Globalization of IPM Technologies and Management of Invasive Species R. Muniappan Director, Innovation Lab: CRP-IPM Virginia Tech March 11, 2014

Office of International Research, Education, and Development, Virginia Tech

Southeast Asia

West Africa

South Asia

East Africa

Central Asia

Latin America and Caribbean

IPM CRSP Host Country Regions in 2009–2014

6 Regions | 17 Countries

Kenya

Uganda Tanzania

India

Nepal Bangladesh

Indonesia

Cambodia Philippines

Tajikistan Honduras

Guatemala Ecuador

Senegal

Ghana Mali

IPM package for tomato

• Seed or seedling treatment with Trichoderma, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis

• Use of neem cake and other organics

• Selecting resistant varieties and disease-free seeds

• Grafting on resistant rootstock for bacterial wilt, Fusarium, nematodes and others

• Staking and mulching

• Yellow sticky traps for thrips, leafminers, whiteflies, etc.

• Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa, Spodoptera and fruit flies

• Rogueing and host-free period adoption for control of virus diseases

• Use of biopesticides such as neem

• Multiplication of parasitoids and predators for inundative releases

• Production and use of microbial pesticides such as NPV, Metarhizium, and Beauveria

• Eggplant and tomato grafting

in Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Uganda, Mali,

Senegal and others

• Trichoderma in Nepal, India, Kenya,

Bangladesh, Cambodia and others

• Bio and microbial pesticides in Nepal,

India, Indonesia,, Bangladesh, and others

• Pheromones traps in Nepal, India,

Bangladesh, Kenya and others

• Parasitoids and Predators in India,

Bangladesh, Tanzania, Honduras and

others

IPM technologies privatized and

scaled up

Trichoderma and Pseudomonas

Trichoderma and Pseudomonas production in India Trichoderma production in Nepal

Trichoderma production in Bangladesh Trichoderma production in Indonesia

State Place of Production

Kerala Kottayam, Manarcadu, Moonar, Trivandrum, Palghat

Karnataka Mysore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Guntur

Maharashtra Yavatmal, Pune, Mumbai, Nashik,

AP Vijayawada, Vishakhapatnam, Nellore,

Rajasthan Nohar, Jaipur

MP Mandasur, Indore

West Bengal Medinipur, Bollygunje, Calcutta

Gujarat Gujarat

Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Chennai, Theni,

Others Varanasi, Ghaziabad, Allahabad

Total Firms 86 – Production capacity: 17200 tonnes/annum

Private sector in India producing Trichoderma with the strain received from TNAU

Production and distribution of quality seeds

• Virus-free and virus-tolerant varieties

• Bacterial wilt-resistant varieties

• Heat-tolerant varieties • Good quality seeds • Suitable to local conditions

Seed-borne Virus Diseases Workshop – Kathmandu, Nepal, April 7-11, 2014 International Seed-borne Diseases Workshop – Hyderabad, India, June 2-5, 2014

Use of trays and coconut dust for production of healthy seedlings

Eggplant grafting in Bangladesh:

• Eggplant yield ↑ 249% in Bangladesh

• Income ↑ 305% in Bangladesh

• Technology transferred from Uganda to Ohio

• Technology transferred to India, Nepal, Philippines, Uganda, Honduras, Ecuador, and Kenya

Eggplant and tomato grafting to overcome Bacterial wilt

Bacterial wilt and papaya mealybug workshop Dakar, Senegal, May 12-16, 2014

Production and use of pheromones

Pheromone production in India

Pheromone use in India

Pheromone use in Bangladesh

Production of biological control agents

NPV production in India

Parasitoid production in Bangladesh

Predaceous mites production in Honduras

Mass culture of insects for insect pathogen production

An egg parasitoid

Production of biopesticides

Bollcure – prepared from eucalyptus leaves by TERI, India

Neem trees

Neem seed extract in Indonesia

Biopesticides Workshop, Kathmandu/Chitwan, Nepal, last week of May or Early June, 2014

Peanut bud necrosis virus of tomato

• Transmitted by thrips

• Common in India

• Rogueing is effective in controlling this virus

Peanut bud necrosis virus-infected tomato

Unrogued field

Rogued field

Papaya mealybug: Paracoccus marginatus

• Native to Mexico

• First described in 1992

• Caribbean: 1995-2000

• Pacific: 2000-2005

• Asia: 2008

• West Africa: 2009

IPM Innovation Lab prevented its introduction to Nepal by controlling it in southern India. Benefit to India: $500 million to $1.37 billion.

Cassava mealybug in Indonesia

Tuta absoluta in Senegal and Ethiopia

Groundnut leafminer damage in Uganda

Banana leaf-roller in Nepal and India

Invasive species

Current Invasive areas of Tuta absoluta

Invasive weed: Parthenium hysterophorus

• For the biological control of Parthenium, built a quarantine facility in Ethiopia

• Imported Zygogramma bicolorata

• Host specificity tests completed

• EA completed

• Started field release in October 2013

Spreading in Eastern and Southern Africa

Zygogramma bicolorata

Parthenium-infested field

Country and Authors

Crop IPM Practice(s) Net Benefits (millions)

Uganda, Moyo et al, 2007

Peanuts Virus resistant variety $33-36

Mali, Nouhoheflin, et al, 2011

Tomato Cultural $21-24

Uganda, Debass, 2000 Beans and maize Cultural $36-202

Bangladesh, Debass, 2000

Eggplant, cabbage Cultural practices $26-29

Bangladesh, Rakshit et al, 2011

Cucurbits Pheromone traps $3-6

Ecuador, Baez, 2004 Plantain Cultural $59-63

Ecuador, Quishpe, 2001

Potatoes Resistant variety $50

Albania, Daku, 2002 Olives Cultural $39-52

Honduras, Sparger, et al, 2011

Eggplant, onion, tomato, and pepper

Cultural practices $17

India, Myrick, et al, 2014

Mulberry, papaya, cassava

Papaya mealybug parasitoid release

$500 - 1,370

Selected Impacts of the IPM IL

IPM CRSP Cost: Benefit Ratio

• IPM CRSP Budget for 20 Years

$50 Million

• Benefits from IPM CRSP

$784 to 1,849 Millions

• Cost:Benefit

1:15 to 37 (This ratio is based on impact assessment of 10 IPM technologies implemented in 10 countries. Over 100 more technologies implemented are yet to be assessed. Assessing these may lead to a ratio of 1:150 to 300)

Women coffee growers in Nepal

Members of a women coffee-grower’s association meet to discuss the group’s latest activities.

Thank You!