� salvaxe

Unit 3BASE jumping /'VMg�bJlUBn/� salto B.A.S.E. basket /'VEgYBW/� canastrabat /VDW/� pa, paleta

3

glossary


bossaball /'VFgLVGo/� bossaball (deporte que harmoniza voleibol, fútbol e ximnasia)

bounce /VPmg/� botarbrave /VpMd/� valente, afouto/abreak the law /'VpMY�fL�oG/� infrinxir / quebrantar a lei

cool /YIo/� bo/boa, xenialcord /YGX/� cordacourt /YGW/� pista, canchacycling shoes /'gOYoBn�iIh/� zapatillas de ciclismoextreme sport /BY'gWpAl�gUGW/� deporte de aventura

field /cAoX/� campo, terreo de xogofoolish /'cIoBi/� insensato/a, imprudente, aloucado/a

golf club /'ZFoc�YoJV/� pao de golfhard /kEX/� fortehelmet /'kColBW/� cascohit /kBW/� pegar, golpearhold /kNoX/� suxeitar, termar de, sosterindoors /Bm'XGh/� dentroinflatable pad /Bm'coCBWLVo�UDX/� colchón inchábel jog /bFZ/� facer footingkneepads /'mAUDXh/� xeonlleiras leap /oAU/� saltar, choutar, brincarlicence /'oOgmg/� permiso, licenzanet /mCW/� redeoutdoors /PW'XGh/� fóraparachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/� paracaídasparachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/� guindarse, lanzarse / saltar en paracaídas

pass /UEg/� pasarpull /UHo/� arrastrar, tirar de; atraerpush /UHi/� empurrarreferee /pCcL'pA/� árbitrorisk /pBgY/� arriscarrollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/� patíns en liñashoulder pads /'iNoXL�UDXh/� ombreirasskate /gYMW/� patinarskateboard /'gYMWVGX/� monopatínskates /gYMWg/� patínsski /gYA/� esquiarskydiver /'gYOXOdL/� paracaidista acrobático / de caída libre

skydiving /'gYOXOdBn/� paracaidismo acrobático, caída libre

slide /goOX/� esvarar, escorregartennis racket /'WCmBg�pDYBW/� raqueta de tenistenpin bowling /WCmUBm�'VNoBn/� bolostrampoline /'WpDlULoAm/� cama elásticawater bottle /'rGWL�VFWo/� botella de auga

Unit 4arid /'DpBX/� árido/a, ermo/a bite /VOW/� morder, trabarcave /YMd/� covacliff /YoBc/� acantilado, cantilclimb /YoOl/� escalarcorn /YGm/� millodamp /XDlU/� húmido/adeep /XAU/� profundo/a, fondo/adense /XCmg/� denso/a, mesto/adiary /'XOLpi/� diario (keep a diary: escribir un diario)

expedition /CYgUL'XBim/� expediciónexplorer /BY'gUoGpL/� explorador/afellow /'cCoLH/� compañeiro/a, colegafield /cAoX/� campo, eidoflat /coæW/� chan / chá, plano/afreedom /'cpAXLl/� liberdadeget /ZCW/� chegarget down on one’s knees /ZCW�XPm�Fm�rJmh�'mAh/� axeonllarse

glacier /'ZoDgiL/� glaciarground /ZpPmX/� terreo, chanhide /kOX/� agochar(se)high /kO/� alto/ahill /kBo/� outeiro, montañaill /Bo/� enfermo/a, doenteisland /'OoLmX/� illajoin /bQm/� unir(se), xuntar(se)jump /bJlU/� saltar, choutar, brincarland /oDmX/� aterrar (un avión)lead /oAX/� comandar, dirixirlow /oLH/� baixo/amankind /læm'YOmX/� humanidaderaise /pMh/� recadarrest /pCgW/� descansarrocky /'pFYi/� rochoso/aroute /pIW/� ruta, percorridorun /pJm/� viaxe; carreirasail /gMo/� navegarsandy /'gDmXi/� areoso/asea /gA/� marsea captain /'gA�YæUWBm/� capitán/capitá de barcoshallow /'iDoN/� pouco fondo/aslave /goMd/� escravo/aslavery /'goMdLpi/� escravitudesmell /glCo/� olor, rastro, cheirospaceship /'gUMgiBU/� nave espacialsteep /gWAU/� pino/a, esgrevio/a

4

glossary


stream /gWpAl/� regueiro, regatoswamp /grFlU/� pantano, lamazal, lameiraunfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/� lamentabelmente, desgraciadamente

valley /'dDoi/� valwaterfall /'rGWLcGo/� fervenza

Unit 5achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/� logro, fazañaarch /EWi/� arcobachelor’s degree /'VDWiLoLh�XBZpA/� licenciaturabusinessman /'VBhmLglDm/� home de negocioscharacter /'YæpLYWL/� personaxecheat /aAW/� facer trampas; copiarcollege /'YFoBb/� universidadeconfused /YLm'cqIhX/� confundido/aconfusing /YLm'cqIhBn/� confuso/a, pouco claro/acourage /'YJpBb/� valorcrime writer /'YpOl�pOWL/� escritor de novelas policiais

deal /XAo/� trato, conveniodelighted /XB'oOWBX/� encantado/adentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentistadetective /XB'WCYWBd/� detectivedisappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/� decepcionado/adisgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/� alporizado/a, indignado/aembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� avergoñado/aevil /'Ado/� maldade, malexhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� canso/a, esgotado/aexhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/� esgotador/afingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/� pegada dixitalfurious /'cqHLpiLg/� alporizado/a, furioso/aguess /ZCg/� adiviñarguilty /'ZBoWi/� culpábelhairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/� perruqueiro/ahigh school /'kO�gYIo/� instituto de ensino secundario

hire /'kOL/� contratarjealous /'XjCoLg/� celoso/ajudge /bJb/� xuíz/alawyer /'oGqL/� avogado/alifetime /'oOcWOl/� vidalook forward to /oHY�'cGrLX�WL/� ter ganas de, devecer por

loop /oIU/� lazomurder /'lKXL/� asasinatomurderer /'lKXLpL/� asasino/anervous /'mKdLg/� nervioso/anoticeable /'mNWBgLVo/� evidente, obvio/a

optician /FU'WBim/� óptico/apirate /'UOpLW/� pirataplay /UoM/� obra de teatroprimary school /'UpOlLpi�gYIo/� escola primariaprison /'UpBhm/� cárcere, cadea, prisiónprivate detective /UpOdLW�XB'WCYWBd/� detective privado/a

proud /UpPX/� fachendoso/a, orgulloso/aprove /UpId/� demostrar, probarrealise /'pALoOh/� decatarse, darse contareliable /pB'oOLVo/� seguro/a, fiábelreporter /pB'UGWL/� xornalista, reporteiro/arobber /'pFVL/� ladrón/oasailor /'gMoL/� mariñeiro/ascared /gYCLX/� amedrentado/a, asustado/asoldier /'gNobL/� soldadospy /gUO/� espíasuccess /gLY'gCg/� éxitosuccessful /gLY'gCgco/� de éxitosuspect /'gJgUCYW/� sospeitoso/atrouble /'WpJVo/� atranco, problema, dificultade (be in trouble: ter problemas)

truth /WpIe/� verdadeundercover /JmXL'YJdL/� secreto/awhorl /rKo/� espiralworried /'rJpiX/� preocupado/a

Unit 6avoid /L'dQX/� evitarback /VDY/� costasbelt /VCoW/� cintocap /YæU/� gorra, pucha; gorrocashmere /'YDilR/� caxemirachemist’s /'YClBgWg/� farmaciacomfortable /'YJlcWLVo/� cómodo/adenim /'XCmBl/� tea vaqueiradesigner /XB'hOmL/� deseñador/adressmaker /'XpCglMYL/� modisto/aearrings /'BLpBnh/� pendentesfashion /'cæim/� moda (in fashion: de moda)fashionable /'cæimLVo/� de modaflat /coæW/� plano/agloves /ZoJdh/� luvashandbag /'kæmXVæZ/� bolsohigh heels /kO�'kAoh/� tacóns altoshot /kFW/� de modaitem /'OWLl/� peza (de vestir)latest /'oMWBgW/� último/a, derradeiro/a

5

glossary


mini skirt /'lBmi gYKW/� minisaia modern /'lFXm/� modernonecklace /'mCYoLg/� colarold-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/� anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda

outdated /PW'XMWBX/� anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda

platform boots /'UoDWcGl�VIWg/� botas de plataforma

practical /'UpDYWBYo/� práctico/arebellion /pB'VCoqLm/� rebeliónring /pBn/� anelsmell /glCo/� ulirsunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/� lentes de solsurvey /'gKdM/� enquisateenager /'WAmMbL/� adolescente, rapaz/athink for yourself /eBnY�cL�qG'gCoc/� pensa por ti mesmo/a

tie /WO/� gravata timeline /'WOloOm/� cronoloxíatrendy /'WpCmXi/� á moda, modernounfashionable /Jm'cæimLVo/� pasado/a de modaunsafe /Jm'gMc/� perigoso/aunusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� pouco común / correntewatch /rFa/� reloxo

Unit 7astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/� astronautabeauty /'VqIWi/� belezabring back /VpBn�'VDY/� traer de voltabuild /VBoX/� construírcheck /aCY/� comprobarcloud /YoPX/� nubeconnect /YL'mCYW/� conectarcookbook /'YHYVHY/� libro de cociñacucumber /'YqIYJlVL/� cogombrodesign /XB'hOm/� deseñardevelop /XB'dCoLU/� desenvolver; elaborarengineering /CmbB'mBLpBn/� enxeñaríaexplain /BY'gUoMm/� explicarfollow /'cFoN/� seguirfortune teller /'cGaIm�WCoL/� adiviño/agod /ZFX/� deusgravity /'ZpDdLWi/� gravidadegreenhouse /'ZpAmkPg/� invernadoirogrow /ZpN/� crecer, medrar; cultivarinvolve /Bm'dFod/� implicar, involucrarleave /oAd/� deixar, marchar delight /oOW/� lixeiro/a, livián/á

meteor /'lAWiL/� meteoro; meteoritomoon /lIm/� lúaname after /mMl�'EcWL/� chamar como, pór o nome de

ordinary /'GXmpi/� normal, correnteplan /UoDm/� planearplanet /'UoDmBW/� planetaplanetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/� planetarioprotect /UpL'WCYW/� protexerrepair /pB'UCL/� arranxar, amañar, repararsolar system /'gNoL�gBgWLl/� sistema solarspace shuttle /'gUMg�iJWo/� transbordador / lanzadeira espacial

spacesuit /'gUMggIW/� traxe espacialstar /gWE/� estrelasun /gJm/� soltelescope /'WCoBgYNU/� telescopiowar /rG/� guerrawarm /rGl/� de abrigo

Unit 8add to /'DX�WI/� aumentarairport /'CLUGW/� aeroportoalternative /Go'WKmLWBd/� diferente, alternativo/aant /DmW/� formigaart gallery /'EW�ZDoLpi/� galería de artebattery /'VDWpi/� bateríabiologist /VO'FoLbBgW/� biólogo/abus station /'VJg�gWMim/� estación de autobusescar park /'YE�UEY/� aparcamento, aparcadoirocarriage /'YDpBb/� carro, carruaxecatch /YDa/� collerchange /aMmb/� cambiarchariot /'WiDpiLW/� carrodepartment store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� grandes almacéns

dog sled /'XFZ�goCX/� zorra tirada por cansdrive /XpOd/� conducirexit /'CYgBW/� saídafactory /'cæYWpi/� fábricafold /cNoX/� pregarget angry /ZCW�'DnZpi/� enfadarse get hurt /ZCW�'kKW/� mancarseget in /ZCW�'Bm/� entrar; chegar (un medio de transporte)

get off /ZCW�'Fc/� baixar deget on /ZCW�'Fm/� subir ago around /ZLH�L'pPmX/� dar a volta ahurry out /kJpi 'PW/� saír correndo/ ás carreiras

6

glossary


lead /oAX/� levar, conducirmiss /lBg/� perdernarrow /'mDpN/� estreito/aobstacle /'FVgWLYo/� obstáculooffice /'FcBg/� oficinapark /UEY/� aparcarpath /UEe/� camiñoperhaps /UL'kDUg/� quizais, talvezpillar /'UBoL/� columnapost office /'UNgW�FcBg/� oficina de correosquickly /'YrBYoi/� rápido, ás présasrace /pMg/� carreirarecharge /pA'aEb/� recargarrickshaw /'pBYiG/� carro tirado por un homeride /pOX/� ir / andar en; montarSegway /'gCZrM/� Segway (vehículo de transporte lixeiro)

snowmobile /'gmNlLVAo/� motonevestadium /'gWCBXiLl/� estadiostop /gWFU/� pararswimming pool /'grBlBn�UIo/� piscinatake /WMY/� coller; levartake off /WMY�'Fc/� despegar (un avión)take place /WCBY�'UoMg/� ter lugartheatre /'eBLWL/� teatrotraffic jam /'WpDcBY�bDl/� atascotwo-wheeled /WI'rAoX/� de dúas rodasuniversity /qImB'dKgLWi/� universidade

Unit 9advertise /'DXdLWOh/� anunciarburn /VKm/� queimarchat room /'aDW�pIl/� grupo de discusión, chatcomplicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/� complicado/a, complexo/a

contemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/� contemporáneo/adirt /XKW/� sucidade dishwasher /'XBirFiL/� lavalouzadryer /'XpOL/� secadoraelectric kettle /BoCYWpBY�'YCWo/� fervedor eléctrico enormous /B'mGlLg/� enormeentertainment /CmWL'WCBmlLmW/� entretemento; espectáculo

find out /cOmX�'PW/� esculcar, investigarfood processor /'cIX�UpNgCgL/� robot de cociñafreezer /'cpAhL/� conxeladorhair dryer /'kCL�XpOL/� secador de pelohand-written /kæmX'pBWm/� escrito/a a manhi-tech /kO'WCY/� de alta tecnoloxía

immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/� decontado, inmediatamente

improve /Bl'UpId/� mellorarindispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/� indispensábeliron /'OLm/� ferro de pasarlazy /'oCBhi/� lacazán/ana; preguiceiro/anoisy /'mQhi/� ruidoso/aold-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/� anticuado/aoven /'Jdm/� fornopassword /'UEgrKX/� contrasinalpick /UBY/� colectar, recollerpocket money /'UFYBW�lJmi/� diñeiro solto; pagapop /UFU/� estourar, estouparportable /'UGWLVo/� portátilprinting press /'UpBmWBn�UpCg/� imprentaradio play /'pMXiN�UoM/� obra de teatro para a radio

report /pB'UGW/� crónica, reportaxesettler /'gCWoL/� colonizador/asignificant /gBZ'mBcBYLmW/� importante, significativo/asimple /'gBlUo/� sinxelo/a, simplesoap opera /'gNU�FUpL/� telenovela; radionovelatablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/� mantelthough /fLH/� aínda que, anquetin opener /'WBm�NUmL/� abrelatastoaster /'WLHgWL/� torrador/a useful /'qIgco/� útiluseless /'qIgoLg/� que non serve para nadauser name /'qIhL�mMl/� nome de usuariovacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� aspirador/awheel /rAo/� roda

7Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

introdUction Unit

Classroom language

Please be quiet. /UoAh�VA�'YrOLW/� Calade, por favor.

Can you help me, please? /YLm�qI�'kCoU�lA�UoAh/� Podes axudarme, por favor?

Can I borrow (a pencil), please? /YLm�O�'VFpLH�(L�UCmgo)�UoAh/� Empréstasme (un lapis), por favor?

Open your books to page (15). /'NULm�qG�VHYg�WL�UMb�(cBcWAm)/� Abride o libro pola páxina (15).

What is the homework? /rFW�Bh�fL�'kNlrKY/� Cales son os deberes?, Que deberes hai?

What’s this in English? /rFWg�fBg�Bm�'BnZoBi/� Como se di isto en inglés?

What page are we on? /rFW�'UMb�L�rA�Fm/� En que páxina estamos?

Can you repeat that, please? /YLm�qI�pB'UAW�fDW�UoAh/� Podes repetilo, por favor?

Unit �

Ordering food

Would you like (a drink)? /rHX�qI�'oOY�(L�XpBnY)/� Queres (unha bebida)?

I’d prefer (Italian food), please. /OX�UpB'cK�(BWDoBLm�cIX)�UoAh/� Prefiro (comida italiana), por favor.

Do you want (sausages) or (beef )? /XL�qI�rFmW�('gFgBbBh)�G�('VAc)/� Quere (salchichas) ou (carne de tenreira)?

I’d like (salmon), please. /OX�oOY�('gDlLm)�UoAh/� Tomarei / Quero (salmón), por favor.

Making suggestions

What about (Mexican food)? /'rFW�LVPW�(lCsBYm�cIX)/� E / Que tal (comida mexicana)?

Good idea! /ZHX�O'XR/� Boa idea!

Why don’t we (go to a restaurant)? /rO�'XLHmW�rA�(ZLH�WI�L�pCgWpFmW)/� ¿Por que non (imos a un restaurante)?

I don’t really like (Chinese food). /O�XLHmW�pBLoi 'oOY�(WiOmAh�cIX)/� En realidade non me gusta / Non me gusta moito (a comida chinesa).

Unit �

Asking for information

When is the (painting course)? /rCm�Bh�fL�('UCBmWBn�YGg)/� Cando é o (curso de pintura)?

What time does it start? /rFW�WOl�XJh�BW�'gWEW/� A que hora comeza?

How much does it cost? /kP�lJa�XJh�BW�'YFgW/� Cando custa / vale?

Describing a picture

We can see (two men). /rA�YLm�'gA�(WI�lCm)/� Vemos (a dous homes).

There’s (a dog). /fCLh�(L�'XFZ)/� Hai (un can / unha cadela).

He’s got (a cat). /kCh�ZFW�(L�'YDW)/� Ten (un gato/a).

In this picture, (there’s a river). /Bm�'fBg�UBYaL�(fCLh�L�pBdL)/� Neste debuxo / fotografía (hai un río).

SPEAKinG GUidE


Unit 3

Responding to requests

No, I’m (using it tomorrow). /mN�Ol�(qIhBn�BW�WL'lFpN)/� Non, (vouno/na usar mañá).

Sure. /iHL/� Por suposto. / Xaora.

Of course. /Fd�'YGg/� Por suposto.

No problem. /mN�'UpFVoLl/� Non hai problema.

OK, but (I need them on Tuesday). /N'YM�VJW�(O�mAX�eCl�Fm�'WqIhXM)/� Vale / De acordo, mais (precísoos/as o martes).

Sorry, (my friend has got it). /'gFpi (lO�cpCmX�kLh�ZFW�BW)/� Síntoo, (teno/a o meu amigo/a).

Comparing sports

(Tennis lessons) are more (expensive) than (football lessons). /('WCmBg�oCgmh)�L�lG�(BYgUCmgBd)�fLm�('cHWVGo�oCgmh)/� (As clases de tenis) son máis (caras) que (as clases de fútbol).

Yes, but they aren’t as (expensive) as (skiing lessons). /qCg�VLW�fM�EmW�Dh�(BYgUCmgBd)�Dh�('gYABn�oCgmh)/� Si, mais non son tan (caras) como (as clases de esquí).

It’s the most (exciting sport in the world). /BWg�fL�lNgW�(BY'gOWBn�gUGW�Bm�fL�rGoX)/� É o (deporte) máis (emocionante do mundo).

Unit 4

Ordering tickets

Can I help you? /Yæm�O�'kCoU�qI/� Podo axudarte?

How many (tickets) do you want? /kP�lCmi ('WBYBWg) XI�qI�rFmW/� Cantos/as (billetes / entradas) queres?

How much is (a ticket)? /kP�lJa�Bh�(L�'WBYBWg)/� Canto custa / vale (un billete / unha entrada)?

How long is (the tour)? /kP�'oFn�Bh�(fL�WHL)/� Canto dura (a visita)?

Talking about the past

What (countries) did you visit? /rFW�('YJmWpih)�XBX�qI�dBhBW/� Que (países) visitaches?

How did you travel? /kP�XBX�qI�'WpDdo/� Como viaxaches?

What did you take with you? /rFW�XBX�qI�'WMY�rBf�qI/� Que levaches canda ti?

What did you do? /rFW�XBX�qI�'XI/� Que fixeches?

How long was your journey? /kP�oFn�rLh�qG�'bKmi/� Canto durou a viaxe?

Unit 5

Talking about emotions

I feel (worried). /O�cAo�('rJpiX)/� Estou (preocupado/a).

Talking about a past event

Can you describe (them)? /YLm�qI�XB'gYpOV�(fCl)/� Podes describilos/as?

What were they wearing? /rFW�rK�fM�'rCLpBn/� Que levaban posto?

What happened? /rFW�'kDULmX/� Que ocorreu?

speaking guide


Unit 6

Giving advice

You should (wear that colour)./qI�iLX�('rCL�fDW�YJoL)/� Deberías (poñer esa color).

You shouldn’t (arrive late). /qI�'iHXmW�(LpOd�oCBW)/� Non deberías (chegar tarde).

Giving opinions

I think (he’s very trendy). /O�'eBnY�(kAh�dCpi WpCmXi)/� Coido que (é moi moderno).

It’s very (fashionable). /BWg�dCpi�('cæimLVo)/� É / Está moi (de moda).

Unit 7

Discussing plans

Where are you going (next week)? /rCL�L�qI�'ZLHBn�(mCYgW�rAY)/� Onde vas (a vindeira semana)?

How are you going to get there? /kP�L�qI�ZLHBn�WL�'ZCW�fS/� Como vas ir / chegar alí?

Who is going with you? /kI�Bh�'ZLHBn�rBf�qI/� Quen vai canda ti?

What are you going to do? /rFW�L�qI�ZLHBn�WL�'XI/� Que vas facer?

Making predictions

I will (live in London). /O�rBo�(oBd�Bm�'oJmXLm)/� (Vivirei en Londres).

Unit 8

Asking for directions

How do I get to (the library)? /kP�XI�O�ZCW�WL�(fL�'oOVpLpi)/� Como vou / chego (á biblioteca)?

Turn left. /WKm�'oCcW/� Torce / Vira / Xira á esquerda.

Go straight. /ZLH�'gWpMW/� Segue / Continúa recto.

Cross the road. /YpFg�fL�'pNX/� Cruza a rúa.

Turn right. /WKm�'pOW/� Torce / Vira / Xira á dereita.

Talking about experiences

Have you ever (been to Africa)? /kLd�qI�CdL�(VAm�WL�'DcpBYL)/� Algunha vez estiveches (en África)?

No, I haven’t, but I’ve (been to India). /mN�O�kDdmW�VJW�Od�(VAm�WL�'BmXiL)/� Non, pero estiven (na India).

Unit 9

Agreeing and disagreeing

I think you’re wrong. /O�eBnY�qHL�'pFn/� Coido que estás errado.

I don’t think so. /O�XLHmW�'eBnY�gN/� Coido que non.

I can’t believe you said that. /O�YEmW�VB'oAd�qI�gCX��fDW/� Non podo crer que dixeras iso.

That’s true. /eDWg�'WpI/� É certo.

You’re right. /qHL�'pOW/� Levas / Tes razón.

Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/� Sen dúbida. / Xaora.

Describing a process

First, (the vegetables are cut). /'cKgW�(fL�dCbWLVoh�L�YJW)/� Primeiro (córtanse as verduras).

Next, (the oil is put on the salad). /'mCYgW�(fA�Qo�Bh�UHW�Fm�fL�gDoLX)/� Despois / Logo (ponse o aceite na ensalada).

speaking guide

10 Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

INTRODUCTION

O verbo to be significa “ser / estar” e, nalgúns casos, “ter”. En presente ten tres formas: am, is e are, que adoitan contraer co pronome suxeito ao falar. En negativa engádeselle not ás tres formas, ou a contracción n’t ás formas is e are. En interrogativa, o verbo ponse diante do suxeito, mentres que nas respostas curtas ponse detrás do pronome suxeito, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído en negativa. Are they at the park? No, they aren’t. They’re at the cinema. (Están no parque? Non. Están no cine.)

O verbo have got significa “ter” e expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. En presente ten dúas formas, have got e has got. En negativa engádeselle not ou a contracción n’t a have ou has. En interrogativa ponse o suxeito entre have / has e got, mais nas respostas curtas ponse primeiro o pronome suxeito e logo have / haven’t ou has / hasn’t, sen got.Have you got a dog? No, I haven’t, but I’ve got a horse. (Tes un can? Non, pero teño un cabalo.)

There is / There are

There is e there are significan “hai”. There is indica que hai unha cousa. Vai seguido dun substantivo contábel singular ou dun non contábel. There are indica que hai dúas cousas ou máis, polo tanto só se emprega con substantivos contábeis en plural.There is a new table in the kitchen. (Hai unha mesa nova na cociña.)There are four books in my bag. (Hai catro libros na miña mochila.)

A negativa fórmase engadindo not ou a contracción n’t a is e are. There are not (aren’t) any carpets in my house. (Non hai alfombras na miña casa.)

Para preguntar, comézase con is ou are. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Is there any milk in the fridge? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. (Hai [algo de] leite no frigorífico? Hai. Si. / Non.)

O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios.I always play tennis with my brother. (Sempre xogo ao tenis co meu irmán.) Horses run fast. (Os cabalos corren rápido.) I love maths. (Encántanme as matemáticas.) The library opens at 9.00. (A biblioteca abre ás 9.)

En afirmativa engádese -s á 3ª persoa do singular, mais aos seguintes verbos engádeselles -es:

• Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes

• Os rematados en o: do ➝ does go ➝ goes

• Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso, cámbiase o y por un i: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries

A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo. I don’t play basketball. (Non xogo ao balocesto.)

Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t, segundo cumpra.Do you like geography? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Gústache a xeografía? Gústame. Si. / Non.)

O Present Simple

to be, have got

GRammaR appeNDIx

11

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Continuous

O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período do tempo presente. Fórmase con to be en presente + un verbo rematado en -ing. Barry is swimming in the sea. (Barry está a nadar no mar.)

En negativa engádese not ás formas am, is, are ou a contracción n’t a is e are.Your sister isn’t wearing the red dress. (A túa irmá non leva posto o vestido vermello.)

En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome suxeito seguido de am, is ou are en afirmativa, ou seguido das formas contraídas en negativa.Are you watching TV now? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Estás a ver a tele agora? Estou. Si. / Non.)

Para engadir -ing a un verbo cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, perde o e: arrive ➝ arriving

• Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: put ➝ putting

• Se é de 2 sílabas e pronúnciase como palabra aguda, dóbrase a consoante final: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning

• Se ten 2 sílabas e remata nun l, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelling

• Se remata en ie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y: die ➝ dying

1Circle the correct answer.

1. Allthestudentsis/areintheclassroom.

2.Davehavegot/hasgotthreesisters.

3. Iamnot/haven’tgothungry.

4.Have/Hastheygotmathstoday?

5.Is/Areyouexcitedabouttheparty?

6.Wehaven’tgot/aren’tacar.

7.Thereis/Therearefivepeopleinmyfamily.

8.Arethere/Isthereaparknearyourhouse?

Check Yourself!

Answers, see page 30

2Circle the correct answer.

1.Igo/goestothesportscentretwiceaweek.

2.Alexstudy/studiesFrenchatschool.

3.Scottdon’tplay/doesn’tplaytennis.

4.Do/Doesyoutakebooksfromthelibrary?

5. AliceandMattishaving/arehavingbreakfastnow.

6. Mumistalking/amtakingonthephoneatthemoment.

7. Is/Areyoucomingtotheparty?

8. Weisn’tworking/aren’tworkingrightnow.

12

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os cuantificadores

Os cuantificadores úsanse para falar de cantidades non exactas.

• a lot of (moito/a/os/as, unha chea de) emprégase con substantivos contábeis en plural e non contábeis.I eat a lot of oranges. (Como moitas laranxas.)There is a lot of food. (Hai moita comida.)

• many (moitos/as) emprégase con substantivos contábeis en plural. There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Hai moitos tomates no frigorífico.)

• much (moito/a) só se emprega con substantivos non contábeis en oracións negativas e interrogativas.I haven’t got much time. (Non teño moito tempo.)

• How much? (Canto/a?) emprégase diante de substantivos non contábeis. Tamén co to be, para preguntar canto custa algo.How much fruit do you want? (Canta froita queres?)How much is a kilo of apples? (Canto custa un quilo de mazás?)

• How many? (Cantos/as?) só pode ir con substantivos contábeis en plural.How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Cantos tomates precisas para a ensalada?)

O artigo the significa “o, a, os, as” e emprégase diante dun substantivo coñecido polo falante.I’ve got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Teño algunhas pizzas. As pizzas son do supermercado.)

UNIT 1

1Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some.

atlas•olive•piano•flour•wall•salt•biscuit•butter•beef•umbrella•dress•music

Countable NounsUncountable Nouns

Singular Plural

an atlas some atlases

13

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


2Choose the correct answers.

1. Thatmanisveryrich.He’sgot money. a. alotof b. much c. many

2. Iwant milk,please. a. any b. some c. much

3. Arethere messagesforme? a. any b. a c. much

4. I’dliketoeat yoghurtandmuesli. a. an b. some c. any

5. Ihaven’tgot moneyinmywallet. a. some b. many c. much

6. Thereisanewfilmatthecinema.Iwanttosee film. a. any b. a c. the

3Complete the sentences with the words below. You can use some words more than once.

some•any•an•many•a

1. Iwant milkinmycoffeebutIdon’twant sugar.

2. Shedoesn’twant mushroomswithherhamburger.Shedoesn’tlikethem.

3. Ialwayshave drinkingchocolateinthemorning.

4. There’s newrestaurantonMarketStreet.

5. Arethere caloriesin100gramsofchocolate?

6. Thereis atlasonmydesk.

4Complete the questions with How much or How many.

1. timedoyouspendwatchingTVeveryday?

2. newstudentsarethereinyourclass?

3. applesarethereontheplate?

4. waterdoyouwanttodrink?


Circle the correct answers.

1. Ihaven’tgotmuch/manytimetoday.

2. Thereareany/alotofapplesonthetree.

3. He’sgota/annewiPod.

4. Aretherealotof/muchpeopleattheconcert?

5. Howmuch/manysugardoyouwantinyourcoffee?

6. Therearen’tmuch/manycarsontheroad.

7. Ihaven’tgotany/somemushroomsonmypizza.

8. Howmany/muchsausagescanyoueat?

Check Yourself!

some any

How much

14

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Simple fala de accións habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no momento en que se está a falar.I usually make ceramic pots, but now I’m making a sculpture.(Polo xeral fago vasillas de cerámica pero agora estou a facer unha escultura.)

Lembra que as expresións temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro.

Os verbos “estáticos”

Empregamos os verbos estáticos para expresar sentimentos, gustos e desexos. Refírense a estados no canto de accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar na forma continua.She knows the answer.(Ela sabe a resposta.)

1Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.

1. I (watch)TVeveryafternoon.

2. Thegraffitiartist (draw)onwallsinthecity.

3. People (notwant)graffitiontheirhouses.

4. Mybrothers (study)arttwiceaweek.

5. you (go)toartlessonsonTuesdays?

6. Myaunt (notlike)modernart.

2Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.

1. Thecartoonist (draw)acartoonnow.

2. Thestudents (watch)thepotteratthemoment.

3. you (listen)tothemusic?

4. Mysister (notpaint)apictureonherwallatthemoment.

5. I (make)aceramicpotinmyartlesson.

6. Greg (do)hishomeworknow?

3 Choose the correct answer.

1. Bendoesn’tsit/isn’tsittingnexttomeinclasseveryday.

2. JaneandIwatch/arewatchinganewprogrammeatthemoment.

3. Doyouwrite/Areyouwritingonyourblogeveryweek?

4. Ialwaystravel/amtravellingonthisbus.

5. Thestudentsstudy/arestudyinghistorynow.

6. Wedon’tgo/aren’tgoingoutonSundayevenings.

watch

is drawing

UNIT 2

Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

15

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


paint

Are you watching that programme at the moment?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. Iusually (paint)intheevening.

2. Mysister (wait)formeattheartgallerynow.

3. Somepeople (notlike)thenewmuralonthewallofthelibrary.

4. Myfriends (sit)intheclassroomatthemoment.

5. Thesculptor (notwork)inhisstudioeveryday.

6. We (notunderstand)modernart.

5 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. you/watch/thatprogramme/atthemoment

2. yourbrother/usually/ride/hisbicycle/toschool

3. thecartoonist/draw/afunnycartoon/everyday

4. thestudents/study/art/atthemoment

5. when/you/want/toleave

6. themuseum/open/atnineo’clock/onSundays

7. you/go/to/artlessons/twiceaweek

8. how/she/know/yourcousin


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. I (go)tothemuseumeveryweek.

2. We (like)thispicture.

3. Thephotographerusually (take)photographsinthepark,butatthemomenthe (notwork)there.

4. FrankandAllen (draw)differentdrawingseveryday?

5. Graffitiartistsusually (do)theirworkatnight.

6. Manyartists (notget)alotofmoneyfortheirwork.

7. you (spend)anytimeinthemuseumduringtheweek?

8. We (watch)aninterestingprogrammeaboutmodernartnow.

Check Yourself!

16

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


3. ThePacificOceanisbiggerthantheAtlanticOcean.

theAtlanticOcean/big/thePacificOcean

4. Thesesausagesarespicierthanthehamburgers.

thehamburgers/spicy/asthesesausages

O comparativo e o superlativo

Para formar o comparativo e mais o superlativo cómpre reparar en se o adxectivo é curto ou longo.

• Aos adxectivos curtos engádeselles a terminación -er / -est. Ademais, co comparativo emprégase than e co superlativo the.

Paul is younger than David. (Paul é máis novo ca David.) You’re the tallest person in your family. (Es a persoa máis alta da túa familia.)

Para engadir -er / -est cómpre seguir estas regras ortográficas:

- Se remata en e mudo, só engade r ou st: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: heavy ➝ heavier pretty ➝ prettiest pero shy ➝ shyer, shyest

• Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more / the most. Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (O tenis é máis emocionante que o voleibol.) Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (O fútbol é o deporte máis popular do Reino Unido.)

Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo. good ➝ better ➝ the best (bo, mellor, o mellor); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (malo, peor, o peor)

Lembra que para comparar dúas cousas e dicir que son iguais ou non, emprégase a estrutura (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por “(non) tan ... como/a”.Sandy is as old as Paul. (Sandy é tan vello coma Paul.)Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal non é tan alto coma Pau Gasol.)

UNIT 3

1Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjective.

1. Londonis (big)Amsterdam.

2. Anaeroplaneis (fast)acar.

3. Atennisracketisusually (expensive)apaddle.

4. Joggingis (safe)thanrollerblading.

5. Walkingis (easy)jumping.

2Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective.

1. Thetinymosquitois (dangerous)animalintheworld.

2. ThePetronasTowersinKualaLumpuraren’t (tall)buildingsintheworld.

3. Footballis (popular)sportintheworld.

4. The (expensive)bikeintheworldcosts$75,000.

5. TheSSCUltimateAerocango413kilometresanhour.Itis (fast)carintheworld.

3Write sentences with as … as or not as … as.

1. Thesetrainersare€20.Thoseshoesarealso€20.

thetrainers/expensive/theshoes

2. LondonisolderthanManhattan.

Manhattan/old/London

bigger than

the most dangerous

The trainers are as expensive as the shoes.

17

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Too diante dun adxectivo expresa que algo é excesivo e significa “demasiado, de máis”.Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike é lacazán de máis para practicar deporte.)It’s too hot to play tennis. (Vai demasiada calor para xogar ao tenis.)

Enough ponse logo do adxectivo e significa “o bastante” ou “suficientemente”, “abondo”.She’s tall enough to play basketball. (É o bastante alta para xogar ao baloncesto.)

Porén, not + adxectivo + enough sinala que algo non é abondo e significa “non o bastante”, “non abondo” ou “non suficientemente”.David is not tall enough to play basketball. (David non é alto abondo para xogar ao baloncesto.)

too … / (not) … enough

4Complete the sentences with too … or (not) … enough.

1. Lisawantstobeinthebasketballteambutsheisonly1.55mtall.Sheis(tall)tobeintheteam.

2. I’mnotfinishingthisbook.It’s (boring)toreadit.

3. Annaisthreeyearsold.She’s (old)toplayoutsidealone.

4. Idon’tlikeclassicalmusic.It’s (dull)forme.

5. Iwanttobeadentist,butmymarksatschoolare (good).

not tall enough

Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentences in bold.

1. Abbieis1.55metrestall.Hollyis1.60metrestall.

a. AbbieisshorterthanHolly. b. AbbieisastallasHolly. c. AbbieistallerthanHolly.

2. TomandBobrunfasterthantheotherstudents.

a. TomandBobarethefastestrunners intheclass. b. BobisfasterthanTom. c. BobisnotasfastasTom.

3. Thesejeansaresize42.Iwearsize36.

a. Thesejeansaretoosmallforme. b. Thesejeansarenotbigenoughforme. c. Thesejeansaretoobigforme.

4. Thefilmismoreexcitingthanthebook.

a. Thefilmisboring. b. Thebookisn’tasexcitingasthefilm. c. Thebookistooexciting.

Check Yourself!5. Leonisthestrongeststudentinourclass.

a. EveryoneinourclassisstrongerthanLeon. b. NooneinourclassisasstrongasLeon. c. EveryoneinourclassisasstrongasLeon.

6. Thisflatistoosmallforourfamily.

a. Thisflatisn’tbigenoughforourfamily. b. Ourfamilyneedsasmallerflat. c. Thisflatisbigenoughforourfamily.

7. Juliealwaysgets100inmathstests.Tednevergets100.

a. Julieisthebestmathsstudentintheclass. b. JulieisbetteratmathsthanTed. c. TedisasgoodatmathsasJulie.

8. Ithinkbiologyisthemostinterestingschoolsubject.

a. Biologyismoreinterestingthanhistory. b. Biologyisn’tasinterestingashistory. c. Historyisasinterestingasbiology.


18

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Past Simple

O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións que ocorreron no pasado e para contar historias. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción (in 1990, yesterday, last week, two years ago, etc.).I went to New York last month. (Fun a Nova York o mes pasado.)

Lembra que aos verbos regulares engádeselles -ed seguindo estas regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, só engadimos o d: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced

• Se remata en consoante + y, cambia la y por un i: try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried

• Se ten 2 sílabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w o x, dóbrase a consoante: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed

• Se ten 2 sílabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante e pronúnciase como palabra aguda, dóbrase a última consoante:

prefer ➝ preferred pero listen ➝ listened

• Se remata nun l, dóbrase: travel ➝ travelled

Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre saber de memoria as súas formas de pasado.

A negativa fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas.Julie didn’t sing at the concert. (Julie non cantou no concerto.)

Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito e did ou didn’t, segundo corresponda.Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Viviches en París? Vivín. Si. / Non.)

As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só cómpre poñelas ao comezo.Where did you meet her? (Onde a coñeciches?)

UNIT 4

1Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple.

1. We (hide)intheswamp.

2. Isaac (notrun)intheLondonMarathonlastyear.

3. They (buy)theticketsfromatravelagent.

4. You (notcall)yesterday.Ithoughtyouwereangry.

5. It (rain)yesterday,sowedidn’tgotothebeach.

2Write questions in the Past Simple.

1. where/you/go/lastnight

2. what/they/find/inthecave

3. who/she/visit/inLondon

4. you/buy/those/jeans/attheshoppingcentre

5. when/you/learn/toswim

hid

Where did you go last night?

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX



Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple.

1. Yesterday,I (buy)ayellowjacket.

2. Itrainedyesterday,sowe (notride)ourbikestoschool.

3. Tom (call)youlastnight?

4. Where you (get)thatbeautifulpicture?

5. I (send)himamessageafewminutesago.

6. Lisa (notcome)tothepartylastnightbecauseshewasill.

7. they (study)forthetest?

8. Lastweekit, (rain)onThursday,FridayandSaturday.

Check Yourself!

There was / There were

Son as formas de pasado de there is e there are e, polo tanto, significan “había” ou “houbo” (malia que en inglés haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural).There was vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en singular ou un non contábel.There were vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en plural.

En negativa, engádese not ou a contracción n’t a was / were.

Para preguntar comézase con was ou were. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, úsanse as formas contraídas.

There was a swamp in the forest. (Había un pantano no bosque.)There was some sand on the floor. (Había area no chan.)There were caves in the forest. (Había covas no bosque.)There weren’t any clouds in the sky. (Non había nubes no ceo.)Were there any waterfalls in the river? (Había fervenzas no río?)Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t. (Si. / Non.)

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of There was, There were, There wasn’t and There weren’t.

1. Thecinemawasfull.anyemptyseats.

2. Isawalotofnewsportsequipmentintheshop. skateboards,bicyclesandtennisrackets.

3. Yesterday, aninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.

4. I’msorry.Ididn’tbuyanyfruitatthesupermarket. anyapplesororanges.

5. alotofpeopleattheconcertinthepark?

There weren’t


Choose the correct answers.

1. Therewas/Thereweremanychildrenatthepark.

2. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tanytoursyesterdaymorning.

3. Wasthere/Werethereanyanimalsintheforest?

4. Therewas/Therewerealotofworktodoyesterday.

5. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tmuchtimebeforethefilmstarted.

6. Wasthere/Werethereanewfilmatthecinemalastnight?

7. Therewas/Thereweresomefamouspeopleattheconcert.

8. Therewas/Therewereaterribleaccidentinourstreetyesterday.

Check Yourself!

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Sam/do/hishomework/at8.00

2. you/walk/toschool/athalfpastseven

3. when/she/make/dinner

4. where/Ben/work/yesterday

5. thechildren/sleep/at10.00lastnight

O Past Continuous

Emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Fórmase con was / were + o verbo principal rematado en -ing.I was talking on the phone with Alice yesterday morning.(Estaba a falar por teléfono con Alice onte pola mañá.)We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Estabamos a ver a televisión mentres ela estaba a ler nun libro.)En negativa engádese not (o n’t) a was e were.They weren’t playing football at 9 o’clock last Monday.(Non estaban a xogar ao fútbol ás 9 o luns pasado.)En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas emprégase o pronome suxeito e was / were o wasn’t / weren’t.Was he looking at a magazine? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Estivo a mirar unha revista? Estaba. Si. / Non.)As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só hai que poñelas ao comezo.What was she studying at university? (Que estaba a estudar na universidade?)

1Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Thedoctor (talk)tothemanattwoo’clockyesterday.

2. Theboys (play)tabletennisatfouro’clockyesterday.

3. I (notread)mybookathalfpastthree.

4. We (have)lunchatthreeo’clock.

5. They (watch)filmsallevening.

was talking

UNIT 5


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Thedetective (examine)thefingerprintswhenheheardanoise.

2. Diana (notwear)hernewbootswhenIsawher.

3. GregandJean (listen)tomusiclastnight?

4. DylanandI (ride)horsesathalfpastfivelastThursday.

5. What you (do)lastnight?

6. Thestudents (notgo)toschoolwhentheteachersawthem.

7. Lenny (talk)onhismobilephonewhentheaccidenthappened?

8. I (sail)totheislandwhenitstartedtorain.

Check Yourself!

Was Sam doing his homework at 8.00?

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. Whilethelawyerwasreadingthereport,theman (call)her.

2. Thejudgewaslisteningtothedetectivewhilehe (explain)thesituation.

3. IwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenGina

(call).

4. We (nothear)thephonewhilewewerewatchingTV.

5. Whilethey (wait)fortheirfriends,theyateanicecream.

O Past Simple emprégase para indicar que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado.

Empréganse os dous xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous.When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window.(Cando a policía chegou, o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.) The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window. (A policía chegou mentres o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.)

3Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences.

1. ThereporterwaswritinginhisnotebookwhileItalked/wastalking.

2. WhenTomarrived/wasarriving,wewerewatchingthegame.

3. WhileIwaswalkinghome,Isaw/wasseeingthethief.

4. Johnwasreading/readthenewspaperwhenthecatjumpedonthetable.

5. Werode/wereridingourbikeswhenthedogranontotheroad.

Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple

Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. Whenwe (hear)thenoise,we (walk)totheclassroom.

2. you (meet)Jennywhileshe (go)tothecinema?

3. WhenSandy (leave)thehouse,John (nottalk)onthephone.

4. We (speak)toourparentswhentheteacher (call).

5. Thesun (shine)whenwe (decide)togoonapicnic.

6. Sara (have)dinnerwhenherfriend (arrive)?

7. I (notplay)basketballwhenJohn (see)me.

8. Derek (fall)whilehe (climb)thetree?

Check Yourself!


called

22

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os modais

UNIT 6

1Complete the sentences below with should or shouldn’t.

1. You wearacapinthesun.

2. Tara gotothecinematonight.Shehasgotabigtesttomorrow.

3. We listentotheinstructions.

4. You talkonyourmobilephoneduringtheconcert.

5. Everybody haveagoodbreakfastinthemorning.

2Circle the correct answers.

1. Youmust/mustn’tgetuprightnow!It’stimeforschool.

2. Studentsmust/mustn’twearaschooluniform.

3. Thefilmstartsat7.00.Wemust/mustn’tbelate.

4. Imust/mustn’tbuysomeplatformbootstowearwithmyblackjeans.

5. Youmust/mustn’twriteinlibrarybooks.

Son verbos especiais que non engaden -s na 3ª persoa do singular e sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base. Non se conxugan, só engaden not ou a contracción n’t en negativa e póñense diante do suxeito en interrogativa.

• Should úsase para dar consellos ou suxerir o que se debería facer. You should wear your new mini skirt. (Deberías poñer a túa minisaia nova.)

• Must significa “deber” e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo. You must protect your eyes from the sun. (Debes protexer os ollos do sol.)

• Mustn’t expresa o que non se debe facer porque non está ben ou está prohibido. We mustn’t be late for school. (Non debemos chegar tarde ao colexio.)

• Can significa “saber” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso.

My sister can play the piano very well. (A miña irmá sabe tocar o piano moi ben.) You can find the book in the library. (Podes atopar o libro na biblioteca.)

• Could é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. She could swim when she was four years old. (Sabía nadar cando tiña catro anos.) I couldn’t do my homework yesterday. (Onte non puiden facer os deberes.)

En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso ou favores, mais de xeito máis educado ca con can. Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Poderías emprestarme os teus pendentes para a festa?)

• Have to significa “ter que” e expresa a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo porque non hai máis remedio. Este verbo si se conxuga e por iso algúns veñen consideralo un semimodal. Repara en que a 3º persoa é has to.

He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Ten que rematar os deberes esta tarde.) It’s late. They have to hurry. (É tarde. Teñen que bulir.)

A negativa é don’t / doesn’t have to + o verbo na forma base, e significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”.You don’t have to come to the meeting. (Non tes por que vir á xuntanza.)

Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo na forma base.Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Teño que levar gravata? Tes. Si. / Non.)

should

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


3Complete the sentences with can, can’t, could or couldn’t.

1. Tommyisonlytwoyearsold.He tiehisownshoes.

2. Ihelpyou?

3. Women weartrousersinthepast,onlyskirtsordresses.

4. Markisveryclever.He speakFrench,English,SpanishandGerman.

5. Whenmygrandfatherwasyoung,he runamarathon.

4Write the sentences with the correct form of have to.

1. we/notgetup/early/onSaturday

2. atourschool/students/wearuniforms

3. I/tobehome/by8.00

4. you/get/totheairportearly

5. students/notbuy/anewdictionaryforschool

Circle the correct answers.

1. You helpme.Iknowhowtodoit.

a. can b. don’thaveto c. should

2. We gohomenow.It’sverylate.

a. could b. must c. mustn’t

3. Shhh!Wewanttoheartheconcert.You bequiet.

a. haveto b. shouldn’t c. can

4. wewalkortakethebus?Whatdoyouthink?

a. Must b. Could c. Should

5. I’msorry.I callyouyesterday.Iwasverybusy.

a. couldn’t b. can’t c. shouldn’t

6. be16yearsoldtoseethatfilm?

a. Can’tyou b. Couldyou c. Doyouhaveto

7. You listentoloudmusiconyouriPod.It’sverybadforyourears.

a. should b. couldn’t c. shouldn’t

8. youhelpmewithmyhomework?

a. Can b. Should c. Must

Check Yourself!


We don’t have to get up early on Saturday.

can’t

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O futuro

UNIT 7

• Will emprégase para facer predicións sobre algo que ocorrerá con seguranza, para facer promesas e para expresar decisións súbitas que se toman no momento de falar e que non están proxectadas.

En afirmativa adoita contraer co suxeito (’ll) e en negativa coa partícula not (won’t). Nas preguntas vai diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome suxeito + will ou won’t.

Tourists will travel in space in the future. (Os turistas viaxarán polo espazo no futuro.) Will astronauts reach Mars soon? No, they won’t. (Chegarán axiña os astronautas a Marte? Non.)

• Be going to significa “ir” + infinitivo e emprégase para falar de plans e intencións. Are you going to sell your house? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Vas vender a túa casa? Vou. Si./ Non.)

• O Present Continuous con valor de futuro anuncia o que con toda seguranza ocorrerá no futuro próximo, pois xa se fixou de antemán. We’re leaving for the airport in two hours. (Irémonos. / Ímonos ao aeroporto en dúas horas.)

Cómpre non esquecer que é preciso amentar cando ocorrerá a acción, sobre todo co Present Continuous con valor de futuro, pois semella un presente cando, na realidade, anuncia algo futuro.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use be going to.

1. Thissummer,we (visit)myauntinPhiladelphia.

2. you (see)aplayatthetheatretomorrownight?

3. OnSaturday,we (buy)somenewclothesattheshoppingcentre.

4. Sally (notfly)toAmericathissummer.

Choose the correct answers.

1. Tomwon’tbe/willbeafamousbasketballplayer.He’sanamazingplayer!

2. Thissummer,wearegoing/isgoingtotheJohnsonSpaceCenterinHouston.

3. Shewon’tlike/willlikethatcake.It’stoosweet.

4. Heisgoingtorun/isn’tgoingtoruninthemarathon.Hehurthisknee.

5. Arewewatching/Wearewatchingafilmathometonight?

6. Youwillgo/Willyougotothespacecampnextsummer?

7. Thetouristsareleaving/isleavingthehotelearlytomorrowmorning.

8. Youaregoingtofly/AreyougoingtoflytoParisnextweek?

Check Yourself!

1Complete the sentences with will or won’t.

1. It’slate.We catchthe9.00train.

2. I’vegotthetickets!Tomorrowwe

beinthefrontrowatthe Eminemconcert.

3. youbeatthepartytomorrownight?

4. Tomorrowwewillbeverybusy.We

havemuchtime.

5. Oneday,there behotelsonthemoon.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous with future meaning.

notcome•travel•leave•notcook•start

1. Whattime you

thehousetomorrow morning?

2. We ourprojectnextMonday.

3. Dean tothepartybecausehe’sill.

4. you toEnglandthissummer?

5. I thisevening.We’rehavingdinneratarestaurant.

won’t

are leaving


are going to visit

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O primeiro condicional

Emprégase para dicir o que ocorrerá de cumprirse a condición sinalada.

A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición, e un verbo con will no resultado.If you finish your homework soon, we’ll go to the cinema. (Se acabas axiña os teus deberes, iremos ao cine.)

Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro, ou ambos os dous.If we don’t come home late, I’ll watch the programme. (Se non volvemos tarde á casa, verei o programa.)If we come home late, I won’t watch the programme. (Se volvemos tarde á casa, non verei o programa.)If you don’t study for the exam, you won’t pass. (Se non estudas para o exame, non aprobarás.)

4Match A and B to make sentences.

A B

1. Ifwearelateforschool, a. youwillmissthebus.

2. Ifyoudon’tgetupsoon, b. wewillswiminthesea.

3. Wewillbuyanewcar c. theteacherwillbeangry.

4. Youwillenjoythatbook d. ifwehavegotenoughmoney.

5. Ifitishot, e.ifyoureadit.

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. Ifyou (cook)dinner,I’llbakeacake.

2. Ifit (rain),wewillstayhome.

3. We (call)youifweneedhelp.

4. You (notbe)ontimeifyougetupat7.00.

5. Ifwearrivelate,we (notgo)tothemuseum.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. Ifthey (travel)toDublin,I (notsee)them.

2. You (notpass)thetestifyou (notstudy).

3. I (visit)MarthaifI (have)time.

4. Ifit (be)sunny,we (go)tothebeach.

5. I (bring)fizzydrinkstothepartyifyou (make)somepopcorn.

6. Iftheconcert (be)onSunday,noone (come).

7. Ifwe (notenjoy)thefilm,we (notstay)tilltheend.

8. Mark (let)meusehiscameraifI (be)careful.

Check Yourself!


cook

1

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Perfect Simple

UNIT 8

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. We (live)inNewYorkforfiveyears.

2. Cindy (tell)methestory.

3. He (nothear)thenewstoday.

4. I (notbuy)Mumabirthdaypresentyet.

5. BradandDean (talk)abouttheproblem.

6. You (notdo)yourproject.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

noteat•be•send•notrain•see•call

1. We already thisfilm.

2. Tom just meatextmessage.

3. It’sveryhotanddry.It fortwoweeks.

4. anybody metoday?

5. I’mhungry.I sinceyesterday.

6. theyever toNewYork?

O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para falar de:

• accións pasadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis no presente. We have bought a new car. (Mercamos un coche novo. [velaquí])

• accións ocorridas ao longo do tempo sen dicir cando. Mary has read many books. (Mary ten lido moitos libros.)

• accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan. Por iso ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday. (Non comín nada desde onte. / Non como nada desde onte.)

• accións que acaban de ocorrer. Daquela, engádese just entre o auxiliar e o participio. I have just spoken to Eric on the phone. (Acabo de falar con Eric por teléfono.)

Este tempo fórmase con have ou has + o suxeito + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se é regular). Cómpre lembrar que a forma contraída de have é ’ve e a de has é ’s.

En negativa engádese not ou n’t a have / has. I haven’t eaten in a restaurant this month. (Non comín nun restaurante este mes.)

En interrogativa ponse have ou has + o suxeito + o participio, e nas respostas curtas só se pon o pronome suxeito + have ou has en afirmativa ou negativa. Have you already finished your homework? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.(Xa remataches os teus deberes? Rematei. Si. / Non.)

As expresións temporais que se empregan co Present Perfect Simple son: already, always, never, ever, yet, just, for e since, e todas agás yet, for e since van entre have e o participio. We have never been to Italy. (Nunca estivemos en Italia.) It hasn’t rained since October. (Non choveu desde outubro.)

have lived

have seen

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. Mymum (notdrive)thecarsincetheaccident.

2. Oh,no!Thedog (eat)myhomework!

3. you (see)mymobilephone?

4. MarthaandI (notspeak)sincewehadourfight.

5. anybody (go)tothenewrestaurantyet?

6. Tomever (help)youinthegarden?

7. I’msorry.Icouldn’tcomebecauseI (be)illsincelastweek.

8. Scientists (study)theproblemofgrowingfoodinspaceformanyyears.

Check Yourself!

Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple

e o Past Simple

O Present Perfect Simple garda relación co momento actual, mentres que as accións en Past Simple non afectan ao presente.

As expresións temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan cando ocorreu a acción, mentres que as empregadas co Past Simple si especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu.My parents have gone to the theatre. (Meus pais foron ao teatro.)My parents went to the theatre last night. (Meus pais foron ao teatro a pasada noite.)

4Complete the sentences. Use Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1. youever (be)inahelicopter?

2. He (buy)thebikeaweekago.

3. Weliveinthishouse.Myfamily (live)herefor50years.

4. I’msorry.I (notcall)youonSaturdaybecauseIwasbusy.

5. you (get)mymessageyesterday?

6. Martha (notwash)thedishesyet.

been


3Choose the correct answer.

1. I’mworried.Stevehasn’tcalledsince/foryesterday.

2. Wehavebeeninthistrafficjamsince/forhalfanhour.

3. Ihaven’tseenTomsince/forIwasfive.

4. Wehaven’tbeentotheshoppingcentresince/forChristmas.

5. Ihavewaitedherefor/since20minutes.Wherewereyou?

exTRa!

Have

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado

Coa voz pasiva saliéntase a acción do verbo e omítese ao suxeito que a realiza, quer porque non é importante ou se sobreentende, quer porque non se sabe quen é. En galego, moitas veces traducimos o verbo na voz activa ou na forma impersoal con “se”.

Fórmase con to be en presente ou en pasado + o participio doutro verbo. I was given a new iPod yesterday. (Regaláronme un iPod novo onte.) A ball is needed to play tennis. (Precísase unha pelota para xogar ao tenis.)

En negativa engádese not ou n’t ao verbo to be e en interrogativa ponse to be diante do suxeito. My friends weren’t invited to the party. (Os meus amigos non foron convidados á festa.) Is this room cleaned once a week? (Limpan / Límpase este cuarto unha vez á semana?)

Para dicir quen ou que realiza a acción, faise ao final da frase logo da preposición by. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. (A torre Eiffel foi deseñada por Gustave Eiffel.)

UNIT 9

2 Write questions. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. grapes/grow/inGreece

2. Spanish/speak/inMexico

3. breadandcakes/sell/atthebakery

4. robots/use/infactories

5. thesedrawings/make/onacomputer

6. Where/theseclothes/wear

7. When/theoffices/clean

8. Whattime/breakfast/serve/atthishotel

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. Disneyland (open)in1955.

2. Thecakes (notbake)yesterday.

3. Bell’stelephone (invent)in1876.

4. We (give)alotofhomeworkonFriday.

5. TomandI (notchoose)forthebasketballteam.

6. Thefirstaeroplane (fly)on17thDecember,1903.

7. ThecityofPompeii (destroy)2,000yearsago.

8. Theinvitationstotheparty (notsend)yesterday.

Are grapes grown in Greece?

is kept1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. Milkis (keep)inthefridge.

2. Sunglasses (sell)atthechemist’s.

3. Thedryer (notuse)inthesummer.

4. Ticketstotheconcert (notsell)attheshoppingcentre.

5. Horrorfilms (show)atthecinemaonSundays.

6. Thedog (feed)onceaday.

7. Thechicken (cook)intheoven.

8. Theplants (notwater)everyday.

was opened

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


4Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.

1. When

Thecamerawasinventedin1816.

2. Where

ThefirstfilmwasmadeinFrance.

3. When

Americawasdiscoveredin1492.

4. When

Thecarswerewashedlastweek.

5. Where

ThefirstbicyclewasriddeninFrance.

6. Which

Thebeststudentswerechosenforthecompetition.

was the camera invented?

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. Thefloor (wash)onceaweek.

2. Thedogs (walk)threetimesaday.

3. oranges (grow)intheUK?

4. Whattypesoffood (sell)atthisshop?

5. Microwaves (notmake)atthisfactory.

2Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. I (give)anecklaceformybirthday.

2. Whatyear thecomputer (invent)?

3. Theseclothes (buy)forme.

4. thewashingmachine (use)yesterday?

5. Thejob (notdo)yesterday.

Check Yourself!


30 Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

Introduction, page 11, to be, have got, There is / There are, O Present Simple, O Present Continuous

1. 1. are 5. Are 2. hasgot 6. haven’tgot 3. amnot 7. Thereare 4. Have 8. Isthere

2. 1. go 5. arehaving 2. studies 6. istalking 3. doesn’tplay 7. Are 4. Do 8. aren’tworking

Unit 1, page 13, Os cuantificadores

1. much 5. much2. alotof 6. many3. a 7. any4. alotof 8. many

Unit 2, page 15, Contraste entre o Present Simplee oPresent Continuous

1. go 5. do2. like 6. don’tget3. takes,isn’tworking 7. Do…spend4. Do...draw 8. arewatching

Unit 3, page 17, O comparativo e o superlativo, too ... / (not) ... enough

1.a 3. c 5. b 7. b2.a 4. b 6. a 8. a

Unit 4, page 19, O Past Simple

1. bought 5. sent2. didn’tride 6. didn’tcome3. Did...call 7. Did...study4. did...get 8. rained

Unit 4, page 19, There was / There were

1. Therewere 5. Therewasn’t2. Thereweren’t 6. Wasthere3. Werethere 7. Therewere4. Therewas 8. Therewas

Unit 5, page 20, O Past Continuous

1. wasexamining 5. were…doing2. wasn’twearing 6. weren’tgoing3. Were…listening 7. Was…talking4. wereriding 8. wassailing

Unit 5, page 21, Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple

1. heard,werewalking2. Did…meet,wasgoing3. left,wasn’ttalking4. werespeaking,called5. wasshining,decided6. Was…having,arrived7. wasn’tplaying,saw8. Did…fall,wasclimbing

Unit 6, page 23, Os modais

1. b 3. a 5. a 7. c2. b 4. c 6. c 8. a

Unit 7, page 24, O futuro

1. willbe2. aregoing3. won’tlike4. isn’tgoingtorun5. Arewewatching6. Willyougo7. areleaving8. Areyougoingtofly

Unit 7, page 25, O primeiro condicional

1. travel,willsee2. won’tpass,don’tstudy3. willvisit,have4. is,willgo5. willbring,make6. is,willcome7. don’tenjoy,won’tstay8. willlet,am

Unit 8, page 27, O Present Perfect Simple

1. hasn’tdriven 5. Has…gone2. haseaten 6. Has…helped3. Have…seen 7. havebeen4. haven’tspoken 8. havestudied

Unit 9, page 29, A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado

1. 1. iswashed 4. aresold 2. arewalked 5. aren’tmade 3. Are…grown

2. 1. wasgiven 4. Was…used 2. was…invented 5. wasn’tdone 3. werebought

CHeCK YOURSeLF! aNSWeR KeY


IRREGULAR VERB LIST

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kLX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancarkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; reunirse, xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonarrise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestirwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books 33

WRITING GUIDE

O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo. Tomlovespancakes.Theybuyvegetablesinthemarket. s v s vMais nas preguntas, o auxiliar vai diante do suxeito. IsHelentall?Areyouattherestaurant? v s v s

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO - VERBO (Word order: Subject – Verb)

Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. healthysandwichdeliciousfood adx sb adx sbE tamén detrás do verbo tobe. Thesandwichishealthy.Thefoodisdelicious. sb adx sb adx

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS (Word order: Adjectives)

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS (Word order: Adverbs)

Os adverbios de modo van detrás dos verbos. Heeatshungrily. v adv

A ORDE DOS ADXECTIVOS (Adjective order)

De haberen varios, polo xeral van nesta orde: opinión, tamaño, idade, cor I’vegotabeautiful,tiny,youngwhitekitten.

AS MAIÚSCULAS (Capital letters)

Escríbense con maiúscula:• a primeira palabra dunha oración. Weplayfootball.• os nomes e os títulos das persoas. HeisMrTomBrown.• os nomes de lugares, vilas, cidades, países, nacionalidades e idiomas. Dover,Paris,France,German

• os días, os meses e os días festivos. Wednesday,April,Christmas• as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros, películas e cancións. MuhammedAli:HisLifeandTimes• o pronome persoal I. MyfriendsandIlovecomputergames.


writing guide

• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. Myfavouritesportisbasketball. Idon’tplaytennis.• O sinal de interrogación (?) ponse ao final das preguntas. Haveyougotahelmet? Doyoulikecycling?• O de exclamación (!) ponse ao final da frase para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e para facer

fincapé en algo. Whatagreatgame!• A vírgula (,) úsase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. Icanplayfootball,basketballandvolleyball.

A PUNTUACIóN (Punctuation)

A FINALIDADE DO TEXTO(Purpose of writing)

Antes de comezar cómpre que teñas claro o que te propós escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal se é un correo electrónico a un amigo/a, e máis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.

ANTES DE ESCRIBIRMOS(Brainstorming)

1. Fai unha lista de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas relacionadas co tema (what?,who?,when?,where?,why?).

2. Leas e risca as que coides máis irrelevantes.3. Ponas na orde en que queiras presentalas.

ORGANIZA AS IDEAS (Organising your ideas)

ESCRIBE O PRIMEIRO BORRADOR (Writing your first draft)

A ESTRUCTURA DO TEXTO(Paragraph structure)

Un texto divídese en tres partes:1. O limiar ou primeira oración (opening sentence), que presenta o tema.2. O desenvolvemento ou corpo do texto (body), que amplía a idea principal con información importante.3. A conclusión ou derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume o tema e repite a idea principal con

outras palabras.

Opening sentence: YosemiteNationalParkinCaliforniaisapopular

touristdestination.Thisamazingparkhasgotgreenforestsandvalleys,steephills,bluelakes,streamsandwaterfalls. Yosemiteismostfamousforitsgiantsequoiatrees.ManypeoplevisitYosemiteNationalParkandenjoyitsbeautifulscenery.

Body of paragraph:

Concluding sentence:


writing guide

Cando contamos unha serie de feitos empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron: • first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar) • after that (despois) • before (antes) • later (despois, máis tarde)• then (logo, entón) • finally (finalmente, para rematar)• next (a continuación, deseguido) First sinala o primeiro que ocorreu e finally o último. Yesterday,wevisitedthespacecentre.First,wevisitedtheAstronautGallery.Then,wehadlunchwith

anastronaut.Afterthat,wesawsomeoldrockets.Finally,webuiltarobot.

OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA (Connectors of sequence)

AS CONXUNCIóNS (Linking words and connectors)

AS CONXUNCIóNS (Linking words)

• and une dúas ideas semellantes. Hewasagreatdetectiveandasuccessfulwriter.• or dá dúas opcións diferentes. Washeasoldierorasailor?• but une dúas ideas contraditorias entre si. Ifeltexhaustedbuthappy.

AS CONXUNCIóNS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVAS(Connectors of cause and effect)

A conxunción causal máis común é: because. Tomwasproudbecausehewonamedal.A conxunción consecutiva máis común é: so. MyhairlookedterriblesoIwenttothehairdresser’s.

OS ADXECTIVOS POSESIVOS E OS PRONOMES(Referencing)

Serven para facer referencia aos substantivos xa mencionados e non repetilos. Iboughtnewsunglasses.Theyareveryfashionable. SusanandIaregoingshopping.Doyouwanttocomewithus? Mumisangry.Ilostherwatch.

AS PREPOSICIóNS DE TEMPO (Prepositions of time)

Úsanse diferentes preposicións segundo o que queiramos expresar: attwoo’clock inthemorning from6.00to8.00 onMonday atChristmas in2010 fromSeptembertoJune on12thJanuary inMayAgás: attheweekend atnight

36 Build up 3 Galician © B Burlington Books IH-007-129

Cadros resumo das equivalenCias dos tempos verbais entre o inglés e o galego

tempos verbais tenses outras equivalenciaspresente present simple

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

perÍFrase present continuous Futuro: perÍFraseeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

Future: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

Futuro Future: wIlleu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play

pretÉrito imperFecto past continuous perÍFrase

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogar

past simpleI played

you playedhe, she, it played

we playedyou playedthey played

pretÉrito perFecto

eu xogueiti xogaches

el, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

present perFect perÍFraseI have played

you have playedhe, she, it has played

we have playedyou have playedthey have played

eu teño xogadoti tes xogado

el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado

eles, elas teñen xogado

glossary introduction - amazon web services€¦ · parachute (v) /'udpliiw/ guindarse,...

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