Global Warming and Global Warming and Japan’s Energy Conservation PolicyJapan’s Energy Conservation Policy

SHIGETOMI NorioSHIGETOMI Norio

Project CoordinatorProject Coordinator

Global Environment Technology Development Dept.Global Environment Technology Development Dept.

NEW ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY NEW ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPOMENT ORGANIZATION (NEDO)DEVELOPOMENT ORGANIZATION (NEDO)

GHG Emissions Trend and Kyoto Target in JapanGHG Emissions Trend and Kyoto Target in Japan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

基準年 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

年度

百万トンCO2換算

6ＳＦsＰＦＣ

HF sＣ2OＮ4ＣＨ2ＣＯ

June 2002: Japan’s ratification of the Kyoto Protocol

GHG emissions reduction target: 6% below 1990 levels

GHG emissions as of 2000: 8 % above 1990 levels

Base year (1,233)

－ 6%(1,159)

1,332

2000

74

Base year

1990

Mt

(CO

2 e

qu

iva

len

t)

Fiscal year

Japan

Source: Ministry of the Environment (2000)

ＣＯ２

ＣＨ 4

HFCSF6

PFCN2O

Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001)

Global

２２．９％

７．１％

０．２％

０．２％ ０．

１％

６９．５％

CO2

HFCSF6

PFCN2OCH4

９２．９％

０．３％

２．８％

０．９％

１．４％

１．７％

Current Status of Global GHG EmissionsCurrent Status of Global GHG Emissions

Amount of energy-derived CO2 emissions accounts for 93.4% of total emissions amount in 2000.

Industry: 495 MtCO2 (0.9% increase from 1990) Transportation: 256 MtCO2 (20.6% increase from 1990)Business/Home: 318 MtCO2 (21.3% increase from 1990)Fuel conversion: 86 MtCO2 (11.4% increase from 1990)

<Ref. Non-energy derived CO2 emissions>Industrial process:53 MtCO2 (6.1% decrease from 1990)Wastes (plastic and waste oil disposal):24 MtCO2 (57.5% increase from 1990)

Changes in Japan’s COChanges in Japan’s CO22 Emissions Emissions by Sectorby Sector

Em

issi

ons

(MtC

O2)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Industry

490MtCO2

Transportation212MtCO2

Business/Home262MtCO2 (total)

Fuel conversion77MtCO2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011994 2002

UNFCCC Kyoto ProtocolJapan’s ratificationof Kyoto Protocol

RPS

Law concerning Promotion of the Use of New Energy

1979 ～　 Energy Conservation Law Revised

Individualpolicy

Global Warming Prevention Initiative

Keidanren’s voluntary action plans

R&D policy

Actions by industry

Outline of Global Warming Prevention

Revised

Climate Change Policy Law

RevisedBasic policy

Revised

Global Warming Policy in JapanGlobal Warming Policy in Japan

Source: Ministry of the Environment

1159

1332

1233

1990 2000 2010

Reduction ofenergy-derived CO2 emissions

Further reduction

by additional GHG emissions

reduction measures

Base year Current First commitment

Unit: MtCO2

0

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

14%

8%

6%

Current Status of GHG Emissions in JapanCurrent Status of GHG Emissions in Japan

Source: Outline of Global Warming Prevention (March 2002)

Note: Decrease/increase from 1990.

0.0 % Energy-derived CO2 emissions reduction:-Energy conservation, New energy, Fuel conversion, etc.

-2.0 % -Development of innovative technologies-Further reduction efforts by citizens

-0.5 % Countermeasures that reduce non energy-derived CO2, CH4, and N2O

-3.9 % Removals by land use, the forestry sector and sinks

+2.0 % Emissions reduction of alternative CFCs (HFC, PFC, SF6)

-1.6 % Utilization of the Kyoto Mechanisms

Strategies for the Kyoto Target: Strategies for the Kyoto Target:

6 % GHG Emissions Reduction6 % GHG Emissions Reduction

Reduction by

additional

measures:

Approx.

74 MtCO2

Sources: Ministry of the Environment, Outline of Global Warming Prevention (March 2002), etc.

Japan’s Measures to Decrease Japan’s Measures to Decrease Energy-derived COEnergy-derived CO22 Emissions to 1990 Levels Emissions to 1990 Levels

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1990: 1,053 MtCO2

2000: 1,155 MtCO2

Target in 2010: 1,053 MtCO2

Emissions by existing measures defined in the former Outline of Global Warming

Prevention: Approx. 1,126 MtCO2

2000

Reductions measures for energy-derived CO2 emissions

Ene

r gy-

der iv

ed C

O2 e

mis

sion

s

Additional emissions reduction measures Amount of reduction

1. Energy conservation 22 MtCO2

2. New energy 34 MtCO2

3. Fuel conversion, etc 18 MtCO2

Total 74 MtCO2

Source: National Inventory, IPCC Secretariat

0.46

0.59 0.6

0.780.87 0.93

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

日本 オランダ ドイツ 米国 カナダ 豪州

kgC

O2／

US＄

Japan Netherlands Germany USA Canada Australia

Energy-derived COEnergy-derived CO22 Emissions per GDP in Emissions per GDP in Major Developed CountriesMajor Developed Countries

CO2 emissions comparison of Japan/USA/Germany(FY 1998)

9.410.8

20.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

Japan Germany USA

tCO

2/pe

rson

Source: National Inventory

Given its low per capita CO2 emission level, Japan has already achieved the highest level of energy efficiency.

Comparison of per capita COComparison of per capita CO22 Emissions Emissions

Cost estimation for target reduction (IPCC Third Assessment Report)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Japan EU USA

Mar

gin

al r

edu

ctio

n c

ost

(US

$ )

97

1074

20

966

76

410Approx. 400Approx. 300

Approx. 200

Note: The arrow indicate the range of various cost estimation results.

The marginal reduction cost is higher in Japan than in the EU

and USA.

Comparison of COComparison of CO22 Emissions Reduction Cost Emissions Reduction Cost

Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: 1. Energy Conservation1. Energy Conservation

Sectors Measures Conservation

Industry High performance industrial furnace (in medium and small companies)

400,000

Business/Home

-Expansion of the list of top-runner equipment

-Accelerated dissemination of high efficiency equipment

-Reduction of standby power

-Dissemination of “Home Energy Management System”

-Dissemination of “Building Energy Management System”

Subtotal

1,200,000

500,000

400,000

900,000

1,600,000

4,600,000

Trans-portation

-Accelerated dissemination of energy efficient automobiles that satisfies the top-runner standard

-Facilitation of automobile diversification (hybrid, etc.)

Subtotal

500,000

500,000

1,000,000

Cross-cutting

-High performance boilers

-High performance laser

-High efficient lighting products

Subtotal

400,000

100,000

500,000

1,000,000

Total 7,000,000

Unit: kl, crude oil equivalent

Source: Outline of Global Warming Prevention (March 2002)

Unit: kl, crude oil equivalent

1999 Target in 2010 Increase from 1999 to 2010

(Approx.)

<Power generation>

Photovoltaic 53, 000 1.18 mil. 23-fold

Wind power 35, 000 1.34 mil. 38-fold

Waste power 1.15 mil. 5.52 mil. 5-fold

Biomass 54, 000 340,000 6-fold

<Thermal utilization>

Solar thermal 980, 000 4.39 mil. 4-fold

Unused energy (including cryogenic power)

41, 000 580,000 14-fold

Waste thermal 44, 000 140,000 3-fold

Biomass thermal -- 670,000 --

Black liquor, waste material 4.57 mil. 4.59 mi. 1.1-fold

Total (Percentage in primary energy supply)

6.93 mil. (1.2%)

19.1 mil. (approx.3%)

3-fold

1. New energy on the supply-side

Source: Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (July 2001)

Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: 2. Target of New Energy Utilization -1 (July 2001)2. Target of New Energy Utilization -1 (July 2001)

2. Renewable energy Unit: million kl, crude oil equivalent

1999 Target in 2010 Increase from 1999 to 2010

(Approx.)

Total supply of new energy 7 19 2.7-fold

Hydropower 21 20 1-fold

Geothermal 1 1 1-fold

Total supply of renewables (Percentage in primary energy supply)

29 (4.9%)

40

(7%)

1.4-fold

Total primary energy supply 593 602

1999 Target in 2010 Increase from 1999

(Approx.)

Clean energy automobiles 65,000 3.48 million 53.5-fold

Natural gas cogeneration 1.51 million kw

4.64 million kw 3.1-fold

Fuel cells 12,000 kw 2.20 million kw 183-fold

3. New energy on demand-side

Source: Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (July 2001)

Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: 2. Target of New Energy Utilization -2 (July 2001)2. Target of New Energy Utilization -2 (July 2001)

Additional Emissions Reduction Measures: Additional Emissions Reduction Measures:

3. Fuel Conversion, etc.3. Fuel Conversion, etc.

Source: Outline of Global Warming Prevention (March 2002)

Supportive activities for facilitation of fuel conversion

To provide subsidies to fuel conversion projects such as:

-Conversion of coal fired power plant to natural gas power plant

-Conversion of energy-intensive facility to natural gas facility

Improvement of enabling environment

-Establishment of relevant safety standards for natural gas pipelines

-Low-interest loans to natural gas development projects in Japan (development wells, connection pipelines, etc.)

Emissions reduction target 18 MtCO2

Photovoltaic and wind power generation　　　 Silicon membranes, fuel cells using chemical compound

Fuel cells and hydrogen power generation　　 Solid polymer membranes, production/transportation/storage supply of

hydrogen

Biomass energy

Clean coal technology

High performance industrial furnaces, reduction of

standby power, automobiles using high efficiency

clean energy, etc.

NEDO’s Technology Development ActivitiesNEDO’s Technology Development Activities

in New Energy and Energy Conservationin New Energy and Energy Conservation

Grant projects for full-scale introduction

Cooperative projects for development

of introduction plans

Field test projectsfor

experimental introduction

To introduce new technologies to end users experimentally, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of such technologies, in order to establish a basis for full-scale introduction and dissemination

Ex: Photovoltaics, wind power generation, biomass power generation, etc.

To introduce new technologies to end users experimentally, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of such technologies, in order to establish a basis for full-scale introduction and dissemination

Ex: Photovoltaics, wind power generation, biomass power generation, etc.

To provide subsidies as a part of project budget for full-scale introduction in order to accelerate the dissemination　 Ex: Clean energy automobiles, photovoltaics, wind power generation, high performance industrial furnaces, high efficiency hot water supply, cogeneration, etc.

To provide subsidies as a part of project budget for full-scale introduction in order to accelerate the dissemination　 Ex: Clean energy automobiles, photovoltaics, wind power generation, high performance industrial furnaces, high efficiency hot water supply, cogeneration, etc.

-To cooperate with local authorities for the purpose of developing technology introduction plans

-To seek smooth introduction and dissemination through advisory activities at plants

-To cooperate with local authorities for the purpose of developing technology introduction plans

-To seek smooth introduction and dissemination through advisory activities at plants

NEDO’s Supportive Activities for Dissemination of NEDO’s Supportive Activities for Dissemination of New Energy and Energy Conservation Technology New Energy and Energy Conservation Technology

-Large-scale wind power plant in Tomakomai, Hokkaido

-Duration: FY 1999 to 2000

-NEDO grant: 1/3 of total project budget

-Capacity: 30,600kw

(1,650 kw x 14 units,

1,500 kw x 5 units)

Example of New Energy Utilization:Example of New Energy Utilization:

Wind Power GenerationWind Power Generation

-Photovoltaic field test project (World Trade Center in Tokyo, Japan)

-Duration: FY 2000

-NEDO grant: ½ of total project budget

-Capacity: 80 kw

Example of New Energy Utilization: Example of New Energy Utilization: PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics

Investment and energy conservation(heating furnaces)

NEDO grant: 1/3 of total project budget

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

0 0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8 0.9 1 1.11.21.31.41.51.61.7

Equipment investment (billion yen)

En

ergy

con

serv

atio

n (

Un

it:

kl,

cru

de

oil e

qu

ival

ent)

Industrial furnaces40%

Industrial furnace energy Industrial furnace energy consumption share of total consumption share of total industrial energy consumption industrial energy consumption

Energy conservation rate of different furnaces

0102030405060708090

100

Heatingfurnace

Ladle Heat-treatingfurnace

Fusing furnace

Gas-treatmentfurnace

En

ergy

con

serv

atio

n r

ate

(%)

Others

Example of Energy Conservation Technology Introduction: Example of Energy Conservation Technology Introduction: High Performance Industrial FurnacesHigh Performance Industrial Furnaces

Coal bed

　

CH 4

　

CH 4

CO2CH4

CO 2

CO2 fixation Substitution

Contribution to IPCC Special

Report

Ocean sequestration

From 2002(KANSO, J-COAL)Sequestration in a coal bed

From 2000(RITE)Nagaoka-shi, Niigata Prefecture

From 1997(NEDO, RITE)Joint project by Japan, US, Canada and Norway

Sequestration in an aquifer

COCO22 Sequestration Projects in Japan Sequestration Projects in Japan

Purpose: Implementation of model projects that transfer and disseminate effective energy

conservation and new energy technologies in Japan

Budget in FY2002: Total : JPY 20 billion

Energy conservation model projects (including fundamental research projects) 　　　　 JPY 14 billion

Coal model projects 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 JPY 2 billion

International cooperative projects for photovoltaic demonstration JPY 1 billion

International joint research projects 　　　　　　　 JPY 3 billion

NEDO’s International Cooperation ProgramNEDO’s International Cooperation Program

NEDO’s Model Project -1NEDO’s Model Project -1• Purpose: To introduce Japan’s energy conservation technology

to developing countries.• Budget (FY 2002): JPY 14 billion• Projects: Country Completed On-going

China

Indonesia

Thailand

Vietnam

Malaysia

Myanmar

India

Kazakhstan

16

3

3

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

Total 23 8

On

-go

ing

Fertilizer 1

Paper 1

Cement 1 1

Power

Generation1 1

Oil

Refining1 1

Country China Indonesia Thailand Vietnam Malaysia India Myanmar Kazakhstan

Co

mp

leted

Steel 9 1

Paper 1 1

Cement 1 1 1

Power

generation2 1

Oil

Refining1

Chemical 2

Wastes 1 1

NEDO’s Model Project -2NEDO’s Model Project -2On-going projects and completed projects by sectorOn-going projects and completed projects by sector

FY1998-FY2001South America 6

Middle East 12

Africa 4 Other Asian countries(Mongol) 1

ASEAN 36

China 34

CIS 30

Russia 29

Eastern Europe 19

South East Asia 12

183 Pj.（ 38

countries)

June 2002: NEDO’s first obtaining of CO2 credit utilizing the Kyoto mechanism resulted from a project in Kazakhstan

Feasibility study for the purpose of exploring JI/CDM projects that introduce Japanese energy conservation and fuel conversion technologies: 183 projects have been carried out in 38 countries by 2001.

Fundamental Research Project Fundamental Research Project for the Promotion of JI/CDMfor the Promotion of JI/CDM

CTI Workshop in JapanCTI Workshop in Japan

1998 1999 2000 2001 Total

China 1 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 3 / 0 11

Indonesia 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 2 / 1 12

Malaysia 1 / 2 2 / 1 -- -- 6

Philippine 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 1 11

Thailand 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 12

Vietnam -- -- 2 / 1 2 / 1 6

Total 5 / 9

14

7 / 8

15

7 / 8

15

9 / 5

14

28 / 30

58

-Four workshops have been held in Japan since 1998

-Workshop theme: Introduction of laws and policies relating to global warming prevention and energy conservation technologies (including plant visits)

-Total number of participants by 2001: 58

Government/Industry

CTI Workshop OverseasCTI Workshop OverseasCountry Purposes Results

2001 China

Thailand

Malaysia

-Target: Participants in CTI workshops in Japan.

-To research the results of CTI workshops in Japan (What activities have been done by workshop participants, and what kinds of results have been achieved so far in each country).

-Information exchange for future activities.

-Participants have been implementing recommendation activities in each country.

-Importance of workshop as an effective way of capacity building is recognized.

2002 Indonesia

Vietnam

2003 Philippine

““CTI/Industry Joint Seminar CTI/Industry Joint Seminar on Technology Diffusion” Serieson Technology Diffusion” Series

( Sep 2002 )BRASTISLAVA

( July 1999 )

WARSAW( May 2000 )

MADRID( May 1999 )

SAN SALVADOR( Mar 2000 )

VICTORIA FALLS

( Mar 1999 )

BEIJING( May 1998 )

CEBU( Jan 2000 )

Short-term target: Development, introduction, and dissemination of energy conservation and new energy technologies will be pursued in Japan to achieve the Kyoto target.

Mid- to long-term target: Development of innovative technologies such as CO2 sequestration technology will be carried out.

Global activities, in which the US and developing countries participate, are important.

To achieve desirable and balanced 3E (energy saving, environmental protection, economic development), in order to develop a sustainable economic society with environmental consideration.

To achieve desirable and balanced 3E (energy saving, environmental protection, economic development), in order to develop a sustainable economic society with environmental consideration.

SummarySummary

Technology Needs in China Technology Needs in China for GHG Emissions Reduction -1for GHG Emissions Reduction -1

GHGs Mitigation Options CTIP NSS ALGAS

En

erg

y s

up

ply

Conventional energy

Thermal power generation

New installation, large-scale unit/Replacement and renovation, medium and low pressure unit/Comprehensive renovation of existing large-scale unit/Increase of cogeneration unit

○

PFBC power generation ○

CFBC ○ ○

Natural gas combined cycle power generation ○

IGCC ○

Coal-fired super-critical power generation ○

Hydro-power generation – New increase in power generation ○

Nuclear power – New increase in power generation ○

CBM power generation ○

Non-conventional energy

Grid-connected wind electric power ○

Wind farm power generation ○

Renewable energy – New increase in power generation ○

Biomass gasification power generation and/or heating ○

Urban waste incineration for cogeneration ○

Pretreatment Coal washing, Briquette, Coal water slurry, Coal gasification ○

Sources: -Methods for Climate Change Technology Transfer Needs Assessments and Implementing Activities, Developing and Transition Country Approaches and Experiences, Climate Technology Initiative, March 2002.-The Study on the Methodologies and its Application of Clean Development Mechanism in China (March 2002), National Strategy Studies Program (NSS)-People’s Republic of China, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

Technology Needs in China Technology Needs in China for GHG Emissions Reduction -2for GHG Emissions Reduction -2

GHGs Mitigation Options CTIP NSS ALGAS

En

erg

y e

nd

-us

e

Motor High efficiency electric motors ○

Efficiency motor dissemination and application/Speed adjustable motor installed in fan, pump and compressor/Other speed adjustable motor/Set up motor repair center

○

Industrial boiler Efficiency improvements in coal-fired industrial boilers ○

Fuel pretreatment/Renovation on boiler combustion system/Efficient boiler application/Automatic control of boiler

○

Transportation Options for highway, railway and waterway ○

Residential Develop town gas/Spread and apply green refrigerator/Briquette/Solar heater/Biogas/Biomass gasification

○

Town and village enterprise

Coke oven renovation/Brick and tile kiln renovation/Cement kiln renovation

○

Iron and steel sector

Pulverized coal injection of blast furnace/Eliminate OH furnace/Eliminate smelting iron for steel making/New build plant-own power generation station/Set up 6 coke dry quenching devices/TRT installed in blast furnace

○

Textile sector Develop cogeneration/Replace boiler/Air conditioner system renovation

○

Technology Needs in India Technology Needs in India for GHG Emissions Reductionfor GHG Emissions Reduction

GHGs mitigation options CTIP ALGAS

En

ergy su

pp

ly

Conventional energy Clean coal

Cogeneration, Combined cycle, ISTIG, IGCC

○

Energy efficiency ○

Rural electrification ○

Non-conventional energy

Renewables

Small hydro, Wind farm, Decentralized PV

○

Biomass technology ○ ○

En

ergy en

d-u

se

Industrial sector Cross cutting options

Diesel cogeneration, Heat pumps, High efficiency motors, Waste heat recovery

○

Energy efficiency ○

Transport sector CNG car ○

CNG bus ○

Mass rapid transport system ○

Residential sector CFL (compact fluorescent light) ○

LPG stove ○

Solar cooker ○

Waste management Solid waste management ○

Sources: Cooperative Technology Implementation Plan (CTIP) for India, March 2002 India, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

GHGs mitigation options NSS ALGAS

En

erg

y su

pp

ly

Conventional energy Fuel switching for power generation: 52% coal, 44% natural gas 22% coal, 73% gas 8% coal, 45% gas, 45% nuclear 8% coal, 45% gas, 45% nuclear 3% coal, 10% gas, 80% nuclear)

○

Non-conventional energy Biomass, Biogas ○

En

erg

y en

d-u

se

Industrial sector Cogeneration option ○

Increase in oil boiler efficiency ○

Application of efficiency motors ○

Production process improvement in non-metallic and paper industries ○

Boiler feedwater system retrofit, Stream pressure reduction, Steam piping insulation, Blow down system retrofit

○

Steam trap retrofit, Boiler retrofit ○

Economizer for boiler, Steam leakage reduction, Condensate tank retrofit

○

Chiller system retrofit ○

Combustion efficiency improvement ○

Residential sector Lighting program of demand side management

Air conditioning program of demand side management

Refrigerator program of demand side management

○

○

○

Commercial sector Lighting program of demand side management

Cooling program of demand side management

○

○

Transport sector Increase fuel economy in automobiles ○

Technology Needs in Thailand Technology Needs in Thailand for GHG Emissions Reductionfor GHG Emissions Reduction

Sources: National CDM Strategy Study for The Kingdom of Thailand, National Strategy Studies Program (NSS) Thailand, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

Technology Needs in Indonesia Technology Needs in Indonesia for GHG Emissions Reductionfor GHG Emissions Reduction

GHGs mitigation options NSS ALGAS

En

erg

y sup

ply

Conventional energy

Hydro power, Mini hydro power

Gas combined cycle

Utilization of flared gas

Gas turbine

IGCC power plant

Nuclear power plant

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Non-conventional energy

Cogeneration HT biomass steam

Geothermal

Solar thermal

Solar photo voltaic power plant

Low temperature cogeneration

○

○

○

○

○

○

En

erg

y en

d-u

se

Industrial sector Use of variable speed motor

Boiler improvement in palm oil plant

Flue gas aided algae cultivation

Combustion-air preheat

○

○

○

○

Transport sector Ethanol vehicles, Compressed natural gas vehicles, Electric cars, Fuel cell vehicles

○

Residential sector Substitution of incandescent lamp with CFL (compact fluorescent light)

Solar water heater

○

○

Pulp & paper sector

Waste incineration, Fuel switch ○

Textile sector Cogeneration & heating system reconstruction ○

Waste management

Improvement of waste management in starch factory ○Sources: National CDM Strategy Study for The Kingdom of Thailand, National Strategy Studies Program (NSS) Thailand, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

GHGs mitigation options CTP ALGAS

En

ergy su

pp

ly

Conventional energy Photovoltaics for rural development ○

Wind energy for rural development ○

System loss reduction ○

Heat rate improvement ○

Natural gas ○

Non-conventional energy

Wind, Solar, Biomass ○

En

ergy en

d-u

se

Industrial sector Efficient industrial motors ○

Energy efficient industrial boiler ○ ○

Residential sector Efficient transportation system ○

Energy efficient appliances and equipment ○

Use of CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) ○

Efficient air conditioning system ○

Efficient refrigerators ○

Technology Needs in Philippines Technology Needs in Philippines for GHG Emissions Reductionfor GHG Emissions Reduction

Sources: -Draft Framework for Climate Change Technology Cooperation in the Philippines (August 1999),

Technology Cooperation Agreement Pilot Project (TCAPP). The program in the Philippines was initiated under the TCAPP, and continued under the Cooperative Technology Partnership (CTP).

-Philippines, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

GHGs mitigation options ALGAS

En

ergy

sup

ply

Conventional energy

Fuel switching ○

Non-conventional energy

Wind power construction ○

En

ergy en

d-

use

Industrial sector Highly efficient electric motors ○

Residential sector Improvement of efficiency cooking

CFL (compact fluorescent light)

Highly efficient air conditioning

Highly efficient refrigerator

○

Technology Needs in Vietnam Technology Needs in Vietnam for GHG Emissions Reductionfor GHG Emissions Reduction

Source: Vietnam, Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS, October 1998)

Contact Information:

Global Environment Technology Development Department

NEDO

http://www. nedo.go.jp/get/index.htmlkankyo@nedo.go.jp

SHIGETOMI NorioEmail: shigetominro@nedo.go.jp

Tel: +81 3 3987-9368